What to do with torn tzitzit and old talitot — and it contains 4 seifim: (1) Tzitzit strings that have torn off (חוטי ציציות שנפסקו) may be thrown away, even to the trash, for it is a mitzva whose body bears no kedusha (מצוה שאין בגופה קדושה — a תשמיש מצוה); but while they are attached to the talit (קבועים בטלית), it is forbidden to use them — for instance to tie anything with them — משום ביזוי מצוה. (Rama: י״א that even after they have torn off, one should not treat them with contempt by throwing them in a degrading place, though they do not require geniza (Kol Bo); ויש מדקדקין put them in geniza, והמחמיר ומדקדק במצות תבוא עליו ברכה (Maharil) — ע״ל סי׳ תרס״ד סעיף ח׳ ט׳.) (2) Worn-out mitzva talitot (טליתות של מצוה שבלו): one keeps apart from them (אדם בודל עצמו מהם) — one may neither wipe oneself with them (קינוח) nor set them aside for a degrading use (תשמיש מגונה); rather one throws them away, for they are instruments — והם כלים. (3) It is permitted to enter the restroom in tzitzit (בית הכסא). (Rama: all the more so to sleep in them — וכ״ש לשכב בהן דשרי; some wrote that the custom is not to sleep in a talit bearing tzitzit, nor to give it to a non-Jewish launderer to wash — all so that the mitzvot not be held in contempt; yet the custom is lenient about sleeping in them (Kol Bo).) (4) One should take care, when wearing a talit, not to drag one's tzitzit (שלא יגרור ציציותיו).
The 4 levels of study — Siman כ״א, 4 seifim
01
Available
רמת המתחיל
Level 1 — Beginner & Intermediate
Vocalized Hebrew text of the 4 seifim with a fluent English translation. Pedagogical, sober explanation: torn tzitzit strings that may be thrown away — for tzitzit is a תשמיש מצוה, a mitzva without kedusha of its body — yet which may not be used while attached to the talit (ביזוי מצוה); worn-out talitot from which one keeps apart (neither קינוח nor תשמיש מגונה); entering the restroom and sleeping in tzitzit — permitted; and not dragging one's tzitzit. Modern practical cases: replaced strings (discarded with dignity, geniza as a hiddur), an old worn talit katan, sleeping with the talit katan.
In-depth pilpul: the distinction תשמישי מצוה / תשמישי קדושה (Megila 26b — נזרקין vs נגנזין) and why tzitzit has no kedusha of its body; the hiddur of geniza (Maharil — והמחמיר תע״ב); the ביזוי מצוה while the strings are attached — their status during the mitzva vs after (הוקצה למצותו?) and its limits; why the בית הכסא and sleep in tzitzit are permitted (the difference from tefillin), the minhag and laundering by a non-Jew; and the dragging of the tzitzit — the link to לועג לרש (siman 23). Beit Yossef, Tur, Kol Bo, Mg״A, Taz, Mishna Berura and Beour Halakha.
Structured summary for review and memorization: torn strings — תשמישי מצוה discarded with dignity (geniza as a hiddur), the ביזוי מצוה while they are attached to the talit, worn-out talitot from which one keeps apart, the restroom and sleep in tzitzit, and the care not to drag one's tzitzit. Conduct le-maaseh in everyday life — respect for mitzva objects day by day — and cf. siman 8, 15, 20, 22 and 23.
The Choulhan Aroukh HaRav of the Admour HaZaken on Orach Chaim siman 21 (where the Rav develops ה׳ seifim): full text and the force of the psak relative to the Mechaber — tzitzit as תשמישי מצוה bearing no kedusha of their own, the hiddur of geniza (the בעלי הנפש place them inside a sefer — הואיל ונעשה בהם מצוה אחת יעשו בהן מצוה אחרת), worn-out talitot, the בית הכסא (an ordinary garment vs a talit set aside for prayer, and the kittel on Yom Kippur), sleep and the launderer even a non-Jew, and the tzitzit that must not drag on the ground — משום ביזוי מצוה. For in-depth study, a referral to a Chabad Rav.
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Tzitzit is a mitzva without kedusha of its body (מצוה שאין בגופה קדושה): once the strings have torn off the talit, they may be thrown away — unlike תשמישי קדושה, which require geniza (Megila 26b).
בִּזּוּי מִצְוָה
ביזוי מצוה
While the strings are attached to the talit (קבועים בטלית), it is forbidden to use them — for instance to tie anything with them — for that would be treating the mitzva with contempt.
גְּנִיזָה בְּהִדּוּר
Geniza as a hiddur
Rama: י״א not to throw even torn strings in a degrading place (Kol Bo); ויש מדקדקין put them in geniza — והמחמיר ומדקדק במצות תבוא עליו ברכה (Maharil). ע״ל סי׳ תרס״ד סעיף ח׳ ט׳.
טַלִּיתוֹת שֶׁבָּלוּ
Worn-out talitot
Worn-out mitzva talitot: one keeps apart from them (אדם בודל עצמו מהם) — neither קינוח nor תשמיש מגונה; rather one throws them away, for they are instruments (והם כלים).
בֵּית הַכִּסֵּא וְשֵׁנָה
Restroom and sleep
It is permitted to enter the restroom in tzitzit; Rama: all the more so to sleep in them. Some avoid sleeping in a tzitzit-bearing talit and giving it to a non-Jewish launderer — that the mitzvot not be held in contempt — yet the custom is lenient (Kol Bo).
גְּרִירַת הַצִּיצִיּוֹת
Not dragging one's tzitzit
When wearing a talit, one should take care not to drag one's tzitzit on the ground (שלא יגרור ציציותיו) — the daily respect for the mitzva one carries.
Structure of the Siman — landmarks in the 4 seifim
Seif
Subject
Theme
Detail
סעיף א
חוטי ציציות שנפסקו
תשמישי מצוה
Torn strings may be thrown away (מצוה שאין בגופה קדושה); but while קבועים בטלית, it is forbidden to use them — משום ביזוי מצוה. Rama: not in a degrading place (Kol Bo); ויש מדקדקין לגונזן — והמחמיר תבוא עליו ברכה (Maharil); ע״ל סי׳ תרס״ד סעיף ח׳ ט׳.
סעיף ב
טליתות של מצוה שבלו
בודל עצמו מהם
One keeps apart from worn-out mitzva talitot: neither קינוח nor תשמיש מגונה; rather one throws them away — והם כלים.
סעיף ג
בית הכסא / שינה
מותר ליכנס
Permitted to enter the restroom in tzitzit. Rama: וכ״ש לשכב בהן דשרי; some avoid sleeping in it and giving it to a non-Jewish launderer — that the mitzvot not be held in contempt; the custom is lenient about sleeping in them (Kol Bo).
סעיף ד
שלא יגרור ציציותיו
✦ Le-maaseh
When wearing a talit, take care not to drag one's tzitzit on the ground — the concrete, everyday respect for the mitzva.
תשמישי מצוה — respect for mitzva objects and its limits
Case
Register
Status
Central idea
חוטים שנפסקו מן הטלית
Mechaber · Kol Bo · Maharil
נזרקין
Once detached from the talit, the strings are תשמישי מצוה without kedusha of their body: they may be thrown away. Rama: not in a degrading place; and as a hiddur — geniza, והמחמיר ומדקדק במצות תבוא עליו ברכה.
בעודן קבועים בטלית
Mechaber · שו״ע
ביזוי מצוה
While the strings still serve the mitzva, it is forbidden to put them to a mundane use — to tie anything with them וכיוצא בזה — משום ביזוי מצוה.
הנהגה יום-יומית
Le-maaseh
✦ Le-maaseh
Restroom and sleep in tzitzit — permitted (the custom is lenient); yet that the mitzvot not be held in contempt: do not drag one's tzitzit on the ground. The detail of the customs — see Level 4 and the referral to the Rav.
Frequently asked questions — Siman כ״א
May one throw away tzitzit strings that have torn off, according to Siman 21?
According to the Choulhan Aroukh, Orach Chaim 21:1, the חוטי ציציות שנפסקו may be thrown away, for tzitzit is a מצוה שאין בגופה קדושה — a תשמיש מצוה, not a תשמיש קדושה. The Rama adds: י״א that even after they have torn off, one should not throw them in a degrading place (Kol Bo); ויש מדקדקין put them in geniza, והמחמיר ומדקדק במצות תבוא עליו ברכה (Maharil) — ע״ל סי׳ תרס״ד סעיף ח׳ ט׳.
May one use the tzitzit strings while they are attached to the talit, according to Siman 21?
No. According to the Choulhan Aroukh (Orach Chaim 21:1), while the strings are קבועים בטלית, it is forbidden to use them — for instance to tie anything with them וכיוצא בזה — משום ביזוי מצוה: as long as they serve the mitzva, putting them to a mundane use would be treating the mitzva with contempt. Only once torn off and detached do they revert to mere strings, to be discarded with dignity.
What should be done with a worn-out mitzva talit, according to Siman 21?
According to the Choulhan Aroukh (Orach Chaim 21:2), the טליתות של מצוה שבלו: אדם בודל עצמו מהם — one keeps apart from them. One may neither wipe oneself with them (קינוח) nor set them aside for a degrading use (תשמיש מגונה) — an old talit katan does not become a rag; rather one throws them away, for they are instruments — והם כלים.
May one enter the restroom or sleep in tzitzit, according to Siman 21?
According to the Choulhan Aroukh (Orach Chaim 21:3), it is permitted to enter the restroom in tzitzit (מותר ליכנס בציצית לבית הכסא). The Rama adds: all the more so to sleep in them — וכ״ש לשכב בהן דשרי; some wrote that the custom is not to sleep in a talit bearing tzitzit nor to give it to a non-Jewish launderer to wash — all so that the mitzvot not be held in contempt; yet the custom is lenient about sleeping in them (Kol Bo). And seif 4 adds: one should take care not to drag one's tzitzit on the ground (שלא יגרור ציציותיו).