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DAAT · LEVEL 2 — LAMDAN

Shulchan Arukh · Yoreh De'ah

What keeps a whole creature from being nullified — study and pilpul
סימן ק׳
בריה אפילו באלף לא בטיל. ובו ד׳ סעיפים
The three conditions · the gid hanasheh · worms in vegetables
⚡ For lamdanim and talmidei chakhamim ⚡
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Pilpul and in-depth study

Sugyot, sources, the חקירה at the root, machlokot of Rishonim and Acharonim,
נפקא מינות for practice, and an examination of the positions

Subject:
שולחן ערוך יורה דעה סימן ק׳ — four seifim
with the commentaries: ש״ך (שפתי כהן), ט״ז (טורי זהב), פתחי תשובה, and the poskim they cite

Root of the sugya in the Talmud:
חולין צ״ט ע״ב–ק׳ ע״א (the cooked gid, and why it is not nullified in a majority) · חולין צ״ו ע״א (what the Torah actually forbade of the gid, and the beriah in its own right) · חולין ק״ח ע״א (חתיכה עצמה נעשית נבילה) · ביצה ג׳ ע״ב (the phrase אפילו באלף לא בטיל, and ביצה חשובה)

Written and edited by:
הרב יוסף חיים סממה · DAAT

📑 Table of contents

  1. Opening the sugya — a beriah is not nullified even in a thousand (seif א׳)
  2. The root of beriah — חשיבות, and whether it is Torah law or rabbinic — the Taz's chiddush (ס״ק א), and the doubtful case (seif א׳)
  3. The three conditions — life / forbidden from the start / whole, and the חקירה on each (seif א׳)
  4. The ant — the Kreti uPleti against the Tur haEven, in the Pitchei Teshuva (seif א׳)
  5. The gid hanasheh — חיותא and אין בגידין בנותן טעם, the measure of four fingers on the kaf (seifim א׳–ב׳)
  6. A beriah cooked with permitted food · the fat of the gid · a dissolved gid — recognised or not, sixty against the fat (seif ב׳)
  7. A beriah lost in the sauce — no remedy, and the flea that fell into the dish (seif ג׳)
  8. Worms in vegetables — ג׳ — the chazaka formed by three, the cooking water and the washed meat (seif ד׳)
  9. חקירה and נפקא מינה for practice
  10. Summary tables

📜 The text of the Shulchan Arukh — seif א׳

↩ Detailed explanation (level 1)
« בריה אפילו באלף לא בטיל. ובו ד׳ סעיפים » (שו״ע יו״ד ק׳:א)
« בריה דהיינו כגון נמלה או עוף טמא וגיד הנשה ואבר מן החי וביצה שיש בה אפרוח וכיוצא בהם אפי׳ באלף לא בטלה » (שו״ע יו״ד ק׳:א)
« ואין לו דין בריה אא״כ הוא דבר שהיה בו חיות לאפוקי חטה אחת של איסור וכן צריך שיהא דבר שאסור מתחילת ברייתו לאפוקי עוף טהור שנתנבל ושור הנסקל וכן צריך שיהיה דבר שלם שאם יחלק אין שמו עליו לאפוקי חלב וכן צריך שיהא שלם » (שו״ע יו״ד ק׳:א)
« ועיקר גיד הנשה אינו אלא על הכף בלבד והוא כרוחב ד׳ אצבעות ואם הוא שלם מקרי בריה » (רמ״א יו״ד ק׳:א)

Translation — A beriah is not nullified even in a thousand. And it contains four seifim. A beriah — that is, for instance an ant, a non-kosher bird, the gid hanasheh, a limb taken from a living animal, an egg containing an embryo, and the like — is not nullified even in a thousand. And a thing has the status of a beriah only if it is something that had life in it — excluding a single forbidden grain of wheat; it must further be something forbidden from the very beginning of its formation — excluding a kosher bird that became a nevela, and the ox condemned to stoning; it must further be something whole, such that if it were divided its name would no longer apply to it — excluding chelev; and it must further be whole in fact. Rama's gloss — the essential part of the gid hanasheh is only what lies on the kaf alone, and that is the width of four fingers; and if it is whole it is called a beriah (Issur veHeter haArokh, rule 28).

1. Opening the sugya — even in a thousand it is not nullified

↩ Detailed explanation (level 1)

The root — the חשיבות of the beriah, and why it holds

The root of the siman: every prohibition in the world is nullified in a majority or in sixty — except the beriah, a whole thing that stands on its own: the ant, the non-kosher bird, the gid hanasheh, the limb taken from a living animal, the egg with an embryo in it. And the reason: a beriah is an important thing (חשיבות), and an important thing is not nullified in a majority, since it bears a name of its own and people's minds do not erase it. It follows that the root of the law is not in measure but in standing — and this is why even a very great quantity of permitted matter does not nullify it.
The root of the matter — standing, not taste. In other mixtures we measure a taste (sixty) or a majority (dry in dry): the prohibition is erased there because it no longer has recognisable substance. The beriah, however, remains recognisable and stands apart, and a majority does not erase its name. This is exactly how the Gemara frames the question about the cooked gid — it first asks that it be nullified like everything else:
« וְלִיבְטוֹל בְּרוּבָּא » (חולין צ״ט ע״ב)

and it answers briefly, further on in the sugya:

« בְּרִיָּה שָׁאנֵי » (חולין ק׳ ע״א)
מקור הדין — the sugya in Chullin, and the phrase from Beitza. The sugya runs from חולין צ״ט ע״ב to ק׳ ע״א: it treats the gid hanasheh cooked with other sinews, then the חתיכה הראויה להתכבד, and it takes care to show that the two reasons do not reduce to one another — the gid because it is a beriah, the piece because it honours the table:
« וּצְרִיכָא, דְּאִי אַשְׁמְעִינַן גִּיד – מִשּׁוּם דִּבְרִיָּה הִיא, אֲבָל חֲתִיכָה – אֵימָא לָא » (חולין ק׳ ע״א)

The very phrase carried by the heading of our siman — אפילו באלף לא בטיל — is read in the Gemara of Beitza, concerning a דבר שיש לו מתירין, where it is likewise said that an egg is an important thing:

« דָּבָר שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ מַתִּירִין — אֲפִילּוּ בְּאֶלֶף לֹא בָּטֵיל » (ביצה ג׳ ע״ב)
« בֵּיצָה חֲשׁוּבָה וְלֹא בָּטְלָה » (ביצה ג׳ ע״ב)

Siman 101 continues this same chapter for the חתיכה הראויה להתכבד and the דבר שבמנין: our siman and the next form a single block — that of important things which are not nullified.

2. The root of beriah — Torah law or rabbinic (the Taz's chiddush)

↩ Detailed explanation (level 1)

This is one of the sharpest chiddushim in the siman, and the full weight of the Taz's hand (ס״ק א) is placed upon it.

The חקירה — is “it is not nullified” Torah law? At first sight, if the beriah is so weighty, one would say it is not nullified even by Torah law. But on the other hand: the entire rule of nullification in a majority is Torah law, and every prohibition is nullified by it; whence would we know that the beriah leaves that rule on the level of Torah law?
The Taz's answer (ס״ק א) — by Torah law it is nullified. The Taz teaches that the non-nullification of a beriah is not Torah law but a stringency of the Sages:
« חשיבות דבריה שלא תהיה בטילה היא מדרבנן » (ט״ז יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק א)

His argument starts from the other end: the Torah itself did mark the beriah with standing — one is liable for it even in less than a kezayit, since the verse forbids the impure species without any measure.

« דכיון שמן התורה יש חשיבות דלוקין על אכילתה אפי׳ היא פחות מכזית » (ט״ז יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק א)
« דהא סתמא כתיב אצל מינים טמאים לא תאכל אותם אפי׳ הם קטנים » (ט״ז יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק א)

And it is from this Torah stringency upon the beriah itself that the Sages drew their stringency upon its mixture:

« ע״כ החמירו רבנן בתערובת שלהם אבל מן התורה היא בטילה כשאר איסורים » (ט״ז יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק א)
The root of the matter. Two distinct laws stand here, and confusing them is the error the Taz removes: (a) liability for eating the beriah itself, even in less than a kezayit — that one is Torah law; (b) the law of the mixture, that it is not nullified there — that one is rabbinic. The rabbinic stringency on the mixture is derived from the Torah's stringency on the body of the prohibition: since even the smallest amount of it is forbidden, they decreed that it should not be nullified at all in a majority.
נפקא מינה — a doubt about beriah status. Since non-nullification is rabbinic, a doubt bearing on the status — is this a true beriah or not? — is a doubt in a rabbinic matter, and we rule leniently:
« ונ״מ לענין ספק אי הוה בריה או לא הוה ספיקא דרבנן ובטל » (ט״ז יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק א)

The Taz expressly extends this consequence to the other categories that are not nullified, which siman 101 will treat:

« וכן בכל הדברים דאמרינן לקמן שאינם בטלים כגון ראוי להתכבד או דבר שבמנין » (ט״ז יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק א)

But he immediately sets the limit, and it must be held together with the rest: the doubt that is lenient is a doubt about status, not a doubt about the prohibition. Where the beriah is certain and only the prohibition is doubtful, the stringency stands whole:

« אבל אי הוה ודאי בריה או א׳ מהני שאין מתבטלים אלא שהאיסור ספק בזה אפילו באלף לא בטיל כגון ביצי ספק טריפה » (ט״ז יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק א)

And in practice — ask your Rav.

3. The three conditions — life, prohibition from the start, wholeness

↩ Detailed explanation (level 1)

The text of the Mechaber (seif א׳)

« ואין לו דין בריה אא״כ הוא דבר שהיה בו חיות לאפוקי חטה אחת של איסור וכן צריך שיהא דבר שאסור מתחילת ברייתו לאפוקי עוף טהור שנתנבל ושור הנסקל וכן צריך שיהיה דבר שלם שאם יחלק אין שמו עליו לאפוקי חלב וכן צריך שיהא שלם » (שו״ע יו״ד ק׳:א)

Translation — a thing has the status of a beriah only if it is something that had life in it — excluding a single forbidden grain of wheat; it must further be something forbidden from the very beginning of its formation — excluding a kosher bird that became a nevela and the ox condemned to stoning; it must further be something whole, such that if it were divided its name would no longer apply to it — excluding chelev; and it must further be whole in fact.

The foundation — three conditions that add up.
The law of beriah applies only when three conditions meet, and each one comes to exclude a different case:

• הוא דבר שהיה בו חיות (שו״ע יו״ד ק׳:א) — that there was a breath of life in it → excludes the grain of wheat and other seeds, in which there never was life: לאפוקי חטה אחת של איסור (שו״ע יו״ד ק׳:א).
• שיהא דבר שאסור מתחילת ברייתו (שו״ע יו״ד ק׳:א) — that its prohibition was attached to it from its formation → excludes the kosher bird that became a nevela and the ox condemned to stoning, which became forbidden only after their formation: לאפוקי עוף טהור שנתנבל (שו״ע יו״ד ק׳:א), ושור הנסקל.
• שיהיה דבר שלם שאם יחלק אין שמו עליו (שו״ע יו״ד ק׳:א) → excludes chelev, whose cut piece still bears the name chelev: לאפוקי חלב (שו״ע יו״ד ק׳:א).

Let one of the three be missing, and there is no beriah status: the thing is nullified in sixty or in a majority, like any prohibition.

The Shach explains the third exclusion, and his wording shows plainly that the condition bears on the name:

« כיון שאלו יחלק שמו חלב עליו משא״כ גיד הנשה ואבר מן החי שאם יחלקו אין שמו עליו » (ש״ך יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק ה)

On the first condition he is careful to remove an objection one might raise: a grain of wheat may very well be forbidden from its origin — as kilayim — and it is still not a beriah, for want of life.

« אע״פ שהיא אסורה מתחלת ברייתה כגון של כלאים » (ש״ך יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק ג)
The three conditions in detail, and what they exclude:
The conditionWhat it excludesThe reason
(a) having had life the grain of wheat and other seeds there never was a breath of life in it → it is not a beriah
(b) forbidden from its origin the kosher bird that became a nevela · the ox condemned to stoning the prohibition came upon it after its formation → the standing of a beriah does not adhere to its prohibition
(c) whole — such that divided, its name does not remain chelev the cut piece is still called chelev → its name does not depend on its being whole
The חקירה on the condition of wholeness — two requirements in one (ט״ז ס״ק ב). The Taz notes that the word “whole” covers two things: not only a criterion bearing on the name of the thing — that divided, it loses its name — but also a requirement of fact, that it actually be whole. He expressly rejects the reading that would content itself with the first:
« פירוש דל״ת דעיקר הקפידה שצריך שיהא שייך בו לומר אם יחלק אין שמו עליו ואז הוה בריה אפילו באמת אינו שלם » (ט״ז יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק ב)
« קמ״ל דדוקא יהא ג״כ שלם » (ט״ז יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק ב)

On the case of a crushed beriah the Taz does not decide here, and sends the reader elsewhere:

« ואם נתרסקה הבריה עיין בסימן ק״א סעיף ו׳ » (ט״ז יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק ב)

The Shach, for his part, removes it from beriah status in the very terms of the condition, and goes as far as a detached limb:

« לאפוקי נתרסק או נחתך ממנה אבר אחד אפילו אבר שאין הנשמה תלויה בו » (ש״ך יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק ו)

4. The ant — the machloket reported by the Pitchei Teshuva

↩ Detailed explanation (level 1)
The חקירה — from when is the ant “forbidden from its origin”? An ant that grows in fruit or in flour: is it held to be forbidden from the very beginning of its formation, or was there a time when it was permitted — before it began to crawl and emerged? The נפקא מינה bears on the second condition: if it was not forbidden from the origin itself, it is not a beriah and is nullified in sixty.
The Kreti uPleti against the Tur haEven (פתחי תשובה ס״ק א):
The positionAn ant found in fruit or flourSource
כרתי ופלתי before it emerged it was permitted — it is therefore not forbidden from its origin → it is nullified in sixty פת״ש ס״ק א
טור האבן (סי׳ כ״ו), who disagrees it is a full beriah and is not nullified — there is no ground to distinguish before and after it emerged פת״ש ס״ק א

The Pitchei Teshuva reports the Kreti uPleti's leniency, tying it expressly to the second condition:

« שלמד היתר על נמלים הגדלים בפירות וקמח שאף אם פירשו בטילים בס׳ » (פת״ש יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק א)
« דהרי הא דבריה אינה בטילה דוקא כשהוא אסור מתחלת ברייתו » (פת״ש יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק א)
« ונמלה אין אסור מתחלת ברייתו דהא קודם שפירשה היתה מותרת » (פת״ש יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק א)

And he at once reports who disagrees:

« ועיין בתשובת טור האבן סי׳ כ״ו שחולק על זה ופסק דמקרי בריה ואינה בטילה » (פת״ש יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק א)
The root of the machloket. The whole debate rests on the second condition. For the Kreti uPleti, as long as the creature has not crawled nor left the place of its formation, the prohibition has not taken hold of it — much like the worm that has not left the fruit, the subject of siman 84 — and it was therefore not forbidden “from the beginning of its formation”. For the Tur haEven, being a whole creature is itself enough to give it the nature of a beriah, and we do not look at the time when it was enclosed in the fruit. The Pitchei Teshuva reports, in the same place, a further path of leniency, that of the Mishkenot Yaakov on worms in flour:
« ועיין בתשובת משכנות יעקב סימן ל״א » (פת״ש יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק א)
« על אכילת קמח בימות החמה » (פת״ש יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק א)

And in practice — ask your Rav.

5. The gid hanasheh — חיותא, and אין בגידין בנותן טעם

↩ Detailed explanation (level 1)

This is one of the sharpest and most widely discussed חקירות in the whole sugya of beriah.

The חקירה — a sinew that gives no taste, how is it not nullified? We hold it settled that sinews do not impart taste: from that point of view the gid is mere wood. The Gemara states it as halakha:
« אֵין בְּגִידִין בְּנוֹתֵן טַעַם » (חולין צ״ט ע״ב)

and the Mechaber takes it up in seif ב׳ to make it the exception of the siman:

« חוץ מגיד הנשה שאין טעמו אוסר דאין בגידים בנותן טעם » (שו״ע יו״ד ק׳:ב)

If, then, the gid hanasheh has cooked with permitted food, what prohibition is there, since it releases nothing? And how can the rule “a beriah is not nullified” apply to it at all?

The answer — standing, not taste (ש״ך ס״ק א, in the name of the Rashba and the Ran). The gid is a beriah not because of its taste but because of the life that was in it: it is a whole, recognisable body. Since the entire matter of beriah depends on standing and not on taste, the absence of taste does not nullify it.
« דהוה ביה חיותא חידושי הרשב״א והר״ן פג״ה וכן אבר מן החי » (ש״ך יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק א)
The measure of the gid — four fingers on the kaf (Rama's gloss; ט״ז ס״ק ג). The Rama delimits what, within the gid, is at issue as a beriah:
« ועיקר גיד הנשה אינו אלא על הכף בלבד » (רמ״א יו״ד ק׳:א)
« והוא כרוחב ד׳ אצבעות ואם הוא שלם מקרי בריה » (רמ״א יו״ד ק׳:א)

This limitation to the kaf is not the Rama's innovation: it is Shmuel's statement in the Gemara about what the Torah actually forbade.

« לֹא אָסְרָה תּוֹרָה אֶלָּא שֶׁעַל הַכַּף בִּלְבַד » (חולין צ״ו ע״א)

And the Taz specifies that the measure of four fingers is stated of a large ox; on a small animal it shrinks accordingly:

« זה בשור הגדול ובכבש קטן ב׳ אצבעות כ״כ או״ה שם » (ט״ז יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק ג)

It may be noted in passing that the same Gemara in חולין צ״ו ע״א grounds the Torah stringency invoked above by the Taz: one is liable for the gid even in less than a kezayit, and the reason is given without detour.

« בְּרִיָּה (בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָהּ) הִיא » (חולין צ״ו ע״א)

6. A beriah cooked with permitted food · the fat of the gid · a dissolved gid

↩ Detailed explanation (level 1)

The text of the Mechaber (seif ב׳)

« דבר שהוא בריה שנתבשל עם ההיתר אם אינו מכירו הכל אסור והרוטב בנותן טעם ואם מכירו זורקו והאחרים והרוטב צריך שיהא בהם ס׳ כנגדו חוץ מגיד הנשה שאין טעמו אוסר דאין בגידים בנותן טעם אבל שמנו אוסר וצריך ששים כנגדו להתיר הרוטב » (שו״ע יו״ד ק׳:ב)
« לפיכך ירך שנתבשל עם גידו אם מכירו זורקו וכל השאר מותר אם יש בו ס׳ כנגד שמנו ואם אינו מכירו כל החתיכות אסורות ואם יש בקדירה ס׳ כנגד השומן מותר הרוטב ואם לאו אסור » (שו״ע יו״ד ק׳:ב)
« ואם נמוח הגיד ואינו ניכר צריך גם כן ס׳ כנגדו » (שו״ע יו״ד ק׳:ב)

Translation — a thing that is a beriah and has cooked with permitted food: if he does not recognise it, everything is forbidden, and the sauce is forbidden if it received taste; and if he does recognise it, he throws it out, and there must be in the rest and in the sauce sixty against it. Except for the gid hanasheh, whose taste does not forbid, since sinews do not impart taste; but its fat does forbid, and sixty against it is needed to permit the sauce. Therefore a thigh that cooked with its gid — if he recognises the gid he throws it out and all the rest is permitted if there is sixty against its fat; if he does not recognise it, all the pieces are forbidden, and if there is in the pot sixty against the fat the sauce is permitted, and if not it is forbidden. And if the gid dissolved and is no longer recognisable, sixty against it is likewise needed.

The foundation — two distinct prohibitions in the gid.
The gid hanasheh wraps up two separate things, and the whole seif comes out of their separation:

• the gid itself — a beriah, not nullified even in a thousand; but it gives no taste, so that once recognised it is enough to throw it out, and the rest needs no sixty on its account.
• the fat upon the gid — it imparts taste like any prohibition, and therefore sixty against the fat is required to permit the sauce and the pieces: אבל שמנו אוסר וצריך ששים כנגדו להתיר הרוטב (שו״ע יו״ד ק׳:ב).

Hence the two cases of the seif: he does not recognise it → everything is forbidden, since he may eat the beriah; he recognises it → he throws out the gid, and he is left to count sixty only against the fat.
The fat of the gid, adhering prohibition, and the piece that becomes nevela (ט״ז ס״ק ד). The Taz is not content with “sixty against the fat”: he requires sixty in the piece to which the fat adheres, and failing that, sixty against that whole piece, which has itself become forbidden.
« ואם השומן דבוק בחתיכה אחת צריך שיהיה באותה חתיכה ס׳ נגד השומן » (ט״ז יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק ד)
« ואם לאו צריך ס׳ נגד כל החתיכה ההיא שהאיסור דבוק בה » (ט״ז יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק ד)
« לדידן דאמרינן סי׳ צ״ב בכל האיסורים חתיכה עצמה נעשית נבילה » (ט״ז יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק ד)

The Shach raises the same difficulty, but turns it against the text of the Shulchan Arukh itself, which writes without qualification like the Tur — who does not hold the principle of adhering prohibition:

« קשה דהיאך סתם הרב כדברי הט״ו » (ש״ך יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק ח)
« א״כ ה״נ ירך שנתבשל עם גידו אין השאר מותר » (ש״ך יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק ח)

The fat, in short, is not judged as a beriah but as any absorbed chelev: the ordinary regime of prohibitions, with what siman 92 adds to it.

The חקירה of the dissolved gid — a standing that has been lost (ט״ז ס״ק ה). If the gid has dissolved to the point of no longer being recognisable, the form of the beriah has left it, and one would say it ought to be nullified in a majority. The Mechaber nevertheless rules that sixty against it is needed. The Taz explains: the standing has indeed departed, but the prohibition remains Torah law, and so sixty is still required.
« פירוש ואזיל ליה חשיבותיה דבריה אבל צריך מ״מ ס׳ נגדו » (ט״ז יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק ה)
« דאע״ג דעץ בעלמא הוא התורה אסרתו » (ט״ז יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק ה)

The Shach says the same in one line, and refers to siman 65:

« דאע״פ שאין בו טעם התורה אסרתו » (ש״ך יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק ט)

But the Taz at once adds what he found in the Torat haBayit haArokh — that perhaps it is nullified in a majority, since a sinew never imparts taste:

« ומסיק על זה בת״ה הארוך ואפשר שבטל ברוב כיון שלעולם אינו נותן טעם » (ט״ז יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק ה)

and he draws from it, for himself, a measured conclusion: one does not write it as law, but one relies on it in a doubtful case.

« מ״מ נראה לסמוך להקל בספק כזה » (ט״ז יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק ה)
The dissolved gid — the standing of a beriah against “sinews do not impart taste”:
The positionA dissolved, unrecognisable gidSource
The Mechaber sixty against it is required מחבר ס״ב ; ט״ז ס״ק ה ; ש״ך ס״ק ט
The Torat haBayit haArokh, reported by the Taz perhaps it is nullified in a majority, since a sinew never imparts taste — and the Taz relies on this in a doubtful case ט״ז ס״ק ה

7. A beriah lost in the sauce — and what the Shach adds to it

↩ Detailed explanation (level 1)

The text of the Mechaber (seif ג׳)

« קדרה של מרק שנפל שם בריה ונאבדה אסור הכל » (שו״ע יו״ד ק׳:ג)

Translation — a pot of broth into which a beriah fell and was lost in it — everything is forbidden.

The foundation — why there is no remedy.
When the beriah is recognisable, he recognises it, throws it out, and that is enough. But when it has been lost in the sauce, the two ways out close together:
• we do not nullify it in a majority or in sixty → a beriah is not nullified;
• we do not take it out → it is no longer recognisable.

Both doors shut, everything is forbidden. That is the whole difference between seif ב׳ (he recognises → he throws out) and seif ג׳ (he does not recognise and it was lost → no remedy).

Here the Shach does not explain: he limits. His remark is short and it changes the reach of the seif — “everything is forbidden” holds only where straining can do nothing.

« היינו כשא״א להתיר על ידי סינון » (ש״ך יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק י)

Which means that seif ג׳ and seif ד׳ do not contradict each other: they state the same rule from both sides. Where a physical separation remains possible, we separate; where it does not, everything is forbidden.

The flea that fell into the dish (פתחי תשובה ס״ק ג, in the name of the Chavot Yair סי׳ ק״ב). A flea that jumped into a dish and was lost in it is forbidden, and the reason given is exactly that of seif ג׳ read together with the Shach: it was lost in the sauce, one cannot strain, and one cannot check the meat either.
« פרעוש שקפץ לתוך המאכל אסור מצד הדין מאחר שנאבדה ברוטב » (פת״ש יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק ג)
« וא״א לסננה וא״א לבדוק הבשר אולי דבקה בו » (פת״ש יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק ג)

The Pitchei Teshuva does not leave the matter undisputed: he reports that the Panim Meirot hesitated, on the ground that a flea is repulsive in itself, and that the Rama holds in siman 103 that a beriah repulsive in itself is nullified. But he likewise reports that the Panim Meirot afterwards raised many difficulties against that objection, and he concludes in favour of the Chavot Yair:

« וא״כ יפה פסק החו״י » (פת״ש יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק ג)

And in practice — ask your Rav.

8. Worms in vegetables — what ג׳ means

↩ Detailed explanation (level 1)

The text of the Mechaber (seif ד׳)

« ירקות מבושלות שנמצאו בהם ג׳ תולעים הירקות אסורים אבל מי השלקות מסננן ומותרים וכן הבשר ירחצנו ויבדקנו ומותר » (שו״ע יו״ד ק׳:ד)

Translation — cooked vegetables in which three worms were found: the vegetables are forbidden; but the cooking water, he strains it and it is permitted; and likewise the meat, he washes it and examines it, and it is permitted.

The חקירה — what does this ג׳ count? The Mechaber writes ג׳ תולעים (שו״ע יו״ד ק׳:ד). Two readings offer themselves, and they do not yield the same law: is it three worms found in this dish — three creatures — or three times, that is, three successive dishes in which worms were found, so that the species is henceforth held to be infested?
The Taz's answer (ס״ק ו) — three times, and a chazaka is formed only by three. The Taz goes back to the Beit Yosef in siman 84, which reports the same responsum of the Rashba while writing “twice”, and he holds this to be a scribal error:
« ונראה לי פשוט שט״ס הוא שם וצ״ל ג׳ פעמים » (ט״ז יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק ו)

He then reports that his father-in-law — the Bayit Chadash — wished to be stringent from two times onward, because Rabbi holds that a chazaka is formed by two:

« ומו״ח ז״ל כ׳ דיש להחמיר בב׳ כיון דלרבי הוה חזקה בב׳ זימני » (ט״ז יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק ו)

and he does not follow him: outside the cases of marriage and circumcision, where we follow Rabbi leniently on a doubt involving life, we follow Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel, who requires three.

« קיימא לן כרבן שמעון בן גמליאל דדוקא בתלתא זימנין הוה חזקה וכן עיקר » (ט״ז יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק ו)

He closes by recalling what the Beit Yosef reports in the name of the Ran, in that same siman 84:

« דפעם אחת או ב׳ מותר התבשיל » (ט״ז יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק ו)
The foundation — why the water and the meat are permitted and the vegetable forbidden.
The difficulty leaps to the eye: if a beriah — a worm — was found in the dish, the whole pot ought to be forbidden, like the lost beriah of seif ג׳!
The Shach gives the reason the vegetables are forbidden, and it is not the worm that was found but those that were not:
« דמאחר שנמצאו ג׳ הוחזק שיש שם עוד ואינן ניכרות » (ש״ך יו״ד ק׳ ס״ק י״א)

From here the dividing line is clear, and it is the one the Shach had drawn at seif ג׳: where a physical separation is practicable, we require it and the food is permitted — the cooking water, one strains it; the meat, one washes and examines it. Where it is not — the vegetable itself, in which the remaining worms are held to be present and invisible — the food stays forbidden. The Shach refers the reader to siman 84 for the details of these laws.

The distinction in summary. The whole siman turns on a single axis: the recognisable beriah against the lost beriah. Recognisable (seif ב׳) — one throws it out. Lost (seif ג׳) — no remedy, and the Shach adds: only insofar as straining can do nothing. The worms of seif ד׳ come back to teach both sides at once: in the vegetable, they are held to be present and invisible → forbidden; in the water and the meat, they can be separated (straining, washing and examination) → permitted. See the laws of worms in siman 84.

9. חקירה and נפקא מינה for practice

↩ Detailed explanation (level 1)
The overall חקירה of the siman: what is the definition of the beriah that is not nullified, and at what point does its standing lapse?
נפקא מינה for practice, as it emerges from the sources cited above:
  1. A whole beriah — ant, non-kosher bird, gid, limb from a living animal, egg with an embryo in it — is not nullified even in a thousand (מחבר ס״א).
  2. Let one of the three conditions be missing — grain of wheat, nevela, chelev, a crushed thing — and it is nullified like any prohibition (מחבר ס״א ; ש״ך ס״ק ו).
  3. A doubt about beriah status — a doubt in a rabbinic matter, and it is nullified; but a certain beriah with a doubtful prohibition — it is not nullified (ט״ז ס״ק א).
  4. Gid hanasheh: recognised — one throws it out; its fat requires sixty, and the Taz requires that count in the piece to which it adheres; dissolved — sixty again (מחבר ס״ב ; ט״ז ס״ק ד–ה ; ש״ך ס״ק ח–ט).
  5. A beriah lost in the sauce — everything is forbidden where straining can do nothing (מחבר ס״ג ; ש״ך ס״ק י); worms in the vegetable — forbidden, and in the water or the meat — one strains, washes and examines, and it is permitted (מחבר ס״ד ; ט״ז ס״ק ו ; ש״ך ס״ק י״א).
And in practice — ask your Rav.

10. Summary tables

↩ Detailed explanation (level 1)

Table — the beriah, the conditions and the law

The case The law Source
A whole beriah (ant, non-kosher bird, gid, limb from a living animal, egg with an embryo in it) even in a thousand it is not nullified מחבר ס״א ; חולין צ״ט ע״ב–ק׳ ע״א
A forbidden grain of wheat nullified — there never was life in it מחבר ס״א (1st condition) ; ש״ך ס״ק ג
A kosher bird that became a nevela · the ox condemned to stoning nullified — they were not forbidden from their origin מחבר ס״א (2nd condition)
Chelev nullified — its name remains even when divided מחבר ס״א (3rd condition) ; ש״ך ס״ק ה
A doubt about beriah status a doubt in a rabbinic matter → it is nullified ט״ז ס״ק א
A certain beriah with a doubtful prohibition even in a thousand it is not nullified ט״ז ס״ק א
A gid hanasheh he recognises he throws it out; its fat requires sixty מחבר ס״ב ; ש״ך ס״ק א ; ט״ז ס״ק ד
A dissolved, unrecognisable gid sixty against it is required (and the Taz relies on the leniency in a doubtful case) מחבר ס״ב ; ט״ז ס״ק ה ; ש״ך ס״ק ט
A beriah lost in the sauce everything is forbidden — where straining can do nothing מחבר ס״ג ; ש״ך ס״ק י ; פת״ש ס״ק ג
A vegetable in which worms were found (three times) the vegetable is forbidden; the water, one strains it; the meat, one washes and examines it — and they are permitted מחבר ס״ד ; ט״ז ס״ק ו ; ש״ך ס״ק י״א

Table — the central machlokot of the siman

The point First position Second position
The reach of “it is not nullified” the plain reading — it is not nullified by Torah law the Taz — it is rabbinic; by Torah law it is nullified, and a doubt about status is lenient (ס״ק א)
An ant found in fruit or flour כרתי ופלתי — permitted before it emerged → nullified in sixty (פת״ש ס״ק א) טור האבן סי׳ כ״ו — a full beriah, not nullified (פת״ש ס״ק א)
A limb from a living animal, less than a kezayit פני אריה — it is nullified like any dry in dry (פת״ש ס״ק ב) פרי מגדים — his view is not so (פת״ש ס״ק ב)
A dissolved, unrecognisable gid the Mechaber — sixty is required תורת הבית הארוך, reported by the Taz — perhaps it is nullified in a majority (ט״ז ס״ק ה)
The chazaka of infestation מו״ח (the Bayit Chadash) — there is ground to be stringent from two times (ט״ז ס״ק ו) the Taz — three times, following Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel (ט״ז ס״ק ו)

Table — the sources of the sugya

Gemara: חולין צ״ט ע״ב–ק׳ ע״א (the cooked gid, the beriah, the חתיכה הראויה להתכבד) · חולין צ״ו ע״א (what the Torah forbade of the gid, and the beriah in its own right) · חולין ק״ח ע״א (חתיכה עצמה נעשית נבילה) · ביצה ג׳ ע״ב (the phrase אפילו באלף לא בטיל, and ביצה חשובה)
Rishonim: רש״י · רמב״ם · רשב״א (תורת הבית) · ר״ן · רא״ש · תוספות · טור · איסור והיתר הארוך (cited by the Rama and by the Taz)
Acharonim: בית יוסף · רמ״א · ש״ך · ט״ז · ב״ח (the Taz's מו״ח) · תורת חטאת (cited by the ש״ך ס״ק ח) · פרי מגדים · פתחי תשובה · כרתי ופלתי · טור האבן · משכנות יעקב · פני אריה · פנים מאירות · חוות יאיר (סי׳ ק״ב) · לבושי שרד

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