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DAAT · LEVEL 1 — INTRODUCTION

Siman קל״ח — Kashering the wine vessels

The winepress, the funnel, the strainer and the baskets — and what must be done to them
יורה דעה · סימן קל״ח
דִּינֵי הֶכְשֵׁר כְּלֵי הַיַּיִן
🌱 Introduction level · מתחילים
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A first approach to Siman 138: the 11 seifim of the Mehaber and the glosses of the Rama, Hebrew text with a flowing English rendering. The preceding simanim asked when wine becomes forbidden and what it forbids around it. This one asks the opposite and most concrete question: the winepress has been used, the vat has absorbed, the funnel has run — what must be done to them so that they may serve again? The answer is never a single operation: it is a ladder of seven degrees, and the degree required depends on three things only — the material of the vessel, whether or not it is pitched, and what the non-Jew did in it.

Subject: The hekhsher of the vintage equipment — גת, גיגית, משפך, כלי המדה, מחץ, קורה, דפים, עקלים, משמרת, כפיפות
Source: שולחן ערוך יורה דעה סימן קל״ח

Compiled by: הרב יוסף חיים סממה
DAAT · daattorah.com

📑 Plan of the study

1. The text of the Mehaber: the 11 seifim, with the glosses of the Rama
2. Background: the mishnah of Avodah Zarah 74b and the sugya that follows it
3. Key concepts: the ladder of the seven hekhsherim, from rinsing to the kiln
4. The summary table: the grid of seif 1, material by material
5. The Taz and the Shakh: six key entries
6. The glosses of the Rama: three interventions, and the explanatory glosses
7. Contemporary practical cases: the steel tank, the oak barrel, the concrete tank, the hose, the tablecloth
8. Summary and comprehension questions

1. The text of the Mehaber — the 11 seifim

Siman 138 closes the block on vessels. Simanim 135 to 137 dealt with containers — skins, jars, casks, kosher wine poured into a vessel that had not been kashered. Here the subject is the equipment of the vintage: the treading vat גת and everything that surrounds it. The Mehaber orders the seifim not by vessel but by degree of severity: seif 1 gives the complete law of the winepress, seifim 2 to 8 attach every other implement to one of the degrees of seif 1, and seifim 9 to 11 settle three questions of execution — the knots, the recipe of the scouring, and the grape pips.

Three variables, and only three, govern the whole of seif 1: what is the vessel made of (stone, wood, earthenware), is it coated with pitch (זפת), and what did the non-Jew do — did he merely put wine in at the moment of pitching, did he touch wine that was still moist, or did he tread the grapes in it? Every answer moves one rung up or down the ladder of hekhsherim.

Seif 1 — The winepress: stone, wood and earthenware

דיני הכשר כלי היין. ובו י״א סעיפים: גת של אבן שזפתה עובד כוכבים ונתן בה יין בשעת זפיתה או שזפתה ישראל ונתן בה יין ונגע בה העובד כוכבים בעוד משקה טופח עליה צריכה ניגוב ואם דרך העובד כוכבים בזפותה אין די לה בנגוב אלא יקלוף הזפת ואח״כ ינגב או עירוי בלא קליפה או יישנה י״ב חודש ושל עץ אם זפתה עובד כוכבים ונתן יין בשעת זפיתה אפי׳ לא דרך בה או שזפתה ודרך בה אח״כ או שזפתה ישראל ונתן בה יין ונגע בה העובד כוכבים בעוד משקה טופח עליה דין אחד להם שצריכה קליפה וניגוב או עירוי בלא קליפה ואם יש נעורת של פשתן בין נסר לנסר או בלאי בגדים אין די לה בניגוב אלא צריכא מילוי ועירוי או הגעלה ושל חרס זפתה העובד כוכבים ונתן בה יין בשעת זפיתה אפילו לא דרך בה או שזפתה ישראל ונתן בה יין ונגע בה העובד כוכבים בעוד משקה טופח עליה אינה ניתרת בקליפה וניגוב אלא במילוי ועירוי בלא קליפה ואם זפתה העובד כוכבים ודרך בה צריכה קליפה ומילוי ועירוי או הגעלה בלא קליפה או יישון י״ב חדש או להסיקה בכבשן עד שירפה הזפת וכל זה בזפותה אבל אם אינה זפותה יש לחלק שאם תחלת תשמישה ע״י עובד כוכבי׳ צריכ׳ ניגוב (ובשל חרס עירוי אם דרך בה) (טור) ואם תחילת תשמישה ע״י ישראל סגי בהדחה אם היא של עץ או אבן אבל אם היא של חרס צריכה ניגוב:
Title of the siman: the laws of kashering the wine vessels; and it contains eleven seifim.

A stone winepress that a non-Jew coated with pitch and into which he put wine at the moment of the coating — the pitch being still hot and soft, so that the wine penetrates it — or that a Jew coated and into which he put wine, and a non-Jew touched it while a moistening liquid still lay upon it: it requires ניגוב — the scouring with water and ashes set out in seif 10.

And if the non-Jew trod grapes in it while it was pitched, ניגוב does not suffice: he must peel off the pitch and afterwards scour; or else a עירוי without peeling; or else let it age twelve months.

And a wooden one: if a non-Jew coated it and put wine in at the moment of the coating, even if he did not tread in it; or if he coated it and afterwards trod in it; or if a Jew coated it and put wine in and a non-Jew touched it while a moistening liquid still lay upon it — one law for them all: it requires peeling and scouring, or else a עירוי without peeling.

And if there is flax tow between board and board, or worn-out rags — with which the gaps are stopped so that the wine should not seep away — scouring does not suffice: it requires filling and pouring off, or else scalding.

And an earthenware one: if the non-Jew coated it and put wine in at the moment of the coating, even if he did not tread in it; or if a Jew coated it and put wine in and the non-Jew touched it while a moistening liquid still lay upon it — it is not permitted by peeling and scouring, but only by filling and pouring off, without peeling.

And if the non-Jew coated it and trod in it: it requires peeling, filling and pouring off; or scalding without peeling; or an ageing of twelve months; or heating it in a kiln until the pitch loosens.

And all this when it is pitched. But if it is not pitched, a distinction must be drawn: if its first use was by a non-Jew, it requires ניגוב Gloss of the Rama: (and for earthenware, a עירוי if he trod in it) (Tur); and if its first use was by a Jew, a rinsing suffices, if it is of wood or of stone; but if it is of earthenware, it requires ניגוב.
Seif 1 is not a list: it is a grid with two axes. In one column, the material — אבן, עץ, חרס — arranged in the exact order of its absorbing power: stone drinks little, wood drinks more, earthenware drinks most. In the rows, what the non-Jew did: coated it and put wine in, touched wine that was still moist, or trod. Two movements read the whole grid: the more the material absorbs, the higher one climbs; and the treading — דרך בה — always adds one further rung, because the weight of the treader cracks the pitch and drives the wine into the fissures.

Seif 2 — The masonry winepress: bricks, lime and gypsum

גת הבנויה בלבנים או סיד וגפסים (פירוש חומר יותר לבן מהסיד ויס״ו בלע״ז) דינה כשל חרס:
A winepress built of bricks, or of lime and gypsum explanatory gloss: (namely a material whiter than lime, “gypsum” in the vernacular) — its law is that of earthenware.

Seif 3 — Scalding by pouring takes the place of scouring

הגת וכליו הצריכי׳ ניגוב ניתרי׳ בהגעלה ע״י עירוי שמערה מכלי ראשון עליהם ולא תהא הגעלה זו פחותה מניגוב:
The winepress and its vessels that require ניגוב are made permitted by scalding performed by way of pouring — that is, one pours over them from a primary vessel — and this scalding shall not be less effective than the ניגוב.
Seif 3 is the seif that makes the whole siman workable. A masonry winepress cannot be immersed in anything: one cannot put a vat inside a vessel of boiling water. The Mehaber therefore permits scalding by pouring — boiling water is poured from a primary vessel over the surface — and he adds a reason that is a principle: this scalding shall not be less effective than the ניגוב. In other words, poured boiling water does at least what rubbed ashes do.

Seif 4 — The tub, the funnel, the measuring vessel and the dipper

גיגית גדולה שדורכין בה והמשפך וכלי המדה והמחץ והוא כלי שדולין בו מהבור לחבית כולם דינם כגת:
A large tub in which one treads, the funnel, the measuring vessel, and the מחץ — that is the vessel with which one draws from the pit into the cask — all of them have the law of the winepress.

Seif 5 — The beam and the boards: a mere rinsing

הקורה שעוצרים בה הענבים והדפים שמשימין על העביט (פי׳ כלי גדול) סגי להו בהדחה:
The beam with which the grapes are pressed, and the boards that are laid upon the עביט explanatory gloss: (namely a large vessel) — a rinsing suffices for them.
Why do the beam and the boards get off with a mere rinsing, while the tub of seif 4 is treated like the winepress itself? Because wine does not linger in them. That is the dividing line of the whole siman: what holds wine absorbs, what merely touches it in passing absorbs almost nothing. The Taz indeed adds a plain-sense refinement on this seif — the beam needs this rinsing only where it touches the grapes.

Seif 6 — The lattice baskets, and the four ways of purifying them

העקלים (פי׳ כמין קופות מסורגות כמצודה שפורטי״ם בלע״ז) שכורכים סביב העביט העשוים מחריות של דקל ושל קנבוס מנגבן ושל שיפה ושל גמי בולעים יותר וצריך ליישנן י״ב חדש (ויש להחמיר בשל קנים כמו בשל שיפה וגמי) (סמ״ג) ואם רצה לטהרן מיד מגעילן ברותחין או חולטן במי זיתים (דעת הרמב״ם) או מניחן תחת צנור שמימיו מקלחין או במעיין שמימיו רודפין י״ב שעות ואח״כ יותרו:
The עקלים explanatory gloss: (namely like plaited baskets in the manner of a net, “sportes” in the vernacular) that are wound around the עביט, made of palm fronds or of hemp — one scours them; and those of שיפה and of גמי absorb more, and they must be left to age twelve months. Gloss of the Rama: (and one should be stringent with those of reeds as with those of שיפה and גמי) (Semag). And if he wishes to purify them at once: he scalds them in boiling water, or steeps them in olive water source note: (the view of the Rambam) ; or he places them under a spout whose waters gush, or in a spring whose waters run, for twelve hours — and afterwards they are permitted.

Seif 7 — The wine strainer: hair, wool or flax

משמרת של יין של עובד כוכבים אם היא של שער מדיחה ואם היא של צמר צריכה ניגוב ואם היא של פשתן צריכה ליישנה י״ב חדש:
A wine strainer belonging to a non-Jew: if it is of hair, one rinses it; if it is of wool, it requires ניגוב; and if it is of flax, it requires an ageing of twelve months.

Seif 8 — The filtering baskets, and the Rama’s tablecloths

כלי חלף (פירוש מין עשב שעושין ממנו מחצלאות וחבלים) והוצין וכיוצא בהן מכפיפות שמסננים בהם היין אם היו תפורים בחבלים מדיחן ואם היו אחוזות זו בזו בחיבור קשה צריכים ניגוב ואם היו תפורות בפשתן מיישנן. (מפות שלנו שנפל עליהם יינם סגי להו בהדחה אפילו נפל עליהם יין רותח) (טור ומרדכי פרק השוכר ובהגהת אשיר״י):
Vessels of חלף explanatory gloss: (namely a kind of grass from which mats and ropes are made) and of palm leaves, and their like among the baskets with which wine is filtered: if they were sewn with ropes, one rinses them; if they were held one within the other in a tight weave, they require ניגוב; and if they were sewn with flax, one ages them.

Gloss of the Rama: (our tablecloths, upon which their wine has fallen — a rinsing suffices for them, even if boiling wine fell upon them) (Tur, Mordekhai in the chapter השוכר, and Hagahot Asheri).

Seif 9 — The knots: when must they be untied?

כל מקום שצריך ניגוב צריך להתיר הקשרים אבל בהכשר מילוי ועירוי וכן ביישון שנים עשר חדש אין צריך להתיר הקשרים:
Wherever ניגוב is required, the knots must be untied; but for the hekhsher of filling and pouring off, and likewise for the twelve-month ageing, there is no need to untie the knots.
Seif 9 explains why the knots matter, without saying so: ניגוב works by friction on the surface, and a tight knot withdraws a surface from friction. Filling and pouring off, and ageing, work by steeping or by time, and do not require that one reach every fold. It is precisely on this second half that the Shakh will differ from the Mehaber — see level 2.

Seif 10 — The exact recipe of the ניגוב: water and ashes

כל מקום שאמרנו צריך ניגוב אם הם לחים מקנחן באפר ואח״כ מדיחן במים ואח״כ מקנחן באפר פעם שנית ואח״כ מדיחן במים ואם הם יבשים מקדים מים ואח״כ אפר ואח״כ מים ואח״כ אפר ואח״כ מים:
Wherever we have said that ניגוב is required: if they are wet, one wipes them with ashes, then rinses them with water, then wipes them with ashes a second time, then rinses them with water; and if they are dry, one puts water first, then ashes, then water, then ashes, then water.
ניגוב does not mean “to dry”. In our siman the word denotes a precise and repeated operation: alternating ashes — which scour — and water — which carries away. The Mehaber gives two recipes according to the state of the vessel. Wet (wine still remains): ashes, water, ashes, water — one begins by scouring. Dry: water, ashes, water, ashes, water — one begins by wetting, otherwise the ashes do not take. The difference is not one of severity but of mechanics.

Seif 11 — The grape pips one is not obliged to gather

גת שדרך בה עובד כוכבים כשבא ישראל לנגבה מכבד כדרכו ואין מחייבין אותו ללקט החרצנים:
A winepress in which a non-Jew trod: when the Jew comes to scour it, he sweeps it in his usual way, and we do not oblige him to gather the grape pips.
The siman closes on a measure of plain good sense. The non-Jewish treader has left soaked pips at the bottom of the press; must they be picked out one by one before the scouring? No: he sweeps as he usually sweeps. The Taz explains why this is not a deliberate nullification of a prohibition — one of the finest passages of the siman, developed at level 2.

2. Background — the mishnah of Avodah Zarah 74b and the sugya that follows

The whole siman comes from the last chapter of Avodah Zarah. There one reads first the mishnah of the winepress, and then a sugya that corrects it, widens it and fixes its details. To read them in order is to watch the Mehaber at work: he added almost nothing, he arranged.

The mishnah sets out the three materials, and already the whole hierarchy:

« גַּת שֶׁל אֶבֶן שֶׁזְּפָתָהּ גּוֹי, מְנַגְּבָהּ וְהִיא טְהוֹרָה. וְשֶׁל עֵץ, רַבִּי אוֹמֵר: יְנַגֵּב, וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: יִקְלוֹף אֶת הַזֶּפֶת. וְשֶׁל חֶרֶס, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁקָּלַף אֶת הַזֶּפֶת — הֲרֵי זוֹ אֲסוּרָה » — עבודה זרה ע״ד ע״ב

summary: a stone winepress that a non-Jew coated with pitch — one scours it and it is pure; a wooden one — Rabbi says one scours it, and the Sages say one peels off the pitch; an earthenware one — even if he peeled off the pitch, it remains forbidden. The halakhah follows the Sages, and that is why the Mehaber requires for wood קליפה וניגוב.

The gemara at once adds the decisive variable — the treading:

« דַּוְקָא זְפָתָהּ, אֲבָל דָּרַךְ בָּהּ לָא סַגִּי לַהּ בְּנִיגּוּב » — עבודה זרה ע״ד ע״ב

Rava teaches that the mishnah speaks only of a pitched winepress, and that treading changes matters. And the gemara illustrates this by a story: Rav is sent to inspect a winepress, judges it at first smooth enough for a mere scouring, and then catches sight of a crack beneath it full of wine:

« חֲזָא פִּילָא מִתּוּתֵיהּ וַחֲזָא דַּהֲוָה מְלֵא חַמְרָא, אֲמַר: הָא לָא סַגִּי לַהּ בְּנִיגּוּב אֶלָּא בְּקִילּוּף » — עבודה זרה ע״ד ע״ב

The baraita explains the peculiar standing of the winepress, midway between an ordinary vessel and a vessel of storage:

« הַגַּת וְהַמַּחַץ וְהַמַּשְׁפֵּךְ שֶׁל גּוֹיִם, רַבִּי מַתִּיר בְּנִיגּוּב, וַחֲכָמִים אוֹסְרִין. וּמוֹדֶה רַבִּי בְּקַנְקַנִּים שֶׁל גּוֹיִם שֶׁהֵן אֲסוּרִין. וּמָה הֶפְרֵשׁ בֵּין זֶה לָזֶה? זֶה מַכְנִיסוֹ בְּקִיּוּם, וְזֶה אֵין מַכְנִיסוֹ בְּקִיּוּם » — עבודה זרה ע״ד ע״ב

It is from this baraita that the Taz, at the very opening of his commentary, draws the key to the severity of the siman: the winepress is not a vessel of storage, yet wine lingers in it throughout the vintage, and so it is treated almost as one.

What is ניגוב in practice? The gemara asks:

« בַּמֶּה מְנַגְּבָן? רַב אָמַר: בְּמַיִם, רַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָה אָמַר: בְּאֵפֶר » — עבודה זרה ע״ד ע״ב

And it answers that the two masters do not contradict one another — one speaks of a wet vessel, the other of a dry one:

« רַב אָמַר: בְּמַיִם, וְהוּא הַדִּין לְאֵפֶר. רַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָה אָמַר: לְאֵפֶר, וְהוּא הַדִּין לְמַיִם, וְלָא פְּלִיגִי — הָא בְּרַטִּיבְתָּא, הָא בְּיַבִּשְׁתָּא » — עבודה זרה ע״ה ע״א

It then counts the rounds. The version of Pumbedita gives four and five — exactly the tally of seif 10:

« בֵּי רַב אָמְרִי מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַב: תְּלָת אַרְבַּע, וּשְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר: אַרְבַּע חָמֵשׁ » — עבודה זרה ע״ה ע״א

The baskets and the cords come from a baraita cited by Rabbi Abahu:

« הַדַּפִּין וְהָעֲדָשִׁין וְהַלּוּלָבִין מַדִּיחָן, וְהָעֲקָלִין שֶׁל נְצָרִין וְשֶׁל בִּצְבּוּץ מְנַגְּבָן, וְשֶׁל שִׁיפָה וְשֶׁל גֶּמִי מְיַשְּׁנָן שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ » — עבודה זרה ע״ה ע״א

And the means of purifying them at once:

« רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר: הָרוֹצֶה לְטַהֲרָן מִיָּד, מַגְעִילָן בְּרוֹתְחִין, אוֹ חוֹלְטָן בְּמֵי זֵיתִים » — עבודה זרה ע״ה ע״א
« רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר: מַנִּיחָן תַּחַת צִינּוֹר שֶׁמֵּימָיו מְקַלְּחִין, אוֹ בְּמַעְיָן שֶׁמֵּימָיו רוֹדְפִין. וְכַמָּה? עוֹנָה » — עבודה זרה ע״ה ע״א

The gemara asks how long: עונה. The Rambam renders that measure into hours, and it is his wording that the Mehaber reproduces word for word in seif 6:

« וְאִם רָצָה לְטַהֲרָן מִיָּד מַגְעִילָן בְּרוֹתְחִין אוֹ חוֹלְטָן בְּמֵי זֵיתִים אוֹ מַנִּיחָן תַּחַת צִנּוֹר שֶׁמֵּימָיו מְקֻלָּחִין אוֹ בְּמַעְיָן שֶׁמֵּימָיו רוֹדְפִין שְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁעוֹת וְאַחַר כָּךְ יֻתְּרוּ » — רמב״ם הלכות מאכלות אסורות פרק י״א הלכה כ״ד

Finally the strainer and the baskets, with the mention of the knots that will become seif 9:

« הָנֵי רְוָוקֵי דַּאֲרַמָּאֵי דְּמַזְיָא — מַדִּיחָן, דְּעַמְרָא — מְנַגְּבָן, דְּכִיתָּנָא — מְיַשְּׁנָן, וְאִי אִיכָּא קִטְרֵי — שָׁרֵי לְהוּ » — עבודה זרה ע״ה ע״א

3. Key concepts — the ladder of the seven hekhsherim

The siman does not know “to kasher” in the singular. It knows seven distinct operations, ranged from the lightest to the heaviest. To read the siman is to know on which rung of that ladder each vessel stands.

The ladder of the seven hekhsherim

1. הדחה — A plain rinsing in cold water. This is the lightest degree: it removes nothing of what is absorbed, it only carries away what remains on the surface. The Mehaber is satisfied with it for the beam and the boards (seif 5), for the strainer of hair (seif 7), for the baskets sewn with ropes (seif 8), and for an unpitched winepress whose first use was by a Jew (seif 1).
2. ניגוב — Scouring with ashes and water in turn, described in detail in seif 10. The ashes scour the wall, the water carries away what they have loosened, and one begins again. Four rounds if the vessel is still wet, five if it is dry. This is the reference degree of the siman: most of the other rules are defined in relation to it.
3. קליפה — The peeling of the pitch. One does not kasher pitch: one removes it. It is the chief reservoir of the absorbed wine, and that is why peeling must always be followed by a ניגוב — the peeling takes off the layer, the scouring treats the wall that lay beneath it.
4. מילוי ועירוי — One fills the vessel with water, lets it stand, pours it off, and repeats — three times, over three full days, as the Shakh recalls in referring to siman 135. Standing water draws out what friction cannot reach. This is the hekhsher proper to earthenware.
5. הגעלה — Scalding. A movable vessel is plunged into boiling water; a masonry winepress cannot be — and that is where seif 3 comes in, permitting scalding by pouring, boiling water being poured from a primary vessel over the wall.
6. יישון י״ב חדש — Leaving the vessel unused for twelve months. Time does what neither ashes nor boiling water can do: the absorbed taste goes stale and becomes inert. It is the recourse for materials that can be neither rubbed nor scalded — the cords of שיפה and גמי, the flax strainer, the baskets sewn with flax.
7. הסקה בכבשן — Heating the vessel in a kiln “until the pitch loosens”. The heaviest degree of the siman, reserved for a pitched earthenware winepress in which a non-Jew trod. The Shakh refers here to siman 134.

Three terms one must have in hand

משקה טופח — A moistening liquid, that is, wet enough to transmit contact. So long as some of it remains on the wall, the non-Jew’s touch reaches the wine itself, and from there the vessel. The Shakh specifies in the name of the Rashba that it means moist enough to moisten another.
זפת — The pitch with which vats and jars were coated to make them watertight. It is the true subject of seif 1: it absorbs more than the wall it protects, it cracks under the weight of the treader, and it can be peeled. The moment of coating is decisive — the Shakh explains that wine poured during the coating does not count as absorbed, since it mingles with the pitch while it is still soft.
מכניסו לקיום — A vessel in which wine is kept for keeping, as against one that merely receives it for a moment. The baraita in Avodah Zarah sets the two against each other and places the winepress among the latter — but the Taz shows that the siman treats it almost as one of the former.

4. The summary table — the grid of seif 1

Table A — the grid of seif 1, material by material

MaterialUnpitched — first use by a JewUnpitched — first use by a non-JewPitched + wine at the coating, or touched in משקה טופחPitched + treading
Stone — אבןהדחהניגובניגובקליפה then ניגוב · or עירוי without קליפה · or יישון י״ב חדש
Wood — עץהדחהניגובקליפה and ניגוב · or עירוי without קליפהדין אחד להם — the same as the previous column
Wood with flax tow or rags between the boardsמילוי ועירוי · or הגעלהמילוי ועירוי · or הגעלה
Earthenware — חרסניגובניגוב — and per the Rama: עירוי if he trod in itמילוי ועירוי without קליפה — neither peeling nor scouring sufficesקליפה + מילוי ועירוי · or הגעלה without קליפה · or יישון י״ב חדש · or firing in a kiln

Table B — the other vessels (seifim 2 to 8)

VesselSeifHekhsher required
Masonry winepress — bricks, lime, gypsumב׳As earthenware — דינה כשל חרס
Large tub, funnel, measuring vessel, dipper (מחץ)ד׳As the winepress — כולם דינם כגת
Press beam, boards laid on the עביטה׳הדחה
עקלים of palm frond or of hempו׳ניגוב
עקלים of שיפה, of גמי — and, per the Rama, of reedsו׳יישון י״ב חדש — or, at once: הגעלה, olive water, or running water for 12 hours
Wine strainer of hairז׳הדחה
Wine strainer of woolז׳ניגוב
Wine strainer of flaxז׳יישון י״ב חדש
Baskets of חלף and palm leaves, sewn with ropesח׳הדחה
The same, in a tight weave (חיבור קשה)ח׳ניגוב
The same, sewn with flaxח׳יישון
Tablecloths on which their wine has fallen (Rama)ח׳הדחה — even for boiling wine
The two tables are read together. Table A gives the ladder; table B merely attaches each vessel to a rung. That is why the Mehaber can dispatch nine implements in seven seifim: he has already said everything in seif 1.

5. The Taz and the Shakh — six key entries

Taz ס״ק א — why the winepress is treated so strictly

The question could not be avoided: a winepress is not a jar, wine is not kept in it. Why impose more upon it than upon an ordinary vessel? The Taz answers in one sentence, in the name of the Rashba:

« אע״ג דאין מכניסין לקיום בגת מ״מ הואיל ומשהין בו יין כל ימי הגיתות ותדיר בו יין דומה לכלי שמכניסין בו לקיום בזה דאסור אפילו לפי שעה » — ט״ז יו״ד קל״ח ס״ק א

His answer is an intermediate category: the winepress is not a vessel of storage, yet wine remains in it all season long. It is therefore forbidden even for a passing use — without, for all that, requiring the three-day עירוי of true storage vessels. The whole siman lives in that middle ground.

Shakh ס״ק א — what “at the moment of the coating” means

The Mehaber writes that the non-Jew put wine in בשעת זפיתה. The Shakh corrects the impression:

« כלומר לאחר זפיתה אבל בזפיתה ה״ל כזורק מים לטיט » — ש״ך יו״ד קל״ח ס״ק א

Read: after the coating. For wine thrown in during the coating is like water thrown into clay — it mingles with the still-soft substance instead of being absorbed by it. A tiny refinement, on which nevertheless it depends whether the vessel drank or not.

Taz ס״ק ד — why treading makes everything worse

Treading recurs six times in seif 1, and it always raises the rung by one. The Taz gives the physical reason, in the name of Rashi:

« פרש״י מפני כובד הדריכה נעשה בקעים בזפת » — ט״ז יו״ד קל״ח ס״ק ד

The weight of the treader cracks the pitch: the wine no longer stays on the surface, it enters the fissures. This is also what the gemara’s story tells — Rav first believes that a scouring suffices, until he catches sight of the crack full of wine.

Taz ס״ק י — the large tub, and the case where even rinsing is superfluous

Seif 4 ranks the large tub with the winepress. The Taz asks which tub is meant:

« פירוש שיש שם ברזא שמושכין משם יין צלול אבל באין שם ברזא אין שם יין צלול כלל ואפי׳ הדחה אין צריכין » — ט״ז יו״ד קל״ח ס״ק י

Only a tub fitted with a tap, from which clear wine is drawn. Where there is no tap there is no clear wine at all — and the Taz concludes that not even a rinsing is required. A tub with no draw-off receives only must and stalks, not wine.

Taz ס״ק י״א — the siphon, and the sharpest warning of the siman

The measuring vessel of seif 4 brings with it, according to the Taz, an implement the Mehaber does not name:

« נראה לי שבכלל זה גם המינקת שקורין היב״ר של עובד כוכבים שצריך הכשר גדול וק״ו הוא מכלי המדה כיון שהיין מתאסף בעקמומיתו לא תועיל לו הדחה ויש למחות ביד המקילים » — ט״ז יו״ד קל״ח ס״ק י״א

This is the one place in the siman where a commentator uses the formula ויש למחות ביד המקילים — “one must protest against those who are lenient”. The reason is mechanical: the wine gathers in the bend of the tube and does not come out with a rinsing. It is the passage of the siman that speaks most directly to the installations of our own day.

Shakh ס״ק ד — the whole of this seif is a לכתחילה

Here is the remark that changes the reach of the entire siman:

« ודע שכל הכשר שבסעיף זה היינו לכתחלה אבל אם עבר ודרך בגת או בכלי הגת שלא הוכשר מותר בדיעבד דיש ס׳ וכדלעיל סימן קל״ז סעיף ב׳ » — ש״ך יו״ד קל״ח ס״ק ד

The seven degrees of hekhsher state what must be done before the vessel is used. If one went ahead and trod in a winepress that had not been kashered, the wine remains permitted after the fact, because there is sixty times more wine than absorbed matter — the Shakh refers to siman 137. He adds one reservation, however: a very wide and shallow press may not reach the sixty. Level 4 takes up this point in detail.

Shakh ס״ק ז — running water serves the winepress too

Seif 6 offers the cords an immediate purification under running water. The Shakh extends it:

« וה״ה לגת וכל כליה מהני הכשר זה ודוקא שסלק השולים שאז המים מקלחים ורודפים מעבר לעבר » — ש״ך יו״ד קל״ח ס״ק ז

The same means serves the winepress and all its vessels — on one condition: that the floor has been removed, so that the water truly passes from side to side. Water standing at the bottom of a vat is not running water.

Baer Hetev ס״ק ו — the Bach against the Mehaber on wood

At the very end of seif 1 the Mehaber permits a mere rinsing for an unpitched winepress, of wood or of stone, whose first use was by a Jew. The Baer Hetev notes that not all agree:

« והב״ח חולק על המחבר וס״ל דבשל עץ נמי בעי ניגוב אבל הט״ז כתב דדברי המחבר הם עיקר ונכונים ע״ש » — באר היטב יו״ד קל״ח ס״ק ו

The Bach requires ניגוב even for wood; the Taz upholds the Mehaber and concludes that his words are correct and sound. This is the only practical divergence in seif 1, and the Baer Hetev — who sometimes decides where the Shakh leaves a doubt — stands here behind the Taz.

6. The glosses of the Rama and the explanatory glosses

The Rama intervenes only three times in this siman, and each time to add a stringency or a leniency that Ashkenazi practice required.

First gloss, on seif 1 — on the unpitched winepress whose first use was by a non-Jew:

« ובשל חרס עירוי אם דרך בה » — רמ״א יו״ד קל״ח:א

The Mehaber required a ניגוב. The Rama, in the name of the Tur, draws a distinction: for earthenware, if he trod in it, a עירוי is needed. Earthenware remains earthenware, even without pitch.

Second gloss, on seif 6 — on the cords:

« ויש להחמיר בשל קנים כמו בשל שיפה וגמי » — רמ״א יו״ד קל״ח:ו

For the twelve-month ageing the Mehaber had named only שיפה and גמי. The Rama adds to them, in the name of the Semag, cords of reeds: in his country these were what people used.

Third gloss, on seif 8 — and it is the most useful of them all:

« מפות שלנו שנפל עליהם יינם סגי להו בהדחה אפילו נפל עליהם יין רותח » — רמ״א יו״ד קל״ח:ח

This is the one line of the siman that speaks of a household mishap rather than of a winery. A non-Jew’s wine has fallen on a tablecloth: a rinsing suffices, even if it was boiling. The Shakh at once qualifies:

« משמע בהדחת צונן וכן הוא בהג״א ומרדכי שם » — ש״ך יו״ד קל״ח ס״ק י

A cold rinsing is meant, as appears from the Mordekhai and the Hagahot Asheri; but from the Asheri it appears that it is permitted only with the customary washing — several launderings, with ashes and hot water in a secondary vessel. The Shakh reconciles them: the distinction turns on what clings to the cloth and what does not.

The explanatory glosses. Four parentheses in the printed text are not glosses of the Rama but explanations of vocabulary, translating words that had become obscure:

SeifWordWhat the gloss says
ב׳גפסיםa material whiter than lime — gypsum
ה׳עביטa large vessel
ו׳עקליםplaited baskets in the manner of a net, wound around the vat
ח׳חלףa kind of grass from which mats and ropes are made
A fifth parenthesis, in seif 6, does not explain a word: it names a source. After “he scalds them in boiling water or steeps them in olive water”, the printed text has (דעת הרמב״ם). And this is exact to the word: it is indeed the Rambam who, in chapter 11 of Maakhalot Assurot, gives these three means and converts the עונה of the gemara into twelve hours — the very wording the Mehaber copies.

7. Contemporary practical cases

Case 1 — The stainless-steel tank of an unsupervised winery

The siman names three materials: stone, wood and earthenware. It does not name metal — and that is a fact to be stated rather than papered over. A stainless tank has no pitch, cannot be peeled, and does not crack under a treader’s weight. Yet the two questions of the siman still stand exactly as they are: did wine linger in it, and was the first use a non-Jew’s? As for the path of kashering itself, the siman supplies a transposable principle: the Taz teaches in ס״ק ז that wherever scalding applies it is preferable to pouring. The precise standing of a metal vessel, however, belongs to siman 135 and to a Rav’s ruling.

For the application to your own situation, consult your Rav.

Case 2 — The oak barrel bought from a non-Jewish producer

Wood is indeed in the siman — but a barrel is not a winepress. The press receives the wine for the season of the vintage; the barrel keeps it, and that is exactly the line the baraita in Avodah Zarah draws between מכניסו לקיום and what is not. The Taz recalls it in his very first word: if the three-day עירוי is not required of the winepress, that is precisely because it is not a vessel of storage. A barrel is one, and therefore falls under siman 135, which is stricter.

For the application to your own situation, consult your Rav.

Case 3 — The concrete tank, and seif 2

Seif 2 is the only one in the siman that bears directly on a modern construction, and it does so without knowing it: a winepress built of bricks, or of lime and gypsum, has the law of earthenware — the strictest degree of the grid. A tank of concrete, of cement or of mineral render falls very naturally under that description. It cannot therefore make do with a scouring, and it is seif 3 that rescues it: scalding by pouring, since a tank cannot be immersed anywhere.

For the application to your own situation, consult your Rav.

Case 4 — The hoses, the pump and the siphon

This is where the siman speaks most directly to our own day, and in its firmest voice. The Taz, in ס״ק י״א, adds to the measuring vessel of seif 4 the מינקת — the tube used for decanting — and requires for it a major hekhsher, all the more so than for the measuring vessel, because the wine gathers in the bend and does not come out with a rinsing. A flexible hose, a pump elbow, a coupling: these are precisely bends in which liquid stands.

For the application to your own situation, consult your Rav.

Case 5 — The filter and the strainer

Seifim 7 and 8 treat three filtering materials and give them three different regimes — hair, wool, flax — and the criterion is explicit: בולעים יותר, what absorbs more. Hair scarcely absorbs, wool absorbs, flax absorbs so far that nothing but time will do. A filter of our own day — a cellulose pad, a membrane, a synthetic cloth — obviously does not appear on that list; but the question the siman puts to it is perfectly clear: which of the three does it resemble?

For the application to your own situation, consult your Rav.

Case 6 — Wine spilt on a tablecloth

This is the most domestic case in the siman, and the Rama is lenient in it: a rinsing suffices, even if the wine was boiling. The Shakh specifies that this rinsing is a cold one, and recalls that from the Asheri a heavier requirement emerges — the customary laundering, with ashes and hot water — for what clings to the cloth. Between a dry stain and an ingrained one the difference is not one of severity: it is the same question as in seif 1, whether the material drank.

For the application to your own situation, consult your Rav.

8. Summary of Siman 138

Memory table — the 11 seifim, one line each

SeifWhat it says
אThe winepress, material by material: what the pitch, the treading and the first use change.
בA masonry winepress — bricks, lime, gypsum — has the law of earthenware.
גScalding by pouring replaces the scouring, and is not inferior to it.
דTub, funnel, measuring vessel and dipper follow the law of the winepress.
הThe beam and the boards: a rinsing, for wine does not linger in them.
וThe cords: scouring, or twelve months — or four ways of immediate purification.
זThe wine strainer: hair → rinsing, wool → scouring, flax → twelve months.
חThe filtering baskets according to their assembly — and the Rama’s tablecloths.
טThe knots: untied for the scouring, not for the עירוי nor for the ageing.
יThe scouring in detail: wet → ashes first; dry → water first.
י״אOne sweeps the winepress as usual; one is not obliged to gather the pips.

Comprehension questions

  1. What are the three variables that alone govern the whole of seif 1?
  2. Why does the Mehaber rank stone, wood and earthenware in this precise order?
  3. What does treading change, and what physical reason does the Taz give for it in the name of Rashi?
  4. The Mehaber writes that the non-Jew put wine in “at the moment of the coating”. How does the Shakh correct that reading, and why is the correction decisive?
  5. Why was seif 3 indispensable if the siman was to be workable at all?
  6. Why does the beam of seif 5 make do with a rinsing, while the tub of seif 4 follows the law of the winepress?
  7. What is the difference in mechanism between ניגוב and מילוי ועירוי — and how does it explain the rule of the knots in seif 9?
  8. Why is the order of operations not the same for a wet vessel and for a dry one?
  9. According to the Shakh in ס״ק ד, what becomes of the wine if one has trodden in a winepress that was not kashered — and what reservation does he add?
  10. Which is the one implement about which a commentator writes that one must protest against those who are lenient, and why?

To go further

If you wish to go deeper into this siman:
The sources of this level may be consulted on Sefaria:

The Pit’hei Teshuva does not comment on this siman; the Arukh HaShulchan is not accessible to us here.

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