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DAAT · LEVEL 1 — INTRODUCTION

Siman קל״ט — Idols, their nullification, their appurtenances and their vessels

The idol, its appurtenances, its ornaments, its offering — what is forbidden, from when, and what can be nullified
יורה דעה · סימן קל״ט
דִּינֵי אֱלִילִים וּבִטּוּלָם וּמְשַׁמְּשֵׁיהֶם וּכְלֵיהֶם
🌱 Introduction level · מתחילים
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A first approach to Siman 139: the 15 seifim of the Mehaber and the glosses of the Rama, Hebrew text and flowing English rendering. Siman 138 closed the block on the wine of non-Jews; this one opens the laws of idolatry, which run to siman 158. It does not ask what an idol is — the Talmud has said that — but what it renders forbidden around it: its appurtenances, its ornaments, its offering; from what moment; and whether that prohibition can still be lifted by nullification. The answer fits in a grid of four objects and two owners, and all the rest of the siman merely files cases into it.

Subject: The idol and what surrounds it — אליל, תשמישיה, נויה, תקרובתה, ביטול, נרות של שעוה, מחתה, מלבושי הכהנים, ספרי עובדי כוכבים
Source: שולחן ערוך יורה דעה סימן קל״ט

Compiled by: הרב יוסף חיים סממה
DAAT · daattorah.com

📑 Plan of the study

1. The text of the Mehaber: the 15 seifim, with the glosses of the Rama
2. Background: the chapter רבי ישמעאל of Avodah Zarah (50a–53b) and the mishnah of 29b
3. Key concepts: the four objects, nullification, כעין פנים and חייב ולא נאסר
4. The summary table: what is forbidden from when, and what can be nullified
5. The Taz and the Shakh: six key entries
6. The glosses of the Rama: four interventions, and the explanatory glosses
7. Contemporary practical cases: the antique dealer, the candle, the garment, the book, the craftsman
8. Summary and comprehension questions

1. The text of the Mehaber — the 15 seifim

Siman 139 opens the הלכות עבודת כוכבים. The preceding simanim dealt with a food — wine — and with the way it becomes forbidden; here the object is a thing, the idol, and the question is what of its prohibition it passes on to what surrounds it. The Mehaber proceeds in three stages: seifim 1 and 2 set out the grid — four objects, two owners, from when each is forbidden and which can be nullified; seifim 3 to 8 define the two difficult notions, the ornament and the offering, and apply them to the cases of the gemara; seifim 9 to 15 descend into the concrete cult that the Mehaber and the Rama had before their eyes — the candles, the wax, the priests’ garments, the censer, the mitzvah lamp, and the books.

Two words recur constantly and must be held from the start: נאסר, the object becomes forbidden for benefit; and ביטול, the nullification by which a non-Jew can strip the object of its status as an idol. The whole siman is built on the fact that the first does not happen at the same moment for all, and that the second is not possible for all.

Seif 1 — The four objects, and from when each is forbidden

דיני אלילים וביטולם ומשמשיהם וכליהם. ובו ט״ו סעיפים:
אליל אסורה בהנאה היא ותשמישה ונויה ותקרובתה בין של עובד כוכבים בין של ישראל אלא דשל עובד כוכבים אסורה מיד ושל ישראל אינה אסורה עד שתיעבד ותשמישיה ונויה בין של עובד כוכבים בין של ישראל אינם אסורים עד שישתמשו בהם ותקרובתה משהביאו לפניה ועשה ממנו תקרובת נאסר (ישראל שזקף לבינה והשתחוה לה עובד כוכבים נאסרה) (הגהות אשיר״י פ׳ ר״י ורמב״ם פ״ח מהל׳ עבודת כוכבים דין ג׳ וש״ס פרק כל הצלמים (עבודה זרה דף מ״ג) סוף ע״א ופרק רבי ישמעאל (עבודה זרה דף נ״ג ע״ב):
Title of the siman: the laws of idols, of their nullification, of their appurtenances and of their vessels; and it contains fifteen seifim.

An idol is forbidden for benefit — itself, its appurtenances, its ornaments and its offering —, whether it belongs to a non-Jew or to a Jew. Except that a non-Jew’s is forbidden at once, and a Jew’s is not forbidden until it has been worshipped.

Its appurtenances and its ornaments, whether a non-Jew’s or a Jew’s, are not forbidden until they have been used for it. And its offering — as soon as it has been brought before it and made into an offering, it is forbidden.

Gloss of the Rama: (A Jew set up a brick, and a non-Jew bowed down to it — it is forbidden) (Hagahot Asheri, chapter רבי ישמעאל; Rambam, Hilkhot Avodat Kokhavim, chapter 8, halakhah 3; Talmud, chapter כל הצלמים and chapter רבי ישמעאל).
Seif 1 is a grid, not a list. Four objects — the idol אליל, its appurtenances תשמישיה, its ornaments נויה, its offering תקרובתה — and, for each, the same question: from when is it forbidden? A non-Jew’s idol: as soon as it is made. A Jew’s idol: only once worshipped. The appurtenances and the ornaments, whoever the owner: once they have been used for it. The offering: once brought before it. The Rama adds the borderline case of the brick: a Jew sets it up without worshipping it, a non-Jew bows to it — it is forbidden, because the Jew’s act revealed that he cared for that cult, and the non-Jew merely completed what he had begun.

Seif 2 — What can be nullified, and what never can

אליל של ישראל אין לה ביטול אבל של עובד כוכבים ותשמישיה ונויה יש להם ביטול ותקרובתה אין לה ביטול:
A Jew’s idol has no nullification; but a non-Jew’s, its appurtenances and its ornaments have nullification; and its offering has no nullification.
Seif 2 is the second column of the grid: can the prohibition still be lifted? Nullification is the act by which a non-Jew renounces the idol — by mutilating it, by defacing it. It works for a non-Jew’s idol and for everything that serves or adorns it. It does not work for a Jew’s idol, because the Torah requires that it be buried like an altar. And it never works for the offering, which the gemara compares to a corpse: what has been presented to the idol never becomes permitted again. That last line is what makes the boundary between ornament and offering, in seifim 3 to 8, so important.

Seif 3 — Ornament, offering, and the four cases of the stick

איזהו נוי ואיזהו תקרובת נוי כגון שמדליק לפניה נרות או שטח לפניה בגדי׳ וכלים נאים לנוי ותקרובת כל שכיוצא בו קרב על גבי מזבח כמו כל מיני מאכל כגון בשר שמנים וסלתות מים ומלח אם הניחו לפניה לשם תקרובת נאסר מיד אבל דבר שאין מקריבין ממנו בפנים אינו נאסר אלא א״כ עשה ממנו כעין זביחה או כעין זריקה המשתברת והוא דרך לעובדה באותו דבר אע״פ שאין דרך לעובדה בזה הענין כיצד אליל שעובדים אותה שמקשקשים לפניה במקל ושיבר מקל לפניה נאסר מפני ששבירת המקל דומה לזביחה אבל אם אין עובדים אותה במקל כלל ושיבר מקל לפניה אינו חייב ולא נאסר ואם עבדה בקשקוש מקלו והוא דרך עבודתה חייב ולא נאסר וכן בכל דבר שעובדה כדרך עבודתה בין אם הוא דרך כבוד או דרך בזיון ואינו כעין פנים חייב ולא נאסר אבל אם לא עבדה במקל כדרך עבודתו אלא זרקו לפניה אינו חייב ולא נאסר:
What is an ornament, and what is an offering? An ornament: for example, one lights lamps before it, or spreads before it garments and fine vessels to beautify it. An offering: anything the like of which is offered on the altar — such as any kind of food, for example meat, oils, fine flours, water and salt — if it was placed before it as an offering, it is forbidden at once.

But a thing of which nothing is offered inside — in the Temple — is not forbidden, unless one did with it something resembling slaughter, or resembling a sprinkling that breaks up, and that is the way of worshipping it with that object, even if it is not the way of worshipping it in this manner.

How so? An idol that is worshipped by rattling a stick before it: if one broke a stick before it, it is forbidden, because breaking the stick resembles slaughter. But if it is not worshipped with a stick at all and one broke a stick before it — one is not liable, and the stick is not forbidden. And if one worshipped it by rattling one’s stick, and that is its manner of worship — one is liable, but the stick is not forbidden. Likewise for anything by which one worships it in its own manner, whether in an honourable way or in a contemptuous way, and which is not in the manner of the Temple: liable, but not forbidden. But if one did not worship it with the stick in its manner, and merely threw it before it — neither liable, nor forbidden.
Two questions, not one. Seif 3 mixes two things that the Ran separates, and that the Taz takes up in ס״ק ז: is the person liable (חייב) for having worshipped the idol? and has the object become forbidden (נאסר) as an offering? One is liable by two paths — either one performed an act in the manner of the Temple (כעין פנים: slaughtering, sprinkling), or one worshipped the idol in its own manner (כדרך עבודתה). But the object becomes a forbidden offering by one path only: the act in the manner of the Temple. Hence the four cases of the stick: broken before an idol of the stick — the act resembles slaughter, the object is forbidden; broken before an idol without a stick — nothing; rattled, as it is worshipped — liable, but no offering; thrown where that is not its cult — nothing.

Seif 4 — The locust

שחט לפניה חגב נאסר אפי׳ אין דרך לעובדה בחגב כלל:
If one slaughtered a locust before it, it is forbidden, even if it is not at all the way to worship it with a locust.
Why the locust and not the stick? Because the locust has a neck, and slaughtering it resembles the slaughter of a Temple animal more than breaking a stick does. That is the view of Rabbi Yehuda in the gemara, which the Tur and the Mehaber follow. The Rambam writes the opposite — exempt, unless that is its manner of worship —, and the Shakh, in ס״ק ו, sides with him against the Mehaber. Level 2 returns to this.

Seif 5 — Inside and outside the curtain; Peor and Markulis

כל דבר שכיוצא בו קרב לפנים אם מוצא אותו בפני אלילים או שמוצא אותו לפנים מהמחיצה הפרוסה לפניה אסור שאנו תולים שהכניסה שם לשם תקרובת ואפילו מים ומלח שאינו דרך כבוד וכל שמוצא חוץ מהמחיצה אם הוא דרך כבוד אסור משום נוי ואם לאו מותר ופעור ומרקוליס (פירוש אלילים שעבודתן היה זריקת אבן וקוליס שמה וכינו אותה מרקוליס שם גנאי כלומר חליפו של שבח כי כן מר פי׳ חלוף) כל מה שמצא עמהם אפילו דרך בזיון בחוץ הכל אסור:
Anything the like of which is offered inside, if one finds it before idols, or finds it inside the curtain spread before it, is forbidden — for we presume that it was brought there as an offering —, even water and salt, which are not of an honourable nature. And anything found outside the curtain: if it is in an honourable manner, it is forbidden as an ornament; and if not, permitted.

And Peor and Markulis explanatory gloss: (namely idols whose worship consisted in throwing stones; its name was קוליס, and they nicknamed it מרקוליס, a name of contempt, that is “the exchange of praise”, for מר means exchange) — everything found with them, even in a contemptuous manner, outside, all of it is forbidden.
Seif 5 gives the criterion of place. Inside the curtain is the space of the offering: anything that could be offered in the Temple is presumed there to be an offering, even water and salt that honour no one. Outside the curtain there is no offering, only ornament: what honours is forbidden, what does not honour is permitted. Peor and Markulis have no curtain, because their cult is made entirely of contempt — one exposes oneself before the one, one throws stones at the other —; with them, outside counts as inside.

Seif 6 — What has not yet entered

מה שרואין שמכניסין אותו לאלילים של עובד כוכבים ועדיין לא נכנס מותר שעדיין לא נעשה תקרובת:
What one sees being brought in to a non-Jew’s idols, and which has not yet entered, is permitted, for it has not yet become an offering.

Seif 7 — What is found on its head

מצא בראשה מעות כסות וכלים אם מצאן דרך כבוד אסורים ואם הם דרך בזיון כגון כיס תלוי בצוארו ובגד מקופלת על כתפו וכלי כפוי על ראשו מותרים:
If one found on its head money, a garment, vessels: if one found them in an honourable manner, they are forbidden; and if they are in a contemptuous manner — for example a purse hanging from its neck, a garment folded on its shoulder, a vessel turned upside down on its head — they are permitted.
Seif 7 is the mishnah itself, and the gemara explains it by a simple reasoning: money, a garment, a vessel are things of value; placed on the idol with honour, they adorn it. But a hanging purse, a garment folded like a bundle, a basin turned over by way of a hat — that adorns nothing. The criterion of ornament is therefore not the object but the manner in which it is placed.

Seif 8 — The priests’ loaves

הככרות שנותנים לכהנים (שלה) מותרים שאין מקריבים אותם לעבודת כוכבים אלא חק לכהנים:
The loaves that are given to the priests gloss: (of the idol) are permitted, for they are not offered to the idolatrous cult: it is a due for the priests.

Seif 9 — The candles: ornament, and nullification by extinguishing

נרות של שעוה שמדליקין לפניה נויה הם ואסורים ואם משכנם או מכרן לישראל מותרים דכיון שכיבן לצורך עצמו זהו ביטולן:
Wax candles that are lit before it are its ornament, and they are forbidden; and if one pawned them or sold them to a Jew, they are permitted — for since one extinguished them for one’s own need, that is their nullification.
The candle is an ornament, not an offering — seif 3 had already said so (שמדליק לפניה נרות), and that is what saves it: an ornament can be nullified. The Mehaber describes the mechanism: the priest extinguished the candle for himself, in order to sell it or pawn it; that gesture is a renunciation, hence a nullification. The Taz specifies that the sale does not work by itself but as evidence that the extinguishing was not done in order to relight; the Shakh notes that seif 12 reasons differently about the sale. And the Bach, reported by the Shakh, adds a heavy reservation: if the candle comes from inside the place of worship, the Rambam would hold it to be an offering — with no nullification possible.

Seif 10 — The pieces of wax

חתיכות שעוה שנותנים לפניה מותרות דלאו נויה (הן) ולא תקרובתה:
Pieces of wax that are put before it are permitted, for they are neither its ornament nor its offering.

Seif 11 — The priests’ garments

מלבושים שלובשים הכהנים כשנכנסים לבית אלילים נוי שלהם הן ולא נוי של אלילים ואפילו ביטול אינם צריכים ויש מי שמצריך ביטול. (מרדכי פ׳ ר״י בשם ר״מ) (אבל מה שלובשין לעבודת כוכבים עצמה מיקרי נוי וצריך ביטול) (בסמ״ג ובהגהות מיימוני פרק ז׳ ובמרדכי פרק ר״י):
The garments that the priests wear when they enter the house of idols are their own ornament, and not the ornament of the idols, and they do not even need nullification. And there is one who requires nullification (Mordekhai, chapter רבי ישמעאל, in the name of R. Meir). Gloss of the Rama: (But what the idolatrous cult itself is clothed with is called ornament, and needs nullification) (Semag, Hagahot Maimoniyot chapter 7, Mordekhai chapter רבי ישמעאל).

Seif 12 — The censer and the objects held in hand

כלים שאוחז בידו והמחתה שמקטיר בה משמשיה הם וצריכים ביטול ואם מכרן העובד כוכבים או משכנן לישראל זהו ביטולם ויש אומרים שאין זה ביטולם:
The vessels that he holds in his hand, and the censer with which he burns incense, are its appurtenances and need nullification; and if the non-Jew sold them or pawned them to a Jew, that is their nullification. And there are those who say that this is not their nullification.
Seif 12 reports two views on sale and pledge: for the first, once handed over to a Jew, the appurtenance is nullified; for the second — that of Rashi and the Rosh —, not, for the idol itself is not nullified by a sale, and its appurtenances no more. The Shakh remarks that the Mehaber here gives the first view as the rule and the second as a יש אומרים, whereas in seif 9 he seemed to follow the second; he leaves the question in צ״ע. The Rama, in siman 146, will rule plainly for the first view.

Seif 13 — What will not serve a mitzvah

נרות ושעוה של אלילים אסורים לנר מצוה דשבת ודחנוכה ודבית הכנסת וכן תכשיטי הכהנים (כגון המעילים שלובשים כהניהם) לא יתקן מהם טליתות ולא שום דבר מצוה משום דמאיסי (ועיין באורח חיים סימן קנ״ד):
The candles and the wax of idols are forbidden for a mitzvah lamp — of Shabbat, of Hanukkah and of the synagogue. Likewise the priests’ finery gloss: (for example the mantles that their priests wear): one shall not make of them talitot or any object of mitzvah, because they are repulsive cross-reference: (and see Orach Chaim, siman 154).
Seif 13 no longer speaks of a prohibition of benefit: it speaks of what is permitted but repulsive. A nullified candle, a mantle that was never the idol’s ornament — one may use them, but not before God. The source is a question left unanswered in the gemara — may the lulav of a worshipped palm serve for the mitzvah? — and the word that closes it is דמאיסי: it is disgusting, and one does not present to Heaven what disgusts. The Shakh extends: even studying by the light of those candles is forbidden.

Seif 14 — Writing on idolaters’ books

לא יכתוב ישראל על ספרי עובדי כוכבים אלא אם כן מחקן שלא יהיה רישומן ניכר ויש מי שאומר דאפילו הכי לא יכתוב עליו דברי תפילות ותחנונים דאין קטיגור נעשה סניגור:
A Jew shall not write on the books of idolaters, unless he has erased them so that their trace is no longer recognisable. And there is one who says that even so he shall not write on them words of prayers and supplications, for the accuser does not become a defender.

Seif 15 — Selling, lending, binding

ספרי עובדי כוכבים ביד ישראל יש מי שאומר שאין איסור למכרם: הגה וי״א שאסור למכרם לכל עובד כוכבים אם הם ספרים השייכים לזמר בהם לעבודת כוכבים (ב״י בשם ס״ה וסמ״ג ותוספות פ״ק דעבודת כוכבים דף י״ד והג״מ וכלבו) וי״א דדוקא לכהנים אסור למכור אבל לא לשאר עובדי כוכבים (פסקי מהרא״י סי׳ כ״ז) והמחמיר תבא עליו ברכה ואפילו למכור להם קלפים ודיו לכתוב בהם ספרי דתן יש מחמירין לאסרן (הגהות אשיר״י פ״ק דעבודת כוכבים ופסקי מהרא״י סימן קי״ב) ויש מי שאומר שאסור להלוות לצורך בנין בית אלילים של עובדי כוכבים או לתכשיטיה או למשמשיה וכ״ש למכור לה תשמישים כגון מחתות והמונע מצליח ואין לקשור ספרי עובדי כוכבים חוץ מספרי הדיינים והסופרים ואם חשש משום איבה כל מה שיכול להשמט ישמט (וע״ל סימן קנ״א):
Idolaters’ books that are in a Jew’s hand: there is one who says that there is no prohibition on selling them.

Gloss of the Rama: And there are those who say that it is forbidden to sell them to any idolater whatever, if they are books that serve for singing to the idolatrous cult (Beit Yosef in the name of the Sefer HaTerumah, Semag, Tosafot on the first chapter of Avodah Zarah, Hagahot Maimoniyot and Kol Bo); and there are those who say that it is only to priests that it is forbidden to sell, but not to other idolaters (Piskei Mahara”i 27); and he who is stringent, a blessing shall come upon him. And even to sell them parchments and ink to write the books of their cult on — there are some who are stringent to forbid it (Hagahot Asheri on the first chapter of Avodah Zarah, Piskei Mahara”i 112).

And there is one who says that it is forbidden to lend for the building of a house of idols of idolaters, or for its finery, or for its appurtenances; and all the more to sell it implements, such as censers — and he who refrains prospers. And one shall not bind the books of idolaters, save the books of the judges and the scribes; and if he fears enmity, whatever he can evade, let him evade cross-reference: (and see further on, siman 151).
The last two seifim no longer speak of the idol but of what a Jew does with his own hands for another’s cult: writing on its books, selling them, lending for its building, binding its volumes. The Mehaber reports almost every rule in the form יש מי שאומר, and the Rama piles up three views on the sale before concluding with והמחמיר תבא עליו ברכה: the matter is made of communal usages more than of sugyot. A single line fixes the limit of stringency, and it is a line of common sense — where there is fear of hostility, one evades as far as one can, and no further.

2. Background — the chapter רבי ישמעאל of Avodah Zarah, and the mishnah of 29b

Almost the whole siman comes from a single chapter of tractate Avodah Zarah — the fourth, רבי ישמעאל — and from its mishnayot. The Mehaber has added almost nothing: he arranged the mishnayot in the order of the grid of seif 1, and inserted in the right places the statements of the Amoraim.

The non-Jew and the Jew. The mishnah sets out the distinction of seif 1:

« עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה שֶׁל נׇכְרִי — אֲסוּרָה מִיָּד, וְשֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל — אֵין אֲסוּרָה עַד שֶׁתֵּיעָבֵד » (עבודה זרה נ״א ע״ב)

The gemara reports that this is the view of Rabbi Akiva against Rabbi Yishmael, and it gives the two verses:

« אָמַר עוּלָּא, אָמַר קְרָא: ״פְּסִילֵי אֱלֹהֵיהֶם תִּשְׂרְפוּן בָּאֵשׁ״, מִשֶּׁפִּסְּלוֹ נַעֲשֶׂה אֱלוֹהַּ » (עבודה זרה נ״ב ע״א)
« אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר קְרָא: ״וְשָׂם בַּסָּתֶר״, עַד שֶׁיַּעֲשֶׂה לָהּ דְּבָרִים שֶׁבַּסֵּתֶר » (עבודה זרה נ״ב ע״א)

And for the appurtenances, all agree — they are forbidden only once used:

« בֵּין לְרַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל וּבֵין לְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא מְשַׁמְּשֵׁי עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה הֵן, וּמְשַׁמְּשֵׁי עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה אֵין אֲסוּרִין עַד שֶׁיֵּעָבֵדוּ » (עבודה זרה נ״ב ע״א)

Nullification. The mishnah of seif 2:

« נׇכְרִי מְבַטֵּל עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה שֶׁלּוֹ, וְשֶׁל חֲבֵירוֹ, וְיִשְׂרָאֵל אֵין מְבַטֵּל עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה שֶׁל נׇכְרִי. הַמְבַטֵּל עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה — מְבַטֵּל מְשַׁמְּשֶׁיהָ, בִּיטֵּל מְשַׁמְּשֶׁיהָ — מְשַׁמְּשִׁין מוּתָּרִין, וְהִיא אֲסוּרָה » (עבודה זרה נ״ב ע״ב)

Why is a Jew’s idol never nullified? Because it must be buried, like an altar:

« מִנַּיִן לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁטְּעוּנָה גְּנִיזָה? שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״לֹא תִטַּע לְךָ אֲשֵׁרָה כָּל עֵץ אֵצֶל מִזְבַּח״, מָה מִזְבֵּחַ טָעוּן גְּנִיזָה, אַף אֲשֵׁרָה טְעוּנָה גְּנִיזָה » (עבודה זרה נ״ב ע״א)

And why is the offering never nullified? Because the verse compares it to a corpse:

« מִנַּיִן לְתִקְרוֹבֶת עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה שֶׁאֵין לָהּ בְּטִילָה עוֹלָמִית? שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַיִּצָּמְדוּ לְבַעַל פְּעוֹר וַיֹּאכְלוּ זִבְחֵי מֵתִים״, מָה מֵת אֵין לוֹ בְּטִילָה לְעוֹלָם, אַף תִּקְרוֹבֶת עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה אֵין לָהּ בְּטִילָה לְעוֹלָם » (עבודה זרה נ׳ ע״א)

The stick. Two traditions in the name of Rav, and the second is that of seif 3:

« אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה שֶׁעוֹבְדִין אוֹתָהּ בְּמַקֵּל, שָׁבַר מַקֵּל בְּפָנֶיהָ — חַיָּיב, זָרַק מַקֵּל בְּפָנֶיהָ — פָּטוּר » (עבודה זרה נ׳ ע״ב)
« אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן אָמַר רַבָּה בַּר אֲבוּהּ אָמַר רַב: עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה שֶׁעוֹבְדִין אוֹתָהּ בְּמַקֵּל, שָׁבַר מַקֵּל בְּפָנֶיהָ — חַיָּיב וְנֶאֱסֶרֶת, זָרַק מַקֵּל לְפָנֶיהָ — חַיָּיב וְאֵינָהּ נֶאֱסֶרֶת » (עבודה זרה נ״א ע״א)

Why does throwing not count as sprinkling? Because the sprinkling of the Temple breaks into drops, and a stick stays whole:

« אֲמַר לֵיהּ רָבָא לְרַב נַחְמָן: מַאי שְׁנָא שָׁבַר דְּהָוְיָא לֵיהּ כְּעֵין זְבִיחָה, זָרַק נָמֵי הָוְיָא לֵיהּ כְּעֵין זְרִיקָה! אֲמַר לֵיהּ: בָּעֵינַן זְרִיקָה מִשְׁתַּבֶּרֶת, וְלֵיכָּא » (עבודה זרה נ״א ע״א)

The locust is a dispute of Tannaim, and the gemara gives the reason of the one who holds liable:

« לֵימָא כְּתַנָּאֵי: שָׁחַט לָהּ חָגָב — רַבִּי יְהוּדָה מְחַיֵּיב, וַחֲכָמִים פּוֹטְרִים » (עבודה זרה נ״א ע״א)
« לָא, דְּכוּלֵּי עָלְמָא לָא אָמְרִינַן כְּעֵין זְבִיחָה, אֶלָּא כְּעֵין פְּנִים בָּעֵינַן, וְשָׁאנֵי חָגָב הוֹאִיל וְצַוָּארוֹ דּוֹמֶה לְצַוַּאר בְּהֵמָה » (עבודה זרה נ״א ע״א)

And the principle that governs the whole of seif 3 — the Torah forbade only what resembles the Temple service:

« מִנַּיִן לַזּוֹבֵחַ בְּהֵמָה בַּעֲלַת מוּם לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה שֶׁהוּא פָּטוּר? שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״זֹבֵחַ לָאֱלֹהִים יׇחֳרָם בִּלְתִּי לַה׳ לְבַדּוֹ״, לֹא אָסְרָה תּוֹרָה אֶלָּא כְּעֵין פְּנִים » (עבודה זרה נ״א ע״א)

What is found on its head — the mishnah of seif 7:

« מָצָא בְּרֹאשׁוֹ מָעוֹת, כְּסוּת אוֹ כֵלִים — הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ מוּתָּרִין. פַּרְכִּילֵי עֲנָבִים, וַעֲטָרוֹת שֶׁל שִׁבֳּלִים, וְיֵינוֹת וּשְׁמָנִים וּסְלָתוֹת, וְכׇל דָּבָר שֶׁכַּיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ קָרֵב עַל גַּבֵּי הַמִּזְבֵּחַ — אָסוּר » (עבודה זרה נ״א ע״ב)

And the school of Rabbi Yannai explains why the money and the garment are permitted — because they are placed with contempt:

« מָעוֹת, דָּבָר שֶׁל נוֹי הוּא! אָמְרִי דְּבֵי רַבִּי יַנַּאי: בַּכִּיס קָשׁוּר וְתָלוּי לוֹ בְּצַוָּארוֹ » (עבודה זרה נ״א ע״ב)

The curtain — this is seif 5, word for word:

« אָמַר רַב אַסִּי בַּר חִיָּיא: כׇּל שֶׁהוּא לִפְנִים מִן הַקִּלְקְלִין, אֲפִילּוּ מַיִם וּמֶלַח אָסוּר. חוּץ לְקִלְקְלִין — דָּבָר שֶׁל נוֹי אָסוּר, שֶׁאֵינוֹ שֶׁל נוֹי מוּתָּר. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר חֲנִינָא: נָקְטִינַן, אֵין קִלְקְלִין לֹא לִפְעוֹר וְלֹא לְמַרְקוּלִיס » (עבודה זרה נ״א ע״ב)
« הַשְׁתָּא פַּעוֹרֵי מְפַעֲרִין קַמֵּיהּ, מַיִם וּמֶלַח לָא מַקְרְבִין לֵיהּ?! אֶלָּא, אֲפִילּוּ חוּץ כְּבִפְנִים דָּמֵי וְאָסוּר » (עבודה זרה נ״א ע״ב)

What has not yet entered — seif 6 comes from a mishnah of the second chapter:

« בָּשָׂר הַנִּכְנָס לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה — מוּתָּר, וְהַיּוֹצֵא — אָסוּר, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא כְּזִבְחֵי מֵתִים, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא » (עבודה זרה כ״ט ע״ב)

The Rama’s brick — the gemara gives its reason, and it is a reason of intent:

« יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁזָּקַף לְבֵינָה, גַּלִּיא דַּעְתֵּיהּ דְּנִיחָא לֵיהּ בַּעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, וְכִי אֲתָא גּוֹי וּפְלַח לַהּ, שְׁלִיחוּתָא דִּידֵיהּ קָעָבֵיד » (עבודה זרה נ״ג ע״ב)

And the question left open, which grounds the Shakh’s stringency on the egg:

« לְבֵינָה הוּא דְּמִינַּכְרָא זְקִיפָתָהּ, אֲבָל בֵּיצָה — לָא? אוֹ דִּלְמָא לָא שְׁנָא? תֵּיקוּ » (עבודה זרה מ״ו ע״א)

The mitzvah — seif 13 comes from a question of Resh Lakish, likewise unanswered:

« בָּעֵי רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ: הַמִּשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לַדֶּקֶל, לוּלָבוֹ מַהוּ לְמִצְוָה? » (עבודה זרה מ״ז ע״א)
« כִּי תִּיבְּעֵי לָךְ אַלִּיבָּא דְּרַבָּנַן, לְעִנְיַן מִצְוָה מַאי? מִי מְאִיס כְּלַפֵּי גָּבוֹהַּ אוֹ לָא? » (עבודה זרה מ״ז ע״א)

Finally the Rambam, whom the Beit Yosef quotes at length and whose position on what is found inside weighs on the whole of level 4:

« וְכָל הַנִּמְצָא בְּבֵית עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים אֲפִלּוּ מַיִם וּמֶלַח אָסוּר בַּהֲנָאָה מִן הַתּוֹרָה » (רמב״ם הלכות עבודה זרה וחוקות הגויים פרק ז׳ הלכה ט״ו)

3. Key concepts — the four objects, nullification, and the two paths of seif 3

The siman is read with six words. The first four are objects; the last two are operations.

The four objects

אליל — The idol itself. With a non-Jew, it is forbidden as soon as it is finished: the verse says פסילי אלהיהם, “the carved images of their gods”, and the gemara reads: as soon as he carved it, it is a god. With a Jew, it is forbidden only once worshipped — ושם בסתר, until he does things to it in secret. The Taz insists: it is a decree of the Torah, not a difference of gravity, and from this he derives that the apostate remains “a Jew” for this rule.
תשמישיה — the appurtenances — Everything that serves the cult without being worshipped: the censer, the objects that the priest holds in his hand (seif 12). They are forbidden only once used, with the Jew as with the non-Jew, and they can be nullified.
נויה — the ornaments — What beautifies the idol: the lamps lit before it, the cloths and fine objects spread before it (seif 3). Like the appurtenances, they are forbidden only once employed, and they can be nullified. The criterion is not the object but the manner: a purse hanging from the idol’s neck is not an ornament (seif 7).
תקרובתה — the offering — What is presented to the idol as one presents in the Temple: anything the like of which is offered on the altar — meat, oil, flour, water, salt — as soon as it is placed before it; and, for what is not offered in the Temple, only if one did with it an act resembling slaughter or sprinkling (seif 3). The offering is forbidden as soon as it is brought, and it is never nullified.

The two operations

ביטול — nullification — The act by which a non-Jew renounces an idol or what serves it: mutilating it, defacing it, or — for the ornaments and the appurtenances, according to one view — selling it or pawning it to a Jew. It is possible for a non-Jew’s idol, its appurtenances and its ornaments; impossible for a Jew’s idol, which must be buried; impossible for the offering, compared to a corpse (seif 2).
כעין פנים and חייב ולא נאסר — Seif 3 asks two distinct questions. Is the person liable? Yes, if he worshipped the idol in the manner of the Temple (כעין פנים: slaughtering, burning, sprinkling, bowing), or if he worshipped it in its own manner (כדרך עבודתה), even a contemptuous one. Has the object become a forbidden offering? Only by the first path. Hence the formula חייב ולא נאסר: the person is guilty, the object remains permitted. The Taz, in ס״ק ז, cites the Ran for this double derivation.

4. The summary table — what is forbidden from when, and what can be nullified

Table A — the grid of seifim 1 and 2

ObjectWith a non-Jew: forbidden from…With a Jew: forbidden from…Nullification possible?
The idol — אלילמיד — as soon as it is madeעד שתיעבד — once worshippedNon-Jew: yes · Jew: never
Its appurtenances — תשמישיהעד שישתמשו בהםעד שישתמשו בהםYes — by mutilation; by sale or pledge according to the first view of seif 12
Its ornaments — נויהעד שישתמשו בהםעד שישתמשו בהםYes — the candle extinguished in order to be sold (seif 9)
Its offering — תקרובתהמשהביאו לפניהמשהביאו לפניהNever

Table B — the objects of seifim 3 to 13

ObjectSeifStatus
Lamps lit before it, cloths and fine objects spread outג׳נוי — forbidden, can be nullified
Meat, oil, flour, water, salt placed before itג׳תקרובת — forbidden at once, never nullified
Stick broken before an idol worshipped with a stickג׳נאסר — like a slaughter
Stick broken before an idol without a stick; stick thrownג׳אינו חייב ולא נאסר
Stick rattled, as it is worshippedג׳חייב ולא נאסר
Locust slaughtered before itד׳נאסר — even without a cult of the locust (the Shakh disagrees)
What is found inside the curtain, even water and saltה׳תקרובת — forbidden
What is found outside the curtain, in an honourable mannerה׳נוי — forbidden
Outside the curtain, without honour; what has not yet enteredה׳ · ו׳מותר
With Peor and Markulis, everything that is with themה׳אסור — even outside, even with contempt
Purse on the neck, garment folded on the shoulder, basin on the headז׳מותר
Loaves given to the priestsח׳מותר — a due, not an offering
Candles lit before itט׳נוי — permitted if extinguished in order to be sold or pawned
Pieces of wax placed before itי׳מותר — neither ornament nor offering
The priests’ garmentsי״אTheir own ornament — no nullification required; Rama: what clothes the idol is נוי
Censer, objects held in handי״במשמשיה — nullification required; sale or pledge: two views
Candles, wax, priests’ mantles — for a mitzvahי״גאסור — משום דמאיסי
The two tables are read together. Table A gives the grid; table B merely files each object into a box — ornament, offering, or nothing. And for each object, the only question that truly matters is the last column of table A: can it still be nullified?

5. The Taz and the Shakh — six key entries

Taz ס״ק א — the decree, and the apostate

The Taz first gives the two verses of seif 1, then draws from them a rule that no one before him had written in this way:

« ודבר פשוט נ״ל דאפי׳ ישראל מומר לעבודת כוכבי׳ נקרא ישראל ודינו עד שיעבוד דאע״פ שחטא ישראל הוא כדאיתא בהרבה דוכתי וכן לענין ביטול שאין יכול לבטל אליל כמו ישראל » (ט״ז יו״ד קל״ט ס״ק א)

A Jew turned idolater remains a Jew: his idol is forbidden only once worshipped, and he cannot nullify it. The reason is that these two rules come from verses, not from reasoning — גזירת המלך הם —, and one does not extend them by analogy. The Nekudot HaKesef answer in one line: according to the Rambam in chapter 2, it rather seems that the apostate is treated as a non-Jew.

Taz ס״ק ד — why the offering is worse than the idol

Seif 2 says that the offering is never nullified, whereas the idol itself is. The Taz looks for the logic:

« ונרא׳ לי הטעם דתקרובת גרע (מאליל) [דאליל] עצמו ונויו תלוין בשלימותו דכל זמן שהוא שלם הוא פלח ליה וכן מחזיק אותה לנוי אבל אם נפסל בטל ממנו מחשבה זו מה שאין כן בתקרובת דאפילו דבר מועט שאינו חשוב מקריב לפניו נמצא דלא פקע איסור אם נפסל » (ט״ז יו״ד קל״ט ס״ק ד)

The idol and its ornament depend on their wholeness: as long as the idol is whole, one worships it; defaced, the thought that made it a god departs. The offering never needed to be beautiful or whole — one offers even a trifling thing —; degrading it therefore changes nothing in what it is.

Taz ס״ק ז — the two paths of liability, and the single path of prohibition

« כתב הר״ן לענין חיובא חדא מתרתי מחייב או כעין פנים ונפקא לן מזובח לאלהים יחרם או כדרך עבודתה ונפקא לן מאיכה יעבדו אבל לגבי איסור תקרובת לעולם אינו חייב אלא כעין פנים דנפקא מאשר חלב זבחימו » (ט״ז יו״ד קל״ט ס״ק ז)

This is the key to reading the whole of seif 3: three verses, two paths to be liable, only one to make the object forbidden.

Shakh ס״ק ג — the Bach’s stringency on everything that comes from inside

The Beit Yosef had noted that, according to the Rambam, everything found in the place of worship is forbidden — hence the candles too, if they were brought in there, and without possible nullification. The Shakh reports the Bach, who makes of it a rule of conduct:

« ודבריו נכונים וכל בעל נפש יש לו להחמיר ול״ד נרות אלא בכל הדברים שהיו בבית תרפותם איכא משום תקרובת עבודת כוכבים דשמא נכנסו במקום עבודתם ואין להם ביטול כלל להרמב״ם עכ״ל ב״ח » (ש״ך יו״ד קל״ט ס״ק ג)

Everything that has been in their house of worship is suspect of being an offering — and the offering is not nullified. This is the heaviest line of the siman for practice, and level 4 places it at the centre.

Shakh ס״ק ו — the Rambam on the locust, against the Mehaber

The Mehaber followed the Tur: the locust is forbidden even if the idol is not worshipped with a locust. The Shakh cites the Rambam, who says the opposite, and is surprised that the Mehaber passed over him in silence:

« ותימה על המחבר שלא הזכיר דעת הרמב״ם כלל שאין זה דרכו להשמיט דעת הרמב״ם ונראה דאזיל לטעמיה בכסף משנה שם שדחק עצמו מאד ליישב דברי הרמב״ם בזה » (ש״ך יו״ד קל״ט ס״ק ו)

His conclusion is clear: where the idol is not worshipped with a locust at all, everyone agrees — exempt, and the object permitted. The Baer Hetev records the disagreement.

Shakh ס״ק ז — seif 9 and seif 12 do not say the same thing

« וק״ק דבסעיף י״ב הביא המחבר סברת הפוסקים דבטלה במכירה ומשכון בסתם ואח״כ סברת ר״י בשם י״א וכן לקמן סימן קמ״ו ס״ח כ׳ הרב בפשיטות דבטליה במכירה ומשכון וצ״ע » (ש״ך יו״ד קל״ט ס״ק ז)

In seif 9, the formula דכיון שכיבן לצורך עצמו implies that the sale alone does not nullify — as Rabbenu Yitzchak holds; in seif 12, the sale nullifies, and the contrary view is only a יש אומרים. The Shakh does not decide; the Taz, in ס״ק ח, proposes a reading that reconciles the two — see level 2.

Shakh ס״ק ח — even for study

« ודבית הכנסת כו׳. וכן אפילו ללמוד בהן אסור. הר״ף בהג״ה תשב״ץ סימן תי״ז » (ש״ך יו״ד קל״ט ס״ק ח)

Seif 13 forbade the idols’ candles for a mitzvah lamp; the Shakh, in the name of the Hagahot Tashbetz, adds study itself.

6. The glosses of the Rama and the explanatory glosses

The Rama intervenes four times, and each time to report an Ashkenazi practice or stringency.

First gloss, in seif 1 — the brick:

« ישראל שזקף לבינה והשתחוה לה עובד כוכבים נאסרה » (רמ״א יו״ד קל״ט:א)

The Shakh, in ס״ק א, completes from the Hagahot Asheri: if the non-Jew set up another brick of the Jew’s and bowed to it, it is not forbidden — for the Jew perhaps cared only for the one he had set up himself. And for the egg, whose being set up cannot be seen, the gemara remains in תיקו, and one is stringent.

Second gloss, in seif 11 — what clothes the idol:

« אבל מה שלובשין לעבודת כוכבים עצמה מיקרי נוי וצריך ביטול » (רמ״א יו״ד קל״ט:יא)

The Mehaber spoke of the priests’ garments; the Rama recalls that what is put on the idol is an ornament in the full sense, and requires nullification.

Third gloss, in seif 15 — the sale of the books:

« וי״א שאסור למכרם לכל עובד כוכבים אם הם ספרים השייכים לזמר בהם לעבודת כוכבים » (רמ״א יו״ד קל״ט:טו)
« והמחמיר תבא עליו ברכה ואפילו למכור להם קלפים ודיו לכתוב בהם ספרי דתן יש מחמירין לאסרן » (רמ״א יו״ד קל״ט:טו)

Three views stacked up — forbidden to all, forbidden to the priests only, permitted — and a conclusion that does not decide but recommends. The Shakh, in ס״ק י, reports that for the Bach it is forbidden by strict law; in ס״ק ט, he adds in the name of Rabbenu Yerucham that their translations of the twenty-four books are equally concerned.

The explanatory glosses. The printed text also carries parentheses that are not the Rama’s but explanations or cross-references:

SeifParenthesisWhat it does
ה׳פעור ומרקוליסexplains the name: the cult of Markulis is to throw stones, and its name is a nickname of contempt
ח׳(שלה)specifies: the priests of the idol
י״ג(כגון המעילים שלובשים כהניהם)gives the example of the mantles
י״ג · ט״ו(ועיין באורח חיים סימן קנ״ד) · (וע״ל סימן קנ״א)refer to the parallel simanim

7. Contemporary practical cases

Case 1 — A candlestick or a censer at an antique dealer’s

Seif 12 names the censer: it is a משמש, an appurtenance, and it needs nullification. The first view of seif 12 holds that a sale to a Jew is already a nullification; the second denies it; the Rama, in siman 146, follows the first. But even before that question, the Bach and the Shakh raise another: does the object come from inside the place of worship? If so, according to the Rambam, it is suspect of being an offering — and the offering is not nullified. The siman therefore gives the two questions to ask, in this order: where does the object come from, and who handed it over.

For the application to your own situation, consult your Rav.

Case 2 — Candles originating from a place of worship

Seif 9 permits them if they were extinguished in order to be sold; seif 13 forbids them for any mitzvah — Shabbat, Hanukkah, synagogue —, and the Shakh even for studying by their light. And the Bach’s reservation applies here first and foremost: ולאו דוקא נרות אלא בכל הדברים שהיו בבית תרפותם. The candle is the very example of the object of which the siman says that a בעל נפש keeps away.

For the application to your own situation, consult your Rav.

Case 3 — A liturgical garment, an embroidered cloth

Seif 11 distinguishes what the priests wear — their own ornament, permitted even without nullification according to the Mehaber, with nullification according to the view of the Mordekhai — and what the idol itself is clothed with, which is an ornament in the full sense and requires nullification (Rama). Seif 13 adds the last barrier: even permitted, such a cloth will not become a talit nor an object of mitzvah, משום דמאיסי.

For the application to your own situation, consult your Rav.

Case 4 — A printer, a bookbinder, a stationer

This is seif 15. Binding their books of worship: no, except the registers of the judges and the scribes. Selling them paper and ink: the stringent forbid it, but the Shakh reports the Darkhei Moshe — only when one knows that it is to write a book of their cult; without that, permitted. And the Mehaber’s closing clause on enmity — כל מה שיכול להשמט ישמט — is written for those trades.

For the application to your own situation, consult your Rav.

Case 5 — A book of worship in a library or a second-hand bookshop

Seif 14 settles the use of the pages: one does not write on them, except after total erasure, and according to one view never prayers. Seif 15 settles the sale: permitted according to the view the Mehaber reports, forbidden for books of liturgical song according to the Rama — to all, or to the priests only —, and והמחמיר תבא עליו ברכה. The Shakh adds to them the translations of the Bible made for their cult.

For the application to your own situation, consult your Rav.

Case 6 — Lending or financing a construction

The Mehaber reports the view that forbids lending to build a house of idols, for its finery or its appurtenances, and concludes והמונע מצליח — he who refrains prospers. It is not a full prohibition, it is a firm recommendation, and siman 151 gives its limits.

For the application to your own situation, consult your Rav.

8. Summary of Siman 139

Memory table — the 15 seifim, one line each

SeifWhat it says
אIdol, appurtenances, ornaments, offering — all is forbidden; the non-Jew’s at once, the Jew’s once worshipped; the rest once used or brought. Rama: the brick set up by a Jew.
בThe Jew’s idol is never nullified; the non-Jew’s, its appurtenances and its ornaments are; the offering never.
גThe ornament beautifies; the offering is what is offered in the Temple, or what is treated as such. The four cases of the stick.
דThe slaughtered locust is forbidden, even without a cult of the locust.
הInside the curtain, everything is an offering; outside, only what honours is an ornament. Peor and Markulis: everything, even outside.
וWhat has not yet entered is not yet an offering.
זMoney, garment, vessel on its head: forbidden if placed with honour, permitted if with contempt.
חThe priests’ loaves are a due, not an offering.
טThe candles are an ornament; extinguished in order to be sold or pawned, they are nullified.
יThe pieces of wax are neither ornament nor offering.
י״אThe priests’ garments are their own ornament; what clothes the idol is the idol’s ornament (Rama).
י״בThe censer and the objects held in hand are appurtenances; sale or pledge: two views.
י״גNone of this will serve a mitzvah — משום דמאיסי.
י״דOne does not write on their books without complete erasure; according to one view, never prayers.
ט״וSelling their books: three views, and the stringent one is blessed. Lending for their building: he who refrains prospers. Binding: no, except judges and scribes; in case of enmity, one evades.

Comprehension questions

  1. What are the four objects of seif 1, and from what moment is each forbidden?
  2. Why is a non-Jew’s idol forbidden as soon as it is made, and a Jew’s only once worshipped? Which verses does the Taz cite?
  3. Which of the four objects is never nullified, and which verse does the gemara give for it?
  4. What makes an object an ornament, and what makes it an offering?
  5. Explain the four cases of the stick in seif 3, and the formula חייב ולא נאסר.
  6. Why is the locust treated differently from the stick? And what does the Rambam say?
  7. What difference does the curtain make, and why do Peor and Markulis have none?
  8. According to seif 9, what nullifies a candle — the extinguishing, or the sale? How do the Taz and the Shakh read this seif?
  9. What reservation does the Bach, reported by the Shakh, make about everything that comes from inside the place of worship?
  10. What are the three acts that seifim 14 and 15 regulate, and where does the Mehaber place the limit of stringency?

To go further

If you wish to go deeper into this siman:
The sources of this level can be consulted on Sefaria:

The Pit’hei Teshuva does not comment on this siman; the Arukh HaShulchan is not accessible to us here.

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