✦ ❖ ✦ D A A T · L E V E L 3 — S Y N T H E S I S / R E V I E W ✦ ❖ ✦
Siman 105 — How Forbidden Food Transmits Its Taste: Pickling (Kavush), Heat, Roasting and Salting
דין איסור שנפל לתוך היתר
The mechanisms by which taste passes from the forbidden to the permitted: pickling (כבוש) for 24 h cold = like cooking; the heat of a first vessel (כלי ראשון) where "the hand recoils (יד סולדת)"; the lower prevails (תתאה גבר); the roast (צלי) forbids only כדי נטילה — except the fat that permeates (פעפוע); and salting (מליח כרותח)
Structured review, master grid of thresholds, fast memorization
Source: Shulchan Aroukh, Yoreh De'ah ק״ה — 14 seifim
Nossei kelim: ש״ך (Shach) · ט״ז (Taz) · פר״מ (Pri Megadim) · פתחי תשובה (Pithei Teshuva)
Compiled by: הרב יוסף חיים סממה · DAAT
For students who have mastered Levels 1 and 2
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📑 Outline of the synthesis
- The axiom: 4 mechanisms of taste transfer — כבוש · חום · צלי · מליחה
- The 3 reflex questions: by which mechanism · hot or cold · is there fat
- The master grid of thresholds: rinsing / peel / finger / 60 / all forbidden
- The 5 golden rules
- Mnemonic — the "כבוש" memory aid
- The 4 classic pitfalls
- Recap of the 14 seifim — one line each
- Final flashcard
1. The axiom: 4 mechanisms of taste transfer
The starting point:
Siman 105 answers a single question — by which path does the taste of the forbidden substance pass into the permitted? — and gives, for each, its threshold. Without cooking in a pot, there are four mechanisms: pickling (כבוש), where 24 h cold makes it "הֲרֵי הוּא כִּמְבֻשָּׁל"; the heat (חום) of a first vessel (כלי ראשון) where "the hand recoils (יד סולדת בו)"; the roast (צלי) near the fire; and salting (מליחה), where food too salty to be eaten as is "דִּינוֹ כְּרוֹתֵחַ". To each path its threshold: a mere rinsing, a peel, a finger's thickness, or full nullification by 60.
| Mechanism | Trigger | Maximal effect |
|---|
| כבוש (pickled) | 24 h cold (מעת לעת); faster in ציר / חומץ (כדי שירתיח) | like cooked — all forbidden |
| חום (heat) | כלי ראשון, יד סולדת בו (the hand recoils) | cooks and forbids all |
| צלי (roast) | contact near the fire, without rotev | only כדי נטילה — except fat (פעפוע) |
| מליחה (salting) | מליח שאינו נאכל מחמת מלחו | כרותח — peel; fat → 60 |
💡 The marker: this siman does not ask "how much forbidden substance is there?" but first "by which path could the taste have passed?". Three axes govern all that follows: the mechanism (כבוש / חום / צלי / מליחה), hot or cold (תתאה גבר — the lower prevails), and the presence of fat (fat permeates — פעפוע — and forbids everything up to 60).
2. The 3 reflex questions
■ BY WHICH MECHANISM? (כבוש / חום / צלי / מליחה) — Did the contact occur by a 24 h pickling (seif 1), by the heat of a כלי ראשון (seif 2-3), by a roast (seif 4-6), or by salting (seif 9-14)? Each mechanism has its own threshold.
↓ we look at the temperature
■ HOT OR COLD? (תתאה גבר) — "The lower prevails": forbidden hot below (or even cold below) → all forbidden; hot above / cold below → only כדי קליפה. This rule governs contact in heat (seif 3, 6) and, for some, salting (seif 11).
↓ we look at the fat
■ IS THERE FAT? (כחוש / שמן · פעפוע) — Lean (כחוש) without power to diffuse → only כדי נטילה. Fat (שמן) that permeates everything (מפעפע בכולו) → 60 is needed against the fat, and even with 60, נטילת מקום. And we are not expert at distinguishing: by custom, we assess up to 60 (seif 5, 9).
⚖ The principle of כבוש כמבושל (seif 1)
Forbidden food soaked with permitted food for 24 h cold (מעת לעת) is "pickled", and it is like cooked: all forbidden. Less than that → a rinsing (הדחה) suffices. In ציר (brine) or vinegar (חומץ), the time shrinks to "כְּדֵי שֶׁיַּרְתִּיחַ" (the time to bring to a boil); less than that → only כדי קליפה. Rama: the pickling below diffuses upward, so even what is out of the liquid is forbidden (יש מקילין); and a doubt of pickling (ספק כבוש) is forbidden, except for meat with milk where we are lenient, since by Torah law only actual cooking forbids.
3. The master grid of thresholds
An absolute must to memorize: for each situation, which threshold? Basis: Mehaber seifim 1-14, read with the Rama, the Taz and the Shach.
| Situation | Decisive criterion | Threshold / Result |
|---|
| Pickled < 24 h (or ציר/חומץ before כדי שירתיח) |
Below the כבוש threshold |
🟢 הדחה (rinsing) — or קליפה in ציר/חומץ |
| Pickled 24 h cold (כבוש כמבושל) |
מעת לעת reached |
🔴 like cooked → all forbidden |
| כלי שני (second vessel), בדיעבד |
Does not cook (יש אומרים) |
🟢 הדחה suffices; לכתחילה beware (קליפה) |
| כלי ראשון, יד סולדת בו |
The hand recoils |
🔴 cooks and forbids all |
| Hot on cold (the hot above is the forbidden) |
תתאה גבר — the cold below prevails |
🟡 כדי קליפה |
| Cold on hot / hot on hot |
תתאה גבר — the hot below prevails |
🔴 all forbidden (unless 60) |
| Lean roast (כחוש), contact near the fire |
Without power to diffuse |
🟡 כדי נטילה (a finger's thickness) |
| Fat roast (שמן · חלב) — פעפוע |
The fat permeates everything |
🔴 60 against the fat; + נטילת מקום even with 60 |
| In the rotev (juice / sauce) |
The rotev carries the פליטה |
🔴 the taste diffuses everywhere |
| מליח שאינו נאכל (too salty) |
כרותח (like boiling) |
🟡 קליפה; חלב stuck → 60; custom: 60 everywhere |
| Permitted salted / forbidden unsalted (תפל) |
The תפל does not absorb from the salted |
🟢 הדחה suffices |
| Absorbed forbidden (בלוע) without fat, by contact |
אין הנאסר אוסר יותר מן האוסרו |
🟢 does not forbid the neighbor (≠ utensil) |
📌 Key reading: always go up from the mechanism to the threshold. כבוש < 24 h, מליח-תפל or a כלי שני בדיעבד → הדחה. ציר/חומץ before term, cold-on-hot contact, מליח כרותח → קליפה. Lean roast → נטילה. Fat that permeates (פעפוע) → 60 + נטילת מקום. כבוש 24 h, כלי ראשון, rotev, the hot below → all forbidden.
4. The 5 golden rules
- "כבוש כמבושל". 24 h cold = like cooked (all forbidden); less than that, a rinsing suffices; in ציר/חומץ the time drops to כדי שירתיח. ספק כבוש is forbidden, except in meat-with-milk (Mehaber + Rama seif 1).
- "יד סולדת בו" decides. כלי ראשון (the hand recoils) cooks and forbids all; כלי שני does not cook → בדיעבד a rinsing suffices (Mehaber seif 2).
- "תתאה גבר" — the lower prevails. The lower (hot or cold) commands: hot below → all forbidden; cold below → only כדי קליפה (Mehaber seif 3, 6).
- צלי = כדי נטילה; fat permeates (פעפוע) = 60. A lean roast forbids only a finger's thickness; the fat (חלב / שומן) permeates everything → 60, and even with 60, נטילת מקום (Mehaber seif 4-5).
- "מליח כרותח"; and "אין הנאסר אוסר יותר מן האוסרו". Food too salty acts like boiling; the custom: assess all salting by sixty. But the substance rendered forbidden (the salt) does not forbid more than what forbade it (the blood): 60 against the salt suffices (Mehaber seif 9; Rama seif 14).
5. Mnemonic — the "כבוש" memory aid
"כ-ב-ו-ש" — the 4 mechanisms and their thresholds
- כבוש (pickled): 24 h cold → like cooked; less → rinsing; ציר/חומץ → faster.
- בחום (by heat): כלי ראשון יד סולדת → cooks all; תתאה גבר, the lower prevails.
- וצלי (and the roast): lean → כדי נטילה; fat that permeates (פעפוע) → 60 + נטילת מקום.
- שבמליחה (by salting): מליח כרותח → peel; חלב stuck → 60; custom: 60 everywhere.
The ladder of thresholds (from lightest to heaviest)
- הדחה (rinsing) → כבוש < 24 h · מליח / תפל · כלי שני בדיעבד
- קליפה (peel) → ציר/חומץ before term · hot on cold · מליח כרותח
- נטילה (a finger) → lean roast (כחוש)
- 60 + נטילת מקום → fat that permeates (פעפוע · שמן · חלב)
- all forbidden → כבוש 24 h · כלי ראשון · the hot below · rotev
6. The 4 classic pitfalls
❌ Pitfall 1 — Believing all pickling forbids everything: only 24 h cold (מעת לעת) makes it "like cooked". Less than that, a rinsing suffices. In ציר or חומץ, the term shortens to "כְּדֵי שֶׁיַּרְתִּיחַ", but below that → only כדי קליפה, not everything. And a ספק כבוש is forbidden — except in meat-with-milk, where by Torah law only actual cooking forbids (Mehaber + Rama seif 1).
❌ Pitfall 2 — Confusing כלי ראשון and כלי שני: only the כלי ראשון where "יָד סוֹלֶדֶת בּוֹ" (the hand recoils) cooks and forbids all. The כלי שני does not cook: beware לכתחילה (some require קליפה), but בדיעבד a mere rinsing suffices, without קליפה (Mehaber seif 2). Do not treat a ladle drawn from a pot (כלי שני) like the pot itself (כלי ראשון).
❌ Pitfall 3 — Forgetting the fat (פעפוע) in the roast: a lean (כחוש) roast forbids only כדי נטילה; but as soon as there is fat (חלב / שומן), it permeates everything (מפעפע בכולו) → 60 is needed, and even with 60, נטילת מקום (the spot of contact). And since we are not expert at deciding lean/fat, the custom forbids up to 60 in every case — except for a forbidden substance with no fat at all (Mehaber + Rama seif 5).
❌ Pitfall 4 — Extending salting to utensils, and forgetting "אין הנאסר אוסר יותר מן האוסרו": the מליח is not כרותח to the point of drawing out of a utensil what is absorbed in it → בדיעבד permitted (לכתחילה forbidden, seif 12); and dry salt or spices do not absorb from the utensil (seif 13). Finally, salt soaked with blood placed in a pot: 60 against the salt suffices, for the salt is forbidden only on account of the blood — and "the substance rendered forbidden does not forbid more than what forbade it" (seif 14, cross-ref siman 69).
For the halacha le-ma'aseh, consult your Rav.
7. Recap of the 14 seifim — one line each
| Seif | Topic | The essential |
|---|
| 1 | כבוש כמבושל | Pickled 24 h cold (מעת לעת) = like cooked, all forbidden; less → rinsing. In ציר/חומץ: כדי שירתיח → like cooked, otherwise כדי קליפה. Rama: even out of the liquid forbidden (the lower diffuses); ספק כבוש forbidden, except meat-with-milk (cross-ref siman 70). |
| 2 | כלי ראשון / כלי שני | כלי ראשון יד סולדת בו cooks and forbids all. כלי שני does not cook; יש אומרים it draws out/absorbs כדי קליפה → beware לכתחילה, but בדיעבד permitted without קליפה, a rinsing suffices (cross-ref simanim 68, 92, 95). |
| 3 | תתאה גבר (the lower prevails) | Forbidden hot, or even cold, in permitted hot of a כלי ראשון → all forbidden. Hot above / cold below → only כדי קליפה, even if the hot above is the forbidden. Rama: same rule between utensil and food (cross-ref siman 94). |
| 4 | rotev vs צלי = כדי נטילה | Total prohibition when it fell into a dish with sauce (the rotev carries the פליטה). On a roast (צלי) near the fire → only כדי נטילה (a finger's thickness). In the rotev, or stirred/covered → the taste diffuses everywhere. |
| 5 | כחוש vs שמן; פעפוע | Lean (כחוש) → כדי נטילה. A fat kid roasted with its חלב, without 60 → all forbidden (the fat permeates, מפעפע בכולו); even with 60 → נטילת מקום. כל מבושל בלא רוטב or אפוי = כצלי (Rama). We are not expert lean/fat → 60 everywhere. |
| 6 | hot / cold in the צלי | In the roast too the lower prevails: hot on cold → כדי קליפה; cold on hot, without 60 against the forbidden → all forbidden. |
| 7 | איסור מחמת עצמו vs בלוע | A piece forbids its neighbor by contact only when its prohibition is by itself (נבילה, בשר בחלב). Forbidden only absorbed (בלע) does not forbid — except if it absorbed permeating fat. Rama: a utensil that absorbed forbids, even a non-fat forbidden substance. |
| 8 | the kidney (כוליא) | A kidney roasted in its חלב → only כדי קליפה, because the membrane (קרום) separates. Rama: יש אוסרים and such is the custom; and if it was cooked thus, the kidney becomes נבילה → 60 against it entirely. |
| 9 | מליח כרותח (salting) | Food too salty to be eaten as is = כרותח → peel. Real חלב → 60. Pieces salted together: do not combine (the חלב does not permeate without rotev). One touched without knowing which → all permitted (חד בתרי בטיל). Rama: custom to assess all salting by sixty (we are not expert); forbidden without fat → only peel. |
| 10 | מליח / תפל | Both salted, or forbidden salted / permitted unsalted (תפל) → forbidden. But permitted salted / forbidden תפל → a rinsing (הדחה) suffices (cross-ref siman 70). Rama: יש אוסרים if they touch; lenient in case of loss. |
| 11 | above / below in salting | The fat forbidden substance that forbids up to 60 — only when the salted forbidden is below and the unsalted permitted above (תתאה גבר); the reverse → only כדי קליפה. Rama: יש חולקין — in salting, no above/below difference, and such is the custom. |
| 12 | אין מליחה לכלים | Cheeses made in non-Jews' molds, even if salted → permitted. Rama: likewise permitted food salted in a forbidden utensil, for the מליח does not draw out of a utensil what is absorbed; but בדיעבד only, לכתחילה forbidden. |
| 13 | dry salt / spices | Salt or dry spices that were in a meat plate → one may put them in milk. Rama: likewise if they were in a forbidden utensil, for being dry they do not absorb, provided the utensil is clean; whoever is strict לכתחילה, may a blessing come upon him. |
| 14 | אין הנאסר אוסר יותר מן האוסרו | Salt soaked with blood, or salted meat not rinsed, placed in a pot → if there is 60 against the salt, permitted. Rama: although the salt still gives taste, it is forbidden only on account of the blood; the substance rendered forbidden (הנאסר) does not forbid more than what forbade it (האוסר) (cross-ref siman 69). |
8. Final flashcard
| Question | Reflex answer | Source |
|---|
| Forbidden pickled with permitted 24 h cold? | כבוש כמבושל → all forbidden; less → rinsing | Mehaber seif 1 |
| Pickled in ציר / חומץ? | כדי שירתיח → like cooked; otherwise כדי קליפה | Mehaber seif 1; Shach s.k. 1-2 |
| Doubt of pickling (ספק כבוש)? | Forbidden — except meat-with-milk (lenient) | Rama seif 1; Pithei Teshuva s.k. 3-4 |
| First or second vessel? | כלי ראשון יד סולדת → all forbidden; כלי שני בדיעבד → rinsing | Mehaber seif 2 |
| Hot / cold contact? | תתאה גבר: the lower prevails (hot → all; cold below → peel) | Mehaber seif 3, 6 |
| Lean or fat roast? | Lean → כדי נטילה; fat (פעפוע) → 60 + נטילת מקום | Mehaber seif 4-5 |
| Forbidden only absorbed (בלוע)? | Does not forbid the neighbor — except fat; a utensil, yes | Mehaber + Rama seif 7 |
| Food too salty (מליח שאינו נאכל)? | כרותח → peel; חלב stuck → 60; custom: 60 everywhere | Mehaber + Rama seif 9 |
| Salting in a utensil / dry salt? | אין מליחה לכלים → בדיעבד permitted; dry does not absorb | Mehaber + Rama seif 12-13 |
| Salt soaked with blood in a pot? | 60 against the salt suffices (אין הנאסר אוסר יותר מן האוסרו) | Rama seif 14 (siman 69) |
⚖ The reflex in 3 questions
- By which mechanism? כבוש (24 h), חום (כלי ראשון), צלי (roast) or מליחה (salting) — each its own threshold: rinsing / peel / finger / 60 / all forbidden.
- Hot or cold? תתאה גבר: the lower prevails. Hot below → all forbidden; cold below → only כדי קליפה.
- Is there fat? Lean (כחוש) → נטילה; fat that permeates (פעפוע) → 60 + נטילת מקום.
For the halacha le-ma'aseh, consult your Rav.
🎓 Recap of the study path
| Level | Content | Acquired |
|---|
| 🌱 Level 1 — Base |
Text of the 14 seifim, translation, clear tables |
Overall understanding |
| ⚡ Level 2 — Lamdan |
Yesod of כבוש כמבושל, the heat hierarchy (כלי ראשון/שני), תתאה גבר, the פעפוע and the מליח כרותח |
In-depth study |
| ✨ Level 3 — Synthesis |
Master grid of thresholds, golden rules, mnemonic, pitfalls, recap of the seifim |
Practical mastery + review |
💡 Suggested next steps:
- Re-read Siman ק״ה in the original Choulhan Aroukh (Hebrew) with the Shach and the Taz
- Study the adjacent Simanim: 70 (meat in brine), 91-92 (taste, חתיכה נעשית נבילה), 94 (milky knife), 98 (tasting / 60), 104 (the pickled mouse), 108 (ריחא), 121-122 (kashering of utensils)
- Delve into Hullin 108b-112a (כבוש, מליחה, תתאה גבר) and the yesod of פעפוע
- Discuss personal cases with a Rav (milk/meat utensils, כלי ראשון/שני in the kitchen, מליחה of the kashering, marinades) — the halacha le-ma'aseh is decided with a Rav
📖 Sources of this siman on Sefaria:
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
DAAT · הרב יוסף חיים סממה
תלמיד חכם · מעביר שיעורים בהלכה ובחסידות
סימן ק״ה · Level 3 — Synthesis / Review · דין איסור שנפל לתוך היתר
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