Orah Haïm קפ״ו · Level 4 · שיטת אדמו״ר הזקן

דעת הרב

Level 4 — Daat HaRav (Alter Rebbe) — Siman קפ״ו · אִם נָשִׁים וּקְטַנִּים חַיָּבִים בְּבִרְכַּת הַמָּזוֹן

The Alter Rebbe’s way on whether women and minors are obligated in birkat hamazon : חִיּוּב נָשִׁים בְּבִרְכַּת הַמָּזוֹן ; סָפֵק דְּאוֹרָיְתָא ; הוֹצָאַת אֲחֵרִים יְדֵי חוֹבָתָן ; אִישׁ שֶׁלֹּא אָכַל כְּדֵי שְׂבִיעָה ; חִנּוּךְ הַקָּטָן ; אֵין מְזַמְּנִין עַל נָשִׁים וּקְטַנִּים — in the Habad sensibility.

Why a Level 4 devoted to the Alter Rebbe ? The Alter Rebbe’s Shulchan Aruch is not a commentary on the Mehaber (מחבר) — it is a complete, self-standing Shulchan Aruch, written by the Alter Rebbe (Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi, founder of Habad, disciple of the Maggid (מגיד) of Mezeritch). Its singularity : it combines halakha (הלכה) + טעמי המצוות + inner dimension in one work, and rules with a unique Talmudic rigor.

For Habad, the Alter Rebbe is הפוסק האחרון — his psak is the deciding authority. This page gathers the Rav’s way on siman קפ״ו — אִם נָשִׁים וּקְטַנִּים חַיָּבִים בְּבִרְכַּת הַמָּזוֹן (whether women and minors are obligated in birkat hamazon), which unfolds in the Rav over ד׳ סְעִיפִים (four seifim) : from the obligation of women and the doubt deoraïta / derabanan (with the reasoning of the verse “for the good land which He gave you,” the daughters of Tselofhad, the Kohanim, Levi'im, convert and slave), to the rule of the stringent safek deoraïta that prevents a woman from discharging a man obligated from the Torah, to the ability of a woman and a minor to discharge one who has not eaten to satiety and to the education (hinoukh) proper to birkat hamazon, up to the fact that all this holds only for one who does not know how to bless himself, for women and minors are not counted for the zimoun.

→ Read the general preface on the Alter Rebbe’s shitah

Source note. The Hebrew text reproduced on this page is the complete, real text of the Alter Rebbe’s Shulchan Aruch, Orah Haim siman קפ״ו — ד׳ סְעִיפִים (four seifim) from the Rav’s own hand — per the Kehot edition as digitized on Sefaria (Shulchan Arukh HaRav, Orach Chayim קפ״ו). The Alter Rebbe treats there whether women and minors are obligated in birkat hamazon. The translations are ours. No passage is cited beyond this verifiable text.
1 · טקסט אדמו״ר הזקן

שולחן ערוך הרב — סימן קפ״ו — אִם נָשִׁים וּקְטַנִּים חַיָּבִים בְּבִרְכַּת הַמָּזוֹן

The full text of the Alter Rebbe’s Shulchan Aruch

שולחן ערוך הרב, סימן קפ״ו — אִם נָשִׁים וּקְטַנִּים חַיָּבִים בְּבִרְכַּת הַמָּזוֹן — וּבוֹ ד׳ סְעִיפִים
The Alter Rebbe’s own text (Sefaria source Shulchan_Arukh_HaRav,_Orach_Chayim.186), followed by our English translation. The siman comprises four seifim (ד׳ סְעִיפִים ; seif k → .186.k).

סעיף א נָשִׁים חַיָּבוֹת בְּבִרְכַּת הַמָּזוֹן, וְסָפֵק הוּא אִם חַיָּבוֹת מִן הַתּוֹרָה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מִצְוַת…

אִם נָשִׁים וּקְטַנִּים חַיָּבִים בְּבִרְכַּת הַמָּזוֹן, וּבוֹ ד׳ סְעִיפִים:
נָשִׁים חַיָּבוֹת בְּבִרְכַּת הַמָּזוֹן, וְסָפֵק הוּא אִם חַיָּבוֹת מִן הַתּוֹרָה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁאֵין הַזְּמַן גְּרָמָא, אוֹ אֵינָן חַיָּבוֹת אֶלָּא מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "עַל הָאָרֶץ הַטּוֹבָה אֲשֶׁר נָתַן לָךְ", וְהָאָרֶץ לֹא נִתְּנָה לִנְקֵבוֹת לְהִתְחַלֵּק אֶלָּא לִזְכָרִים, וּבְנוֹת צְלָפְחָד חֵלֶק אֲבִיהֶם נָטְלוּ שֶׁהָיָה מִיּוֹצְאֵי מִצְרַיִם.
אֲבָל כֹּהֲנִים וּלְוִיִּם הָיוּ לָהֶם עָרֵי מִגְרָשׁ.
וְכֵן גֵּר שֶׁנִּכְנַס לְדַת יִשְׂרָאֵל וְנִלְוָה עֲלֵיהֶם וְנִטְפַּל אֲלֵיהֶם וְנֶחְשַׁב כְּאֶחָד מֵהֶם לְכָל הַמִּצְוֹת הַנּוֹהֲגוֹת בָּהֶם וְלָהֶם נִתְּנָה הָאָרֶץ לְמוֹרָשָׁה — נִתְחַיֵּב גַּם הוּא כְּאִלּוּ נִתְּנָה גַּם לוֹ, שֶׁהוּא וְהֵם עַם אֶחָד הוּא לְכָל דָּבָר, מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בְּנָשִׁים שֶׁהֵם עַם בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ.
וְכֵן כֹּהֲנִים וּלְוִיִּם, אִם לֹא הָיָה לָהֶם עָרֵי מִגְרָשׁ — לֹא הָיוּ מִתְחַיְּבִים בְּמִצְוָה זוֹ, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּתְּנָה הָאָרֶץ לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, לְפִי שֶׁהֵם שֵׁבֶט בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָן וְאֵינָם טְפֵלִים לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, וְגַם הֵם חֲלוּקִים מֵהֶם בְּמִצְוֹת הַרְבֵּה.
וַעֲבָדִים שֶׁאֵינָם מְשֻׁחְרָרִים, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵן זְכָרִים — אֵינָם כְּגֵרִים, אֶלָּא כְּנָשִׁים, כְּמוֹ שֶׁלָּמְדוּ חֲכָמִים עַל עֲבָדִים בִּגְזֵרָה שָׁוָה "לָהּ" "לָהּ" מֵאִשָּׁה, שֶׁכָּל מִצְוָה שֶׁהָאִשָּׁה פְּטוּרָה גַּם הָעֶבֶד פָּטוּר, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִימָן מ״ו:

Women are obligated in birkat hamazon, and there is a doubt whether they are obligated from the Torah — since it is a positive commandment not bound by time (mitzvat ʿaseh she-ein ha-zeman gramah) — or only rabbinically, for it is said “for the good land which He gave you,” and the Land was not given to females to be divided but to males; and the daughters of Tselofhad took their father’s portion, who was of those who left Egypt. But the Kohanim and Levi'im had pasture-cities (arei migrash). Likewise a convert (guer) who entered the faith of Israel, joined them, attached himself to them, and is counted as one of them for all the mitzvot practiced among them, and to whom the Land was given as an inheritance — becomes obligated too, as if it had been given to him as well, for he and they are one people in every respect; unlike women, who are a people unto themselves. Likewise the Kohanim and Levi'im, had they not had arei migrash, would not have been obligated in this mitzva, since the Land was given to Israel, for they are a tribe unto themselves, not subordinate to Israel, and differ from them in many mitzvot. And unfreed slaves, though they are males, are not like converts but like women, as the Sages derived for slaves by a gezera shava “lah”-“lah” from the woman: every mitzva from which the woman is exempt, the slave too is exempt, as explained in siman 46.

סעיף ב וְסָפֵק שֶׁל תּוֹרָה לְהַחֲמִיר, לְעִנְיַן שֶׁהֵן אֵינָן מוֹצִיאוֹת יְדֵי חוֹבָה אֶת הָאֲנָשִׁים הַחַיָּבִים…

וְסָפֵק שֶׁל תּוֹרָה לְהַחֲמִיר, לְעִנְיַן שֶׁהֵן אֵינָן מוֹצִיאוֹת יְדֵי חוֹבָה אֶת הָאֲנָשִׁים הַחַיָּבִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה, כִּי שֶׁמָּא הֵן פְּטוּרוֹת מִן הַתּוֹרָה, וְכָל מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְחֻיָּב בַּדָּבָר אֵינוֹ מוֹצִיא אֲחֵרִים יְדֵי חוֹבָתָן.
אֲבָל אִישׁ שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְחֻיָּב בַּדָּבָר מִן הַתּוֹרָה, כְּגוֹן שֶׁלֹּא אָכַל כְּדֵי שְׂבִיעָה — יָכוֹל לְהוֹצִיא הַנָּשִׁים שֶׁאָכְלוּ כְּדֵי שְׂבִיעָה, כְּמוֹ שֶׁיָּכוֹל לְהוֹצִיא אֶת הָאֲנָשִׁים שֶׁאָכְלוּ כְּדֵי שְׂבִיעָה, מִטַּעַם שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִימָן קצ״ז:

And a Torah doubt is decided stringently: as regards the fact that they do not discharge the obligation of men obligated from the Torah, for perhaps they are exempt from the Torah, and whoever is not obligated in a matter cannot discharge others of their obligation. But a man who is not obligated from the Torah — for instance one who has not eaten to satiety (kedei sviʿa) — can discharge women who ate to satiety, just as he can discharge men who ate to satiety, for the reason to be explained in siman 197.

סעיף ג וְכֵן אִשָּׁה מוֹצִיאָה אֶת הָאִישׁ שֶׁלֹּא אָכַל כְּדֵי שְׂבִיעָה, וַאֲפִלּוּ הִיא גַּם כֵּן לֹא אָכְלָה…

וְכֵן אִשָּׁה מוֹצִיאָה אֶת הָאִישׁ שֶׁלֹּא אָכַל כְּדֵי שְׂבִיעָה, וַאֲפִלּוּ הִיא גַּם כֵּן לֹא אָכְלָה כְּדֵי שְׂבִיעָה, שֶׁמִּכָּל מָקוֹם הִיא מְחֻיֶּבֶת מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים כְּמוֹתוֹ, וְכֵן מוֹצִיאָה אֶת הַקָּטָן שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים כְּדֵי לְחַנְּכוֹ בְּמִצְוֹת.
אֲבָל הַקָּטָן אֵינוֹ מוֹצִיא אֶת הָאִשָּׁה שֶׁאָכְלָה כְּדֵי שְׂבִיעָה, שֶׁמָּא הִיא מְחֻיֶּבֶת מִן הַתּוֹרָה, אֲבָל מוֹצִיא הוּא אֶת מִי שֶׁלֹּא אָכַל כְּדֵי שְׂבִיעָה אֲפִלּוּ הוּא אִ[ישׁ], כֵּיוָן שֶׁאֵינוֹ חַיָּב מִן הַתּוֹרָה אֶלָּא מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים, וַאֲפִלּוּ אִם הַקָּטָן גַּם כֵּן לֹא אָכַל כְּדֵי שְׂבִיעָה, שֶׁמִּכָּל מָקוֹם הוּא חַיָּב מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים כְּמוֹתוֹ, שֶׁבִּרְכַּת הַמָּזוֹן אֵינָהּ דּוֹמָה לִמְגִלָּה וְהַלֵּל וּבִרְכוֹת קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע וּשְׁאָר מִצְוֹת שֶׁעִקָּרָן מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים, שֶׁאֵין הַקָּטָן שֶׁהִגִּיעַ לְחִנּוּךְ מוֹצִיא אֶת הַגָּדוֹל, לְפִי שֶׁהַקָּטָן מִצַּד עַצְמוֹ כְּשֶׁהוּא עַתָּה פָּטוּר לְגַמְרֵי אֶלָּא שֶׁמְּחַנְּכִין אוֹתוֹ כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּהֵא רָגִיל בְּמִצְוָה זוֹ וְיִהְיֶה סָרִיךְ כְּמִנְהָגוֹ כְּשֶׁיִּגְדַּל, לְפִיכָךְ אֵינוֹ בְּדִין שֶׁיּוֹצִיא אֶת מִי שֶׁהוּא גָּדוֹל כְּבָר אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁחִיּוּבוֹ אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהַקָּטָן גַּם חִיּוּב זֶה אֵינוֹ חַיָּב אֶלָּא מִשּׁוּם לְהַרְגִּילוֹ לִכְשֶׁיִּגְדַּל, שֶׁאָז יִתְחַיֵּב חִיּוּב זֶה שֶׁל דִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים, אֲבָל בְּבִרְכַּת הַמָּזוֹן מַה שֶּׁמְּחַנְּכִין אֶת הַקָּטָן לְבָרֵךְ אַחַר אֲכִילָתוֹ לָשֹׂבַע כְּשֶׁיִּגְדַּל שֶׁהוּא חִיּוּב מִן הַתּוֹרָה, לְפִיכָךְ, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהוּא מוֹצִיא אֶת הַגָּדוֹל שֶׁלֹּא אָכַל כְּדֵי שְׂבִיעָה אִם הוּא אָכַל כְּדֵי שְׂבִיעָה — כָּךְ מוֹצִיאוֹ אִם לֹא אָכַל כְּדֵי שְׂבִיעָה, כֵּיוָן שֶׁחִנּוּכוֹ כְּשֶׁלֹּא אָכַל כְּדֵי שְׂבִיעָה מוֹעִיל לוֹ לְהַרְגִּילוֹ כְּמוֹ כְּשֶׁאָכַל (וְ)יוֹתֵר:

Likewise a woman discharges the man who has not eaten to satiety, even if she too has not eaten to satiety, since in any case she is obligated rabbinically like him; and likewise she discharges the minor, who is obligated rabbinically in order to educate him in the mitzvot (hinoukh). But the minor does not discharge the woman who ate to satiety, for perhaps she is obligated from the Torah; he does, however, discharge one who has not eaten to satiety, even a man, since the latter is obligated only rabbinically, and even if the minor too has not eaten to satiety — for in any case he is obligated rabbinically like him. For birkat hamazon is unlike the Megillah, the Hallel, the blessings of the Shema, and the other mitzvot whose essence is rabbinic — where a minor who has reached the age of education does not discharge an adult, because the minor in himself is now entirely exempt, and is only educated so that he grows accustomed to this mitzva and remains habituated to it once grown; it is therefore not right that he discharge one who is already an adult, even though the latter’s obligation is only rabbinic, since the minor too bears this obligation only in order to habituate him for when he grows up, when he will then be bound by this rabbinic obligation. But with birkat hamazon, that in which the minor is educated — to bless after eating to satiety — will, when he grows up, be a Torah obligation; therefore, just as he discharges the adult who has not eaten to satiety if he himself ate to satiety, so he discharges him if he has not eaten to satiety, since his education when he has not eaten to satiety benefits him to habituate him just as much, if not more.

סעיף ד וְכָל זֶה שֶׁנָּשִׁים וּקְטַנִּים מוֹצִיאִים אֲחֵרִים יְדֵי חוֹבָתָן הוּא, כְּשֶׁאַחֵר אֵינוֹ יוֹדֵעַ לְבָרֵךְ…

וְכָל זֶה שֶׁנָּשִׁים וּקְטַנִּים מוֹצִיאִים אֲחֵרִים יְדֵי חוֹבָתָן הוּא, כְּשֶׁאַחֵר אֵינוֹ יוֹדֵעַ לְבָרֵךְ בְּעַצְמוֹ, אֲבָל הַיּוֹדֵעַ לְבָרֵךְ בְּעַצְמוֹ — אֵינוֹ רַשַּׁאי לָצֵאת בִּשְׁמִיעָה אֲפִלּוּ מֵהַמְחֻיָּב כְּמוֹתוֹ, אֶלָּא עַל יְדֵי זִמּוּן בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה, וְנָשִׁים וּקְטַנִּים אֵין מְזַמְּנִין עֲלֵיהֶם, כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִימָן קצ״ג, שֶׁהֵם אֵין מְבָרְכִין בְּזִמּוּן:

And all this — that women and minors discharge others — holds only when the other does not know how to bless by himself; but one who knows how to bless by himself may not discharge his obligation by listening, even from one obligated like himself, except by zimoun with three; and one does not count women and minors for the zimoun, as will be explained in siman 193, for they do not bless in zimoun.

2 · למעשה

הלכה למעשה — מנהג חב״ד

The practical Habad conduct

Points of conduct that flow directly from siman קפ״ו in the sensibility of the Alter Rebbe and of Habad — presented at the level of the principle, referring to the Rav for the detail of the cases.

For the Habad Hassid — Siman קפ״ו (אִם נָשִׁים וּקְטַנִּים חַיָּבִים בְּבִרְכַּת הַמָּזוֹן)

  • ① Seif א. Women are obligated in birkat hamazon; there remains a doubt whether it is from the Torah (a positive mitzva not bound by time) or only rabbinic (“for the good land which He gave you,” the Land divided among males; the daughters of Tselofhad; Kohanim and Levi'im with arei migrash; the convert counted “one people,” women “a people unto themselves”). An unfreed slave is like a woman (gezera shava “lah”-“lah,” siman 46).
  • ② Seif ב. Stringent safek deoraïta: lest they be exempt from the Torah, women do not discharge a man obligated from the Torah. Conversely, a man not obligated from the Torah (who has not eaten to satiety) can discharge women and men who ate to satiety (siman 197).
  • ③ Seif ג. A woman discharges the man who has not eaten to satiety (she herself being obligated rabbinically), and the minor (by virtue of hinoukh). The minor, however, does not discharge the satiated woman (perhaps obligated from the Torah), but discharges anyone who has not eaten to satiety — even a man — for birkat hamazon, whose satiety-obligation is from the Torah, is distinct from the Megillah, the Hallel and the blessings of the Shema (rabbinic in essence), where a minor does not discharge an adult.
  • ④ Seif ד. All this concerns only one who cannot bless by himself; one who knows how to bless does not discharge his obligation by listening, except through zimoun with three. And women and minors are not counted for the zimoun (siman 193), for they do not bless in zimoun.

⚠ This section presents the Habad conduct grounded in the Alter Rebbe’s Shulchan Aruch, siman קפ״ו (the real text reproduced in §1). It does not replace a rabbinic decision for a particular case. For any concrete question — the obligation of women and minors in birkat hamazon, who may discharge whom, the education of the minor, the zimoun — consult your Rav, and for Habad, a Habad Rav.