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DAAT · LEVEL 1 — INTRODUCTION

Siman קל״ה — In which vessels there is concern of libation

Material, use and coating: what a vessel absorbs, and what releases it
יורה דעה · סימן קל״ה
בְּאֵיזוֹ כֵּלִים יֵשׁ לָחוּשׁ מִשּׁוּם נִיסּוּךְ
🌱 Introductory level · מתחילים
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A first approach to Siman 135: the sixteen seifim of the Mehaber and the glosses of the Rama, with the Hebrew text and a fluent English translation. The preceding simanim asked who had touched the wine, and where it was resting. This one changes the subject: it no longer speaks of the wine but of the vessel. A barrel, a wineskin, a glazed jar, a funnel have held forbidden wine; the wine is gone, but something of it remains in the wall. The whole siman answers a single question — how much did this material take in, and what makes it give it back?

Subject: The wine vessels, their prohibition and their remedy — שכשוך, מילוי ועירוי, כדי קליפה, הגעלה, י״ב חדש
Source: שולחן ערוך יורה דעה סימן קל״ה

Compilation: הרב יוסף חיים סממה
DAAT · daattorah.com

📑 Plan of the study

1. The text of the Mehaber: the sixteen seifim, with the glosses of the Rama
2. Background: the sugya of Avodah Zarah 33a-34a, and the Rambam
3. Key concepts: שכשוך, מילוי ועירוי, מכניסו לקיום, מזופף, כלי נתר, מאני דקוניא, כדי קליפה…
4. The summary table: material × use × coating
5. The Taz and the Shach: six key entries
6. The glosses of the Rama (הגה): six interventions
7. Practical cases today: the stainless tank, the barrel, the glazed jar, the hose, the cistern
8. Summary and comprehension questions

1. The text of the Mehaber — the sixteen seifim

Siman 135 is a decision table. The Mehaber tells no story here: he classifies. Three questions govern every case — what is the vessel made of (seifim 1, 4, 5, 6), what use does it serve (seifim 7, 8, 9), and what has been spread over its wall (seifim 1, 2, 3) — and then the siman lists the remedies, from the lightest to the heaviest: rinsing (11), filling and emptying (12), peeling the wall (13), the kiln (14), hag‘ala (15), and finally time, which does the work by itself (16). In between, one single vessel is left without a remedy: the natron one (5).

Seif 1 — Vessels of passing use: wood, stone, glass, metal, leather

באיזו כלים יש לחוש משום ניסוך. ובו ט״ז סעיפים:
כלים שאין מכניסין לקיום בין שהם של עור בין שהם של עץ ושל זכוכית ושל אבן ושל מתכת אם אינן מזופתין משכשכן היטב במים ומותרים בין שהיה תחילת תשמישן ביד עובד כוכבים בין ביד ישראל היו מזופתין וחדשים אם דרכן לשום בהם יין בשעת זפיתה וכל שכן אם הם ישנים שנתיישנו ביד עובד כוכבים בתשמיש יין קולף את הזפת ומשכשכן ומותרים. לא רצה לקלף ממלאן ומערן ג׳ ימים והוא הדין לכלים שלנו שנגע בהם העובד כוכבים בעוד היין טופח עליהם: הגה י״א דבכלים שלנו שהיה משקה טופח עליהם ונגע בהן עובד כוכבים אם הם של עץ ואבן או מתכת ושכשכן אפילו הם זפותים ועבר ונתן בהם יין אין לאסור בדיעבד (טור בשם ר״ת ובעל התרומה והרא״ש) ובהפסד מרובה יש להקל:
Title of the siman: in which vessels there is concern of libation; and it contains sixteen seifim.

Vessels in which wine is not kept standingwhether of leather, of wood, of glass, of stone or of metalif they are not pitched, he rinses them well in water and they are permitted, whether their first use was in the hands of a non-Jew or in the hands of a Jew.

If they were pitched and new, and it is the practice to put wine into them at the time of pitchingand all the more so if they are old, having aged in a non-Jew’s hands in the use of winehe scrapes off the pitch, rinses them, and they are permitted. If he did not wish to scrape: he fills them and empties them for three days. And the same holds for our own vessels that a non-Jew touched while the wine was still moist upon them.

Gloss of the Rama: some say that for our own vessels upon which liquid was moist and which a non-Jew touched, if they are of wood, stone or metal and he rinsed them — even if they are pitched — and he went ahead and put wine into them, one should not forbid it after the fact (Tur in the name of Rabbenu Tam, the Baal haTerumot and the Rosh); and where the loss is substantial there is room to be lenient.
Only three things decide, and seif 1 lays down all three. The material — a vessel that is not porous needs no more than a rinsing. The coating — pitch changes everything, not because it is dirty but because it drives the wine into the wall. And the use — here, a vessel that does not keep the wine standing. Note the Mehaber’s wording: the pitch is scraped, or else one fills and empties for three days. This is the first appearance of the ladder of remedies, which will occupy the whole second half of the siman.

Seif 2 — A hole stopped with pitch does not make a pitched vessel

כלי שניקב וסתמו בזפת אינו נידון ככלי מזופף ולפי זה משפך שהוא מזופף מעט סביב הברזל אין לו דין כלי מזופף:
A vessel that was pierced and stopped up with pitch is not judged as a pitched vessel; and accordingly, a funnel that is slightly pitched around the iron does not have the law of a pitched vessel.

Seif 3 — Wax is not pitch

כלי שהוא שוע (פירוש שהחליקו וטחו) בשעוה אין דינו כמזופף דשעוה לא בלעה:
A vessel that is coated (meaning: that was smoothed and smeared) with wax does not have the law of a pitched vessel, for wax does not absorb.

Seif 4 — Earthenware, and the threshold of saturation

כלי חרס אם נשתמש בהם העובד כוכבים כל זמן שלא שבעו לבלוע צריכים מילוי ועירוי אפילו אינם זפותין ומאימתי שבעו מפעם שניה ואילך לפיכך אם נשתמש בהם העובד כוכבים פעם ראשונה ושנייה צריך מילוי ועירוי (טור) ואם נתן בהם מים שלשה פעמים ואח״כ נתן בהם יין ונגע בו העובד כוכבים מותר בשכשוך אבל אם לא נתן בהם מים אלא ב׳ פעמים ואח״כ נתן בהם יין ונגע בו העובד כוכבים יש אומרים שצריך עירוי ואם נתן בהם מים פעם אחת ושהו בהם שעה גדולה כמו רביע היום הוו בלועים ממים כמו נתן בהם מים שלש פעמים ואם הם זפותים צריכים לקלוף הזפת או מילוי ועירוי אפילו בשלנו שנגע בהם העובד כוכבים בעוד משקה טופח עליהם (ובדיעבד דינן ככלי אבן ועץ כמו שנתבאר) (כך מפרש הב״י ל׳ הטור):
Earthenware vessels: if a non-Jew used them, as long as they have not become sated with absorbing, they require filling and emptying, even if they are not pitched. And from when are they sated? From the second time onward. Therefore, if a non-Jew used them a first and a second time, filling and emptying is required (Tur).

And if water was put into them three times, and afterwards wine was put in and a non-Jew touched it — it is permitted by rinsing. But if water was put in only twice, and afterwards wine, and a non-Jew touched it — some say that emptying is required. And if water was put in once and remained a long while, such as a quarter of a day, they are soaked with water as if water had been put in three times.

And if they are pitched, the pitch must be scraped off, or filling and emptying must be done, even for our own that a non-Jew touched while liquid was still moist upon them. (And after the fact their law is that of stone and wooden vessels, as was explained) (thus does the Beit Yosef explain the wording of the Tur).
Earthenware has a biography. That is the novelty of seif 4: an earthen vessel has no fixed status, it has a past. New, it drinks; filled twice, it is “sated” and stops drinking. All the casuistry of the seif — two usages, three waterings, a quarter of a day — does nothing but date the moment at which the wall closed. And that is why the same jar may fall under one regime today and another a month later.

Seif 5 — The natron vessel: the one with no remedy

כלי נתר והם העשוים ממחפורת של צריף (פי׳ קרקע שחופרין משם צריף בלע״ז אלו״ם ובלשון אשכנז בייס״א. רש״י) בולעים הרבה ביותר ואין להם טהרה עולמית אפילו ביישון י״ב חדש ואפילו באין מכניסין בהם לקיום ואפי׳ היה תחילת תשמישן ביד ישראל:
Natron vessels — these are the ones made from the alum-earth quarry (meaning: earth that is dug from there, called tzerif, in the vernacular alum, and in German beissa — Rashi) — absorb far more than anything else, and they never have purification: not even by aging twelve months, not even where they are not used for storage, and not even if their first use was in a Jew’s hands.

Seif 6 — Glazes: green, white, black, and cracks

כלי חרס המצופים באבר או ברתוכי זכוכית (פירוש ממין כלי זכוכית שלא נתבשל כל צרכו והוא מן החול. תוספות) אם הם ירוקים דינם ככלי נתר מפני שיש בו קרקע מחפירת צריף אבל לבנים או שחורים אם הם חלקים שאין בהם בקעים דינם ככלי מתכות ואם יש בהם בקעים דינם כשאר כלי חרס שאינם שועים: הגה והא דכלי חרס מהני ליה עירוי היינו בדלא נשתמשו בו יין נסך רק בצונן אבל אם השתמשו בו בחמין כלי חרס אין לו תקנה ובשאר כלים צריכים הגעלה כמו בשאר איסורים (מרדכי פרק ב׳ דעבודת כוכבים בשם ראבי״ה):
Earthenware vessels glazed with lead or with glass slag (meaning: a kind of glassware that was not fully fired, and comes from sand — Tosafot): if they are green, their law is that of natron vessels, because there is alum-quarry earth in them. But if they are white or black, and they are smooth with no cracks, their law is that of metal vessels; and if they have cracks, their law is that of ordinary unglazed earthenware.

Gloss of the Rama: and the fact that emptying helps for earthenware is only where the forbidden wine was used in it cold; but if it was used hot, earthenware has no remedy, and other vessels require hag‘ala as with other prohibitions (Mordechai, chapter 2 of Avodah Zarah in the name of the Raavyah).
The glaze is not decoration: it is a halakhic fact, and its colour gives it away. Green means there is alum in it — hence natron, hence nothing to be done. White or black and smooth: the surface is closed, and we are back to metal. Cracked: the crack opens a path to the bare clay, and we fall back on earthenware. One question only, faced with a glazed jar: is the surface intact?

Seif 7 — The storage vessel: emptying, always

כלים שמכניסים בהם יין לקיום צריכי׳ עירוי בין שלקחם ישנים מהעובד כוכבים בין שהם שלנו ונשתמש בהם העובד כוכבים אפילו לפי שעה ומיהו בעירוי סגי להו אפילו הם זפותים:
Vessels into which wine is put for storage require emptying, whether he bought them old from the non-Jew or they are ours and a non-Jew used them, even for a moment; nevertheless emptying suffices for them, even if they are pitched.

Seif 8 — How far does the stringency of storage reach?

יש מי שאומר שלא החמירו בשביל שמכניסו לקיום אלא בכלי חרס בלבד ויש מוסיפים של עץ ושל עור ויש מי שמוסיף של אבן ושל מתכת וכן ראוי לנהוג אבל של זכוכית לדברי הכל אין מחמירים בו בשביל שמכניסו לקיום:
There is one who says that the stringency on account of storage was applied only to earthenware; and some add wood and leather; and there is one who adds stone and metal — and so it is fitting to practise. But glass, according to all opinions, is not treated stringently on account of storage.

Seif 9 — What counts as storage: the wineskin, the traders’ flask, the cup

נודות אין חשובין מכניסן לקיום שהרי אינם עשוים אלא להוליך בהם יין מהגת לחבית אבל חמת של טייעים כיון שהיין נתון בו תמיד שמיד שמערין זה חוזרין וממלאים אותו דינו כמכניסו לקיום אבל כוסות אע״פ ששותים בהם תדיר מכ״מ אין היין שוהה בהם תמיד אלא ממלאן לפי שעה ושותה ומערה והלכך אין להם דין מכניסן לקיום (כלי שמכניסין בו יין לעמוד בו שלשה ימים מקרי מכניסו לקיום ולכן העירוי גם כן הוא שלשה ימים) (מרדכי פא״מ ובכל בו ובארוך כלל כ״ח דין ס״ט):
Wineskins are not considered storage vessels, for they are made only to carry wine from the winepress to the barrel. But the traders’ flask, since wine is in it constantly — as soon as it is poured out they refill it — has the law of a storage vessel. Cups, on the other hand: although one drinks from them constantly, the wine does not remain in them permanently; one fills them for a moment, drinks and pours out — so they do not have the law of storage vessels.

Gloss of the Rama: a vessel into which wine is put so that it should stand there three days is called a storage vessel; and therefore the emptying too is three days (Mordechai, Kol Bo, and the Aroch, klal 28, din 69).
“For storage” is not a length of time, it is a purpose. The wineskin carries: it does not store, even if the wine stays in it overnight. The trader’s flask, by contrast, is always full: it stores. The cup is filled and emptied: it does not store. Then the Rama gives the number — three days — and reveals the symmetry of the siman: a vessel that keeps wine for three days is redeemed by three days of water.

Seif 10 — The leather vessel: bringing the water above its mouth

כלי עור הצריך מילוי ועירוי צריך שיוסיף עור וכיוצא בו על פיו כעין גדנפא כדי שיעלו המים על פיו או יהפכנו על פיו בתוך כלי מלא מים שלשה ימים אחרים:
A leather vessel that requires filling and emptying: he must add leather or the like at its mouth, like a rim, so that the water rises above its mouth; or else invert it mouth-downward inside a vessel full of water for three further days.

Seif 11 — The rinsing: three times, and with water

כ״מ שאמרנו שצריך שכשוך צריך להדיחו ג׳ פעמים (במים אבל לא ביין אפילו רוצה לאסור יין שמשכשך (טור וב״י בשם הרמב״ן) ויש מקילין בדיעבד) . (בא״ח בשם י״א):
Wherever we said that rinsing is required, one must rinse it three times. (With water, but not with wine — even if he is willing to render the wine he rinses with forbidden (Tur and Beit Yosef in the name of the Ramban); and some are lenient after the fact.) (Orchot Chaim in the name of “some say”.)

Seif 12 — The protocol of emptying: three times twenty-four hours

כל מקום שצריך עירוי צריך למלאותו מים על כל גדותיו ויניחם בו כ״ד שעות מעת לעת ולסוף כ״ד שעות ישפכם והמים מותרים (ויש אוסרים המים) (מרדכי פא״מ ובארוך ואגודה בשם ראבי״ה) ויתן בו מים שניים ויניחם בו כ״ד שעות וכן יעשה פעם שלישית ואע״פ שלא היו שלשה ימים אלו רצופים אין בכך כלום ואם עמדו בו המים כמה ימים ולא שפכם לא עלו לו אלא ליום אחד ואם שפך המים קודם שעמדו בו כ״ד שעות לא עלו לו אותם המים: (מי מלח חזקים שיש בהן שליש מלח וב׳ שלישים מים מועילים במעת לעת (טור בשם הרמ״ה) כמו עירוי ג׳ ימים) (טור בשם הרא״ש):
Wherever emptying is required, one must fill it with water up to its brim, leave it there twenty-four hours from time to time, and at the end of twenty-four hours pour it out — and the water is permitted (and some forbid the water — Mordechai, Aroch and Agudah in the name of the Raavyah) — then put in a second water and leave it twenty-four hours, and do likewise a third time. And even if those three days were not consecutive, that is of no consequence. And if the water stood in it several days and he did not pour it out, it counts for him only as one day. And if he poured the water out before it had stood twenty-four hours, that water does not count for him.

Gloss of the Rama: strong brine, containing one third salt and two thirds water, works within twenty-four hours (Tur in the name of the Ramah) like an emptying of three days (Tur in the name of the Rosh).
Emptying is not a washing but an extraction — and an extraction is measured. Three data, and the seif says nothing else: the water must reach everything the wine reached (up to the brim), it must remain a full twenty-four hours, and the operation must be repeated — for saturated water draws out nothing more. Hence the three rules that follow: the days may be spread apart, water left for a week counts only as one day, and water poured off too early counts for nothing.

Seif 13 — Absorption goes no deeper than a peel

אפילו במכניסו לקיום אינו בולע יותר מכדי קליפה לפיכך אם העביר עליהם מלקט ורהיטני או קלפם בקרדום הוכשרו (אבל קליפת הזפת לא מהני בכלים המכניסים לקיום) (כך משמע מתשובת הרא״ש):
Even in a storage vessel it absorbs no more than the thickness of a peel; therefore, if he passed a gouge or a plane over them, or peeled them with an axe, they have become fit. (But peeling off the pitch does not help for storage vessels) (so it is implied by the responsum of the Rosh).

Seif 14 — The kiln: heating from outside, not from inside

כלי חרס שנשתמש בהם יין נסך אם החזירן לכבשן והסיקן מבחוץ ונתלבנו אפי׳ לא השהם בתוכו עד שנשר הזפת אלא שנרפה שרי אבל אם הסיקן מבפנים לא מהני אלא אם כן הסיקן כל כך עד שעבר חומם לצד חוץ כל כך שהיד סולדת בו:
Earthenware vessels that were used for forbidden wine: if he returned them to the kiln and heated them from the outside until they glowed — even if he did not leave them there until the pitch fell off but only until it softened — it is permitted. But if he heated them from the inside, it does not help, unless he heated them so much that their heat passed to the outer side to the point that the hand recoils from it.

Seif 15 — Hag‘ala in a keli rishon, and the glowing stones

כלי עץ וכלי עור וכלי חרס אפילו מזופתים ואפילו מכניסן לקיום ניתרים בהגעלה בכלי ראשון: הגה ויש מתירין אפילו ע״י עירוי שמערה בהן רותחין ולגלגלן (טור בשם ר״ח ותשובת הרא״ש) ויש לסמוך על זה בדיעבד (ב״י) ואפילו לכתחילה נוהגין ליתן אבנים קטנים מלובנים תוך החבית או (גדולים) ונותנן על המשפך ושופך עליהם רותחים ויורדים לתוך החבית ומגלגלו ומחשבים זה לכלי ראשון (ארוך כלל נ״ח):
Vessels of wood, of leather and of earthenware — even pitched, and even used for storage — become permitted by hag‘ala in a keli rishon.

Gloss of the Rama: and some permit even by mere pouring, pouring boiling water upon them and rolling them (Tur in the name of Rabbenu Chananel and a responsum of the Rosh), and one may rely on this after the fact (Beit Yosef). And even at the outset the practice is to place small white-hot stones inside the barrel, or large ones placed on the funnel, and to pour boiling water upon them so that it descends into the barrel; one then rolls it, and this is reckoned as a keli rishon (Aroch, klal 58).

Seif 16 — Twelve months, and time does the rest

כל הכלים שישנן י״ב חדש שרי שודאי כלה כל לחלוחית יין שבהם ואפילו נתן לתוכם מים תוך י״ב חדש אין בכך כלום:
All vessels that have aged twelve months are permitted, for certainly all the moisture of wine that was in them has gone. And even if he put water into them within the twelve months, that is of no consequence.
The last seif lights up the first fifteen. If twelve months suffice for everything — even for what three days of water would not have drawn out — then what is at stake throughout the siman is not a substance that penetrated the material but a moisture held in it. Moisture is drawn out by water, burnt out by fire, taken away with the peel — and it evaporates with time.

2. Background — the sugya of Avodah Zarah

The whole of siman 135 is the unfolding of a single page of gemara — the end of the second chapter of Avodah Zarah, on folios 33a and 33b — plus two lines from folio 34a. The braita there sets up at once the opposition that will govern seif 1: the bare vessel and the pitched vessel.

« קַנְקַנִּים שֶׁל גּוֹיִם, חֲדָשִׁים גְּרוּדִים — מוּתָּרִין, יְשָׁנִים וּמְזוּפָּפִין — אֲסוּרִין. » (עבודה זרה ל״ג ע״א)

The same braita immediately supplies a remedy of another order — brine, which will return in the Rama’s gloss on seif 12:

« הַלּוֹקֵחַ קַנְקַנִּים מִן הַגּוֹיִם — חֲדָשִׁים נוֹתֵן לְתוֹכָן יַיִן, יְשָׁנִים — נוֹתֵן לְתוֹכָן צִיר וּמוּרְיָיס לְכַתְּחִלָּה. » (עבודה זרה ל״ג ע״ב)

Then comes the case of the wineskins seized by a caravan trader, and from it comes the filling and emptying of seif 12, with its duration:

« כָּךְ הוֹרָה רַבִּי אַמֵּי הֲלָכָה לְמַעֲשֶׂה — מְמַלְּאָן מַיִם שְׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים וּמְעָרָן. וְאָמַר רָבָא: צָרִיךְ לְעָרָן מֵעֵת לְעֵת. » (עבודה זרה ל״ג ע״א)

Two attempts to narrow the rule are rejected one after the other — it holds for our vessels as for theirs, for wineskins as for jars:

« כִּי אֲתָא רָבִין אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ: אֶחָד שֶׁלָּנוּ וְאֶחָד שֶׁלָּהֶם. » (עבודה זרה ל״ג ע״א)

Folio 33b then gives the great distinction of the siman — the vessel that keeps and the vessel that does not. Rav Yehudah rules on the jugs seized by the house of Parzak:

« דָּבָר שֶׁאֵין מַכְנִיסוֹ לְקִיּוּם הוּא, מְשַׁכְשְׁכָן בְּמַיִם וְהֵן מוּתָּרִין. » (עבודה זרה ל״ג ע״ב)

Next the gemara settles the case of cups, and seif 4 will draw its threshold of saturation from it:

« וְהִלְכְתָא: פַּעַם רִאשׁוֹן וְשֵׁנִי — אָסוּר, שְׁלִישִׁי — מוּתָּר. » (עבודה זרה ל״ג ע״ב)

The natron vessel appears there once only, and it is the sole mention in the Talmud of a vessel that no remedy redeems:

« כְּלֵי נֶתֶר אֵין (לוֹ) [לָהֶן] טׇהֳרָה עוֹלָמִית. מַאי כְּלֵי נֶתֶר? אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר אָבִין: כְּלֵי מַחְפּוֹרֶת שֶׁל צְרִיף. » (עבודה זרה ל״ג ע״ב)

Rav Zvid then sorts glazed vessels by their colour and their cracks — this is seif 6 word for word:

« הַאי מָאנֵי דְקוּנְיָא, חִיוָּרָא וְאוּכָּמָא — שְׁרֵי, יְרוֹקָא — אֲסִיר, מִשּׁוּם דְּמִיצְּרִיף. וְאִי אִית בְּהוּ קַרְטוּפָנֵי — כּוּלְּהוּ אֲסִירִי. » (עבודה זרה ל״ג ע״ב)

And when the gemara asks why one is stricter with chametz than with wine in those very glazed vessels, it gives in five words the reason for all the leniency of this siman:

« זֶה תַּשְׁמִישׁוֹ בְּחַמִּין, וְזֶה תַּשְׁמִישׁוֹ בְּצוֹנֵן. » (עבודה זרה ל״ד ע״א)

Folio 33b had already given the kiln, with the refinement that the Mehaber copies in seif 14:

« לָא תֵּימָא עַד דְּנָתְרָן, אֶלָּא אֲפִילּוּ רְפַאי מִירְפָא, אַף עַל גַּב דְּלָא נְתַר. » (עבודה זרה ל״ג ע״ב)

And folio 34a gives the twelve months, which will become seif 16:

« וְהִלְכְתָא קַנְקַנִּים שֶׁל גּוֹיִם לְאַחַר שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ מוּתָּרִין. » (עבודה זרה ל״ד ע״א)

The hag‘ala of seif 15, finally, comes from the mishnah of the winepress implements at the end of the tractate:

« רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר: הָרוֹצֶה לְטַהֲרָן מִיָּד, מַגְעִילָן בְּרוֹתְחִין, אוֹ חוֹלְטָן בְּמֵי זֵיתִים. » (עבודה זרה ע״ה ע״א)

The Rambam had already gathered into a single halakhah the four remedies that the siman will spread over sixteen seifim — aging, fire, heat and water:

« נֹאדוֹת הָעַכּוּ״ם וְקַנְקְנֵיהֶן שֶׁהִכְנִיסוּ בָּהֶן הָעַכּוּ״ם יֵינָם אָסוּר לִתֵּן לְתוֹכָן יַיִן עַד שֶׁיְּיַשְּׁנָן שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ אוֹ עַד שֶׁיַּחֲזִירָן לָאוּר עַד שֶׁיִּתְרַפֶּה הַזֶּפֶת שֶׁעֲלֵיהֶן אוֹ שֶׁיֵּחַמּוּ אוֹ עַד שֶׁיִּתֵּן לְתוֹכָן מַיִם שְׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים מֵעֵת לְעֵת » (רמב״ם הלכות מאכלות אסורות פרק י״א הלכה ט״ו)

He also gives, for a vessel of passing use, the rule of rinsing — and the example of the funnel, which the Mehaber will take up in seif 2:

« וְכֵן כְּלִי שֶׁנָּתְנוּ בּוֹ יֵין נֶסֶךְ וְאֵין מַכְנִיסוֹ לְקִיּוּם כְּגוֹן כְּלִי שֶׁחוֹשֵׂף בּוֹ אוֹ הַמַּשְׁפֵּךְ וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהּ מְשַׁכְשְׁכוֹ בְּמַיִם וְדַיּוֹ » (רמב״ם הלכות מאכלות אסורות פרק י״א הלכה י״ז)

And on glazed vessels he adds a restriction of his own, which the Mehaber will not adopt as it stands:

« וְיֵרָאֶה לִי שֶׁאֵין הַדָּבָר אֶלָּא בְּשֶׁכָּנְסוּ בָּהֶם לְקִיּוּם. אֲבָל לֹא כָּנְסוּ בָּהֶם לְקִיּוּם מְדִיחָן וּמֻתָּרִין וַאֲפִלּוּ הֵם שֶׁל חֶרֶס » (רמב״ם הלכות מאכלות אסורות פרק י״א הלכה י״ט)

The Tur, whom the Mehaber follows step by step, opens the siman with the sentence that gives its plan:

« כל כלי עץ ומתכות או זכוכית או אבן שאין דרך להכניס בהן יין לקיום אלא משתמשין בהן לשעה סגי להו בשכשוך » (טור יו״ד קל״ה)

3. The key concepts of this siman

שִׁכְשׁוּךְrinsing. The lightest remedy: the vessel is washed with water three times (seif 11). It does not claim to draw out what entered the wall — it removes what stayed on it. So it suffices only where nothing entered: a material that does not absorb, is not pitched, and was not used for storage.
מִילּוּי וְעֵרוּיfilling and emptying. Three periods of twenty-four hours of water, renewed each time (seif 12). This is no longer a washing but an extraction: the water takes back from the material what the wine left in it. It is the central remedy of the siman, the one the gemara learned from the case of the wineskins.
מַכְנִיסוֹ לְקִיּוּםthe storage vessel. The one meant to keep wine, not to carry it (seifim 7 to 9). Its stringency turns on the length of contact: the wine stays in it, so the wall has time to drink. The Rama gives the threshold — three days.
מְזוּפָּףpitched. A black coating with which barrels and jars were smeared. It worsens the vessel’s status for a precise reason, which the Taz states: pitch drives the wine into the wall. Two opposite consequences follow: the pitch is scraped off (seif 1), but scraping it is not enough for a storage vessel (seif 13).
כְּלֵי נֶתֶרnatron vessels. Made of a particularly greedy quarry earth, they absorb so much that no remedy overcomes it (seif 5) — not water, not fire, not twelve months. It is the only case in the siman where the Mehaber writes that there is no way out.
מַחְפּוֹרֶת שֶׁל צְרִיףthe alum quarry. The material of which natron vessels are made. Rashi renders it alum; the Shach notes that the Rambam refutes that identification and proposes another mineral. What matters halakhically is not the name of the mineral but its property: it drinks and is never sated.
מָאנֵי דְקוּנְיָאglazed vessels. Earthenware coated with lead or with glass slag (seif 6). The glaze may close the wall — and then the vessel counts as metal — or contain alum, or be cracked; colour and surface condition decide.
שָׂבְעוּ לִבְלוֹעַsated with absorbing. The state of an earthen vessel that has drunk its fill and drinks no more (seif 4). This is what makes earthenware so hard to handle in practice: its status depends on its history, not on its nature.
טוֹפֵחַ עַל מְנָת לְהַטְפִּיחַmoist enough to wet what is laid on it. The threshold of contact: below it, the wine remaining on the wall has no power to forbid. The Taz states this expressly in the name of the Maharshal.
כְּדֵי קְלִיפָהthe thickness of a peel. The maximum depth of absorption (seif 13). Hence a mechanical remedy: to plane, to gouge, to peel with an axe — remove the layer and the vessel is clean.
הַגְעָלָהscalding. The remedy by boiling water from a keli rishon (seif 15). Here it works even for storage vessels and even for pitched ones.
כִּבְשָׁןthe kiln. The remedy by fire (seif 14). Its condition is not the flame but the crossing: the heat must pass from one side of the wall to the other.
יִשּׁוּן י״ב חֹדֶשׁaging for twelve months. The remedy by time (seif 16), which requires no act at all. It discloses the nature of the whole prohibition: a moisture, not a substance.
כָּבוּשׁ כִּמְבוּשָׁלpickled counts as cooked. A general rule of the prohibitions: something that stays twenty-four hours in a liquid is treated as though it had cooked in it. The Shach uses it to set the boundary of the siman — everything above holds only where the wine did not stay a full day.
גַּדְנְפָאthe added rim. The leather ring set on the mouth of a wineskin so that the water of the emptying rises above the rim (seif 10) — for what the water does not reach, it does not purge.

4. The summary table

Two grids are enough to hold the whole siman. The first crosses material with use; the second orders the remedies from the lightest to the heaviest.

MaterialPassing use (אין מכניסין לקיום)Storage (מכניסו לקיום)Seif
Glassשכשוךשכשוך — by all opinions no stringency1 · 8
Metalשכשוךעירוי — “and so it is fitting to practise”1 · 8
Stoneשכשוךעירוי1 · 8
Woodשכשוךעירוי1 · 8
Leatherשכשוך; pitched — עירוי by all opinionsעירוי, with an added rim1 · 8 · 10
Earthenware not yet satedמילוי ועירוי, even unpitchedעירוי4 · 7
Earthenware already satedשכשוךעירוי4 · 7
Green glazed earthenwareno remedyno remedy6
White or black glaze, smoothas metalas metal6
Cracked glazeas earthenwareas earthenware6
כלי נתרno remedy, even where not for storageno remedy5
RemedyIn HebrewWhat it doesSeif
Rinse three timesשכשוך ג׳ פעמיםRemoves what stayed on the wall11
Scrape off the pitchקליפת הזפתRemoves the coating that drove the wine in — but not for a storage vessel1 · 13
Fill and emptyמילוי ועירויDraws out the moisture: 3 × 24 hours, fresh water12
Strong brineמי מלח חזקיםCounts as the three days within twenty-four hours (Rama)12
Peel the wallמלקט ורהיטניTakes away the absorbed layer — כדי קליפה13
Scaldהגעלה בכלי ראשוןExpels by heat, even for a storage vessel15
Fire in the kilnכבשןBurns out what is in the wall, provided the heat crosses it14
Wait twelve monthsיישון י״ב חדשThe moisture has gone of itself16
Read the two tables together and the siman appears at once: the left column of the first gives what the material took in, the right column of the second gives what it takes to get it back out. One row alone has no counterpart — the כלי נתר. That is the single place where the siman gives up.

5. The Taz and the Shach — six key entries

Taz s.k. 1 — this siman does not speak of the winepress implements

« בסימן זה לא נכללו כלי הגת שהם חמירי טפי אע״פ שאין מכניסין יין שם לקיום דטרידי ביין » (ט״ז יו״ד קל״ה ס״ק א)
summary: this siman does not include the winepress implements, which are more severe — although wine is not kept standing in them — because they are constantly busy with wine.
This is the first thing to know before reading the siman: its grid does not cover everything. The vats, troughs and funnels of the winepress belong to siman 138, and they are treated more severely, not because they store wine but because wine passes through them without a break. The Shach says the same in one line and adds that they require ניגוב.

Taz s.k. 2 — why pitch makes things worse, and what it does not

« שהזפת מבליע היין לא שהאיסור משום היין שהם נותנים בשעת הזפיתה שאותו היין הוה כמשליך לאיבוד אלא שאח״כ נותנים בהם יין ואינו ניכר » (ט״ז יו״ד קל״ה ס״ק ב)
summary: the pitch drives the wine in — not that the prohibition comes from the wine poured at the time of pitching, for that wine is as though thrown away, but because wine is put in afterwards and it cannot be told.
Two possible reasons stood facing one another: pitch would be forbidden because it was made with wine, or because it absorbs the wine that will be put in later. The Taz decides for the second, and this explains seif 2: a little pitch stopping a hole absorbs nothing worth counting.

Taz s.k. 9 — touching or using: the living dispute of the siman

« ודבריו תמוהים מכל צידי צדדים חדא דמנין לנו לחלק בזה הא אין לנו רמז בתלמוד מזה » (ט״ז יו״ד קל״ה ס״ק ט)
« ואין לנו לבדות חילוקים ודינים מלבנו בפרט להקל כנלע״ד והרב בעל הפרישה לא דק כאן כל הצורך גם מו״ח ז״ל חולק עליו בזה: » (ט״ז יו״ד קל״ה ס״ק ט)
summary: the Perishah wrote that only a non-Jew’s use of a storage vessel forbids it, not mere contact while the wall is moist. The Taz is astonished at this “from every side”: we have no hint of such a distinction in the Talmud.
This is the most disputed point of the siman, and a very practical one: a non-Jew touches a still-moist vat without pouring anything into it — is the vat affected? The Taz concludes that contact and use share one law, and draws an immediate application: one who sold his wine and then sells the non-Jew the lees left at the bottom must first take them out himself. But the Shach, in his נקודות הכסף, will side here with the Perishah.

Shach s.k. 13 — the boundary that the whole siman presupposes

« דוקא בשלא היה בו יי״נ מע״ל אבל היה בו מע״ל אין חילוק בין שבעו ללא שבעו אלא לעולם צריך מילוי ועירוי » (ש״ך יו״ד קל״ה ס״ק י״ג)
summary: this holds only where the forbidden wine did not remain in it a full day; but if it remained a full day, there is no longer a difference between sated and unsated — filling and emptying is always required.
All the casuistry of seif 4 assumes a brief contact. Once the wine has stayed a full day, the rule of כבוש כמבושל takes over and the vessel’s biography stops counting. The Shach returns to this boundary in s.k. 33, with a question he leaves open.

Shach s.k. 14 — why twice with wine, but not twice with water

« ונ״ל דסבירא ליה דגם הטור מודה דבמים לא שבעו מב׳ פעמים דדוקא ביין שבעו מב״פ ולא במים » (ש״ך יו״ד קל״ה ס״ק י״ד)
summary: it seems to me that the Tur himself agrees that water does not sate in two times; it is specifically wine that sates in two times, and not water.
Seif 4 seems to contradict itself: it first says the vessel is sated from the second time onward, and then reports a view for which two waterings do not suffice. The Shach removes the contradiction by distinguishing the two liquids — wine saturates faster than water. His reading avoids setting the Tur against the Sefer haTerumot.

Shach s.k. 23 — why glass escapes everything

« דשועים וקשים הם ובליעתם מועטת מכל הכלים. ר״ן: » (ש״ך יו״ד קל״ה ס״ק כ״ג)
summary: because they are smooth and hard, and their absorption is the least of all vessels — the Ran.
Seif 8 exempts glass from the stringency of storage “by all opinions”. The Shach gives the reason, and there is nothing juridical about it: it is physical. Glass does not drink. It is the same reason the Taz gives in s.k. 11, and it is what governs, in practice, almost all of today’s wine equipment.

Beer Hetev s.k. 22 — a printing error in the Rama’s gloss

« והש״ך כ׳ בנה״כ שט״ס הוא וצ״ל ב׳ שלישים מלח ושליש מים וכן איתא בש״ס שבת דף ק״ח ע״ב וכ״כ המחבר בא״ח סי׳ שכ״א ס״ב » (באר היטב יו״ד קל״ה ס״ק כ״ב)
summary: the Shach writes, in his נקודות הכסף, that this is a copyist’s error and that it should read “two thirds salt and one third water”; so it is in the gemara of Shabbat 108b, and so the Mehaber himself writes in Orach Chaim 321:2.
The Rama’s gloss on seif 12 gives the proportion of the brine: one third salt, two thirds water. The Shach shows that the proportions were reversed in print. The gemara is explicit, and the Mehaber himself writes the opposite elsewhere. This is one of the rare places in the Shulchan Aruch where a commentator corrects not the reasoning but the printed text.

6. The glosses of the Rama (הגה)

On seif 1 — after the fact, the rinsing sufficed

Where the Mehaber requires scraping the pitch or filling and emptying, the Rama reports that for our wooden, stone or metal vessels that a non-Jew merely touched, a rinsing suffices after the fact — and that where the loss is substantial there is room to be lenient from the outset. This is the position of Rabbenu Tam, reported by the Tur.

On seif 4 — the same leniency, carried over to earthenware

The Rama adds that after the fact pitched earthenware is judged like wood and stone. The Beit Yosef reads the Tur this way; the Maharshal, reported by the Shach in s.k. 16, goes further and permits even at the outset when the vessel is already sated — but the Taz, in s.k. 7, rejects that reading.

On seif 6 — the boundary of cold

This is the weightiest gloss in the siman. The whole lenient regime just read — the emptying that redeems earthenware — holds only for contact when cold. With heat, earthenware has no remedy left, and the other materials fall under hag‘ala as with any prohibition.

On seif 9 — the number that defines storage

The Mehaber defined “kept standing” by examples; the Rama puts a number to it: three days. And he at once draws out the symmetry of the siman — this is why the emptying, too, lasts three days.

On seif 11 — rinse with water, not with wine

The Rama specifies that one may not rinse with wine, even if willing to lose that wine. The Shach, in s.k. 27, makes this the difference between rinsing and emptying, and recalls that the Levush permitted it after the fact.

On seif 12, first gloss — the water of the emptying

The Mehaber writes that the water poured off is permitted; the Rama reports that there are opinions forbidding it. The Shach, in s.k. 29, narrows this: it applies only to water, only when it was put in to make the vessel fit, and not when it happened to be there by accident.

On seif 12, second gloss — the brine

Strong brine does in twenty-four hours what water does in three days. It is the only acceleration the siman knows. The Shach, in s.k. 32, notes that the Mehaber and the Rama left out the remedy of fish-brine because it was no longer in common use.

On seif 13 — what the peel does not redeem

The Mehaber has just allowed the wall to be planed. The Rama sets the limit: peeling the pitch alone does not suffice for a storage vessel. The two peelings are not about the same thing.

On seif 15 — pouring, and the glowing stones

The Mehaber required a keli rishon. The Rama reports the view of Rabbenu Chananel, who is satisfied with pouring followed by rolling, and accepts it after the fact; then he describes the common practice — white-hot stones thrown into the barrel, or set on the funnel — which restores to the pouring the standing of a keli rishon. The Taz, in s.k. 19, insists that the water must all the same come from a keli rishon.

7. Practical cases today

Case 1 — The stainless steel tank

Metal falls under seif 1 for passing use: three rinsings. But a fermentation tank holds the wine for weeks: it is מכניסו לקיום, and seif 8 counts metal among the materials where the stringency is adopted — וכן ראוי לנהוג — hence עירוי. So the question is never “what is the tank made of?” alone, but “made of what, and for how long?”

Case 2 — The oak barrel

This is the case of seif 15, almost literally. Wood, often used for storage, sometimes coated: the Mehaber’s remedy is הגעלה in a keli rishon, and the Rama adds the procedure of glowing stones, which is exactly how one treats a cask that cannot be immersed. The Taz notes in s.k. 19 that the water must come from a keli rishon.

Case 3 — The glazed jar or pot

Seif 6 answers in three lines, and the answer depends on the eye: colour first, then cracks. An intact glaze brings the object back to metal; a crazed glaze brings it back to bare clay. The Taz, in s.k. 8, draws from this an everyday warning about narrow-necked jugs whose inside cannot be seen.

Case 4 — The hose and the funnel

Seif 2 was written for them: a funnel merely pitched around its spout is not a pitched vessel. And seif 9 gives the broader reason: what merely carries the wine is not a storage vessel. Note however that the Taz, in his very first word, excludes from this siman the winepress implements, which belong to siman 138 and are treated more severely.

Case 5 — The cistern and the brief contact

A non-Jew handles a still-moist vat without pouring anything into it. This is precisely the dispute of Taz s.k. 9 against the Perishah, which the Shach decides otherwise in his נקודות הכסף and which the Beer Hetev, in s.k. 13, reports as an open disagreement. This is the point of the siman where one must ask, not decide for oneself.

Case 6 — Equipment unused for a year

Seif 16 permits it with no act at all: twelve months, and the moisture is gone — even if water stood in it meanwhile. The Pitchei Teshuvah, in s.k. 3, specifies in the name of the Brit Avraham that these twelve months are lunar months of twenty-nine days, following Tosafot on Niddah 65b.

8. Summary of Siman 135

In one sentence: siman 135 never asks what became of the wine, but what the vessel kept of it — and it answers with three variables (material, use, coating) and a ladder of remedies running from a rinsing to the mere passage of time.

Memory table

What the siman saysIn HebrewRemember
Vessel of passing use, unpitchedמשכשכן היטב במיםNothing went in: wash it
Pitched vesselקולף את הזפת · או ממלאן ומערןPitch drives the wine in
Earthenware not yet satedצריכים מילוי ועירויIt still drinks
כלי נתראין להם טהרה עולמיתThe only one with no way out
Green / smooth / cracked glazeככלי נתר · ככלי מתכות · כשאר כלי חרסColour and surface decide
Storage vesselצריכים עירויThe wine stays in it
Glassאין מחמירים בוIt does not drink
The protocol of emptyingכ״ד שעות · שלוש פעמיםExtraction, not washing
The depth of absorptionאינו בולע יותר מכדי קליפהHence the peel and the plane
The kilnעד שעבר חומם לצד חוץThe heat must cross
Twelve monthsשודאי כלה כל לחלוחית ייןTime does the work

Comprehension questions

  1. Why does glass escape the stringency of the storage vessel, and where does the Shach give the reason?
  2. What exactly distinguishes the two “peelings” of the siman — the one in seif 1 and the one in seif 13?
  3. An earthen vessel has been used twice: is it more exposed or less than a new one? Why?
  4. The Rama, on seif 6, restricts the whole regime of the siman. To what, and what does that mean in practice today?
  5. Why does the siman need seif 10, when seif 12 had already given the protocol of emptying?
  6. A non-Jew touches a moist vat without pouring anything into it: who says what, and where?

Going further

If you wish to go deeper into this siman:
The sources of this level may be consulted on Sefaria:
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תלמיד חכם · מעביר שיעורים בהלכה ובחסידות
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