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DAAT · LEVEL 4 — HALAKHA LEMA‘ASSE

Siman 234 — Halakha lema‘asse: what annulment can do, and what it cannot

יורה דעה · סימן רל״ד
מתי האב והבעל מפירין ומתי מפירין שניהם יחד
הפרת נדרים · ביום שמעו · עינוי נפש · דברים שבינו לבינה
⚖️ הלכה למעשה · Psak
✦ ❖ ✦
The siman’s line of practice, each time anchored to a cited apparatus entry

Subject :
שולחן ערוך יורה דעה סימן רל״ד · ע״ד סעיפים · ש״ך · ט״ז · באר היטב · פתחי תשובה · נקודות הכסף

Written by :
הרב יוסף חיים סממה · DAAT

📑 Table of contents

  1. What this page does not permit
  2. The first distinction: to annul is not to release
  3. Who annuls, and in what state
  4. The day — and the two ignorances that are not equal
  5. The form of the act: the words, the mouth, the heart
  6. Which vows are reached, and what the annulment leaves standing
  7. What closes definitively — and the remedy
  8. Table of practice
  9. What requires a Rav

1. What this page does not permit

This page authorises no one to annul a vow. It gathers what the Shulchan Arukh and its apparatus teach, and every line here is anchored to an apparatus entry cited beside it. An annulment depends on facts — what was said, by whom, when, and in what state the persons stood — which only examination of the case brings out, and it is brought before a Rav. The matters of this siman concern persons, and the Shulchan Arukh sets them out with a restraint we have not wished to leave.

2. The first distinction: to annul is not to release

This is the first point to hold, because everything else depends on it. התרה is the act of a sage or three men: it uproots the vow from its origin, has no deadline, reaches every vow. הפרה is the act of the father or the husband: it does not uproot, it is bounded to one day, and it reaches only two categories of vow. The Ba’er Hetev opens his apparatus on this very limit.

« האב והבעל מפירין דוקא דברים שיש בהם עינוי נפש או בינו לבינה כדלקמן סנ״ה ונ״ח » (באר היטב יו״ד רל״ד ס״ק א)
« דדוקא גבי התרת נדר אמרינן כן דחכם שמתיר עוקר הנדר מעיקרו אבל בבעל מיגז גייז מכאן ולהלאה. » (ט״ז יו״ד רל״ד ס״ק ל״ג)
An immediate practical consequence: the formulas of a release do not annul. The Ba’er Hetev says it in the Shakh’s name — they do not avail for the husband, even with a פתח and a חרטה.
« דבכ״ג מהני גבי חכם אבל בבעל לא מהני אפי׳ בפתח וחרטה » (באר היטב יו״ד רל״ד ס״ק מ״א)

3. Who annuls, and in what state

Three states in which annulment is made, and they exclude one another: the father alone, the husband alone, both together — and a fourth state in which no one annuls: a union where the קידושין do not take (seif 4) and the שומרת יבם (seif 7). Seifim 1 and 2 set the bounds of the three, and seif 5 the intermediate state. The Shakh adds a precision useful in practice: this power reaches even a vow made “on the opinion of many,” and even where the husband had waived in advance.

« וכן בעל מפר נדרי אשתו אפילו נדרה עד״ר ואפילו ביטל הבעל דעתו ונתן לה רשות לדור עד״ר. » (ש״ך יו״ד רל״ד ס״ק ד)
In the intermediate state — the betrothed נערה — one hand accomplishes nothing (seif 5). And on whether both must hear on the same day, the Shakh reports from the Bach that the stringency is taken.
« כתב הב״ח דנקטינן לחומרא » (ש״ך יו״ד רל״ד ס״ק י״ג)

For the father the siman does not decide which vows he reaches (seif 58, three views). The Ba’er Hetev reports the Shakh’s position, and it is the one practice takes.

« וכ׳ הש״ך דנ״ל עיקר להלכה שבתו שוה לאשתו: » (באר היטב יו״ד רל״ד ס״ק נ)

4. The day — and the two ignorances that are not equal

The window is a calendar day, not twenty-four hours (seif 21). Once evening has passed, silence upholds. Two precisions change everything in practice.

What closes — silence kept with intent to uphold closes the door at once, without waiting for evening. The Ba’er Hetev reports it from the Ran.
« ואם שותק ע״מ לקיים לאלתר שוב אינו יכול להפר אפילו בו ביום. » (באר היטב יו״ד רל״ד ס״ק כ״ו)
What reopens — Ignorance of the power to annul, or of the vow’s nature, starts the window from the moment of learning (seif 21). But ignorance of the deadline reopens nothing (seif 22). It is a distinction that weighs in practice, and it is not invented: what the man knew must be established.

Shabbat does not stop the window, and that is why one annuls on that day even without a Shabbat need. The Ba’er Hetev gives the reason in a line.

« דאם לא יפר עד שתחשך לא יוכל שוב להפר. » (באר היטב יו״ד רל״ד ס״ק ל״א)

5. The form of the act: the words, the mouth, the heart

The language is free — any at all, even one the wife does not know (seif 37). The word is not: a word is needed whose purport is to uproot — מופר, בטל, אין נדר זה כלום. The sage’s three formulas — מחול, מותר, שרוי — do not avail here.

But of the three, the third is disputed within the seif itself. The Mechaber closes seif 37 by reporting the view of the Rosh and the Tur, for whom one who said only אין נדר זה כלום has not annulled. The Shakh notes that this view does concede the word בטל. This page does not decide what the Shulchan Arukh leaves open: a husband who said only that third formula must put the question to a Rav.

« ויש מי שחולק ואומר דאומר אין נדר זה כלום לא הוי הפרה » (שו״ע יו״ד רל״ד:לז)
« ויש מי שחולק כו׳. אבל באומר בטל מודה » (ש״ך יו״ד רל״ד ס״ק נ״ז)

On mouth and heart, the Rama decides at seif 40 against the Rambam’s distinction, and his ruling is two words — וכן עיקר. It comes to this: annulment in thought avails only when accompanied by an act that carries it, the formula “take and eat.”

Asymmetry. The heart upholds and does not annul (seif 41). Hence: one retracts an annulment thought, never an upholding thought — except within the span of an utterance.

6. Which vows are reached, and what the annulment leaves standing

Two categories only, and their regime differs. The first, once lifted, is lifted forever — the Shakh adds: and even as regards others. The second is lifted only while the husband has profit in it, and seif 55 itself says how far that reaches: while she is under him, and, after divorce, so long as she has not remarried — for she may yet return to him. A divorced woman who has not remarried is therefore still covered by the annulment; only once she remarries does the vow take effect for him too.

« ואפי׳ לאחרים: » (ש״ך יו״ד רל״ד ס״ק ס״ח)
« דהיינו כל זמן שהיא תחתיו ולאחר שתתגרש כל זמן שלא תנשא שאפשר שתחזור אליו אבל לאחר שתנשא חל הנדר גם לדידיה » (שו״ע יו״ד רל״ד:נה)
What the annulment does not do. It does not uproot: what a third party attached to the woman’s vow remains forbidden to him, though she is permitted (seif 51). And there is a third category of vow that nobody annuls — neither affliction nor a matter between them (seifim 72 and 74).

One point remains disputed and is flagged rather than settled: should one annul as a precaution what the wife already owes, against the possibility of divorce? The Shakh, in the Perishah’s name, says yes; the Ba’er Hetev reports it and at once notes that the Taz disputes.

« מיהו יש להפר שמא יגרשנה כדלעיל סעיף ע״א פרישה וע״ל ס״ק ס׳ שם כתבתי דהט״ז חולק ע״ז: » (באר היטב יו״ד רל״ד ס״ק ס״ב)

7. What closes definitively — and the remedy

What closes is the הקמה, and it is given more easily than one supposes: any formula indicating that he upheld, even said to vex her (seif 37); silence kept until evening (seif 21); attaching his own vow to hers (seif 52). Once given, annulment is closed.

The remedy is at seif 49, and seif 22 had already stated it: ask a sage to release the upholding, then annul. On the time allowed the seif carries two views and does not choose between them. On the first, which the Taz and the Shakh explain, the request avails even several days later, and the day of the request serves as the day of hearing. On the second, which the Mechaber reports in the same seif, one may ask about the upholding only on the day of hearing — and the closing parenthesis of the seif, which the printed editions give as the Rama’s gloss, writes that one should be stringent like this last view. The question is therefore not settled here: it goes to a Rav.
« אפי׳ לאחר כמה ימים ולא אמרינן דהוי כשתיקה » (ש״ך יו״ד רל״ד ס״ק ס״ג)
« היינו ביום השאלה שהוא לו כיום השמיעה ועל הקמתו יכול לשאול אפילו לאחר כמה ימים…(והי״א ס״ל דההקמה שעשה לא גרע משתיקה ביום השמיעה ותו לא מצי למפר) » (באר היטב יו״ד רל״ד ס״ק מ״ה)
« וי״א שאינו יכול להשאל על ההקם אלא ביום השמיעה » (שו״ע יו״ד רל״ד:מט)
« ויש להחמיר כסברא האחרונה (ר״ן והתוספות וכ״כ ר׳ ירוחם ובת״ה בשם סמ״ק) ויתיר לה חכם ג״כ כדלעיל סעיף כ״ג): » (שו״ע יו״ד רל״ד:מט)

The Rama, at seif 23, adds a stringency, and the closing parenthesis of seif 49 — which the printed editions give as his gloss, though our base text does not mark it — runs the same way: a priori one also has a release made by a sage or three men. The Shakh gives the reason — to escape the dispute — and the Ba’er Hetev draws the rule for where the husband is absent.

« הלכך לכתחלה להוציא נפשיה מפלוגתא יש לעשות כל מה דאפשר » (ש״ך יו״ד רל״ד ס״ק ל״ט)
« והלכך היכא דאין הבעל בפנינו יש להתיר לה ע״י ג׳ הדיוטות. » (באר היטב יו״ד רל״ד ס״ק ל)

8. Table of practice

QuestionWhat the siman answersWhere it is written
May the husband annul a vow made “on the opinion of many”?Yes — even if he had waived in advanceseif 1 · Shakh ס״ק ד
May the father annul after adulthood or marriage?No — his power lapses of itselfseif 1
Between betrothal and the חופה, may one alone annul?No — one hand only weakensseif 5
Is the window twenty-four hours?No — it is the day, until eveningseif 21
Does silence until evening count as upholding?Yes — and silence meant to uphold closes at onceseif 21 · Ba’er Hetev ס״ק כ״ו
Does not knowing one could annul reopen the window?Yesseif 21
Does not knowing the deadline reopen it?Noseif 22
Does one annul on Shabbat?Yes — without pronouncing the annulmentseif 24 · Ba’er Hetev ס״ק ל״א
May one appoint an agent to annul?Noseif 30
Does “it is permitted to you” annul?No — that is the sage’s formulaseif 37 · Ba’er Hetev ס״ק מ״א
Does annulment in thought suffice?No — unless with “take and eat”seifim 38 and 40
Does upholding in thought suffice?Yesseif 41
Can an upholding once given be undone?Yes — before a sage, and one annuls after; but on the time of the request there are two views, and the second opens only the day of hearingseif 49 · Shakh ס״ק ס״ג
Can an annulment once given be undone?Noseif 49
Does the annulment free a third party who attached himself to the vow?No — it does not uprootseif 51
Are all vows annullable?No — two categories onlyseif 55 · Ba’er Hetev ס״ק א
A vow that neither afflicts nor touches what is between them?No annulmentseifim 72 and 74

9. What requires a Rav

This siman leaves several questions open, and they must be named so as not to be taken as settled:To which is added what no text settles: what was said, by whom, when, and in what state. All of that is established before a Rav, and a page does not stand in its place.

Going further

Siman 234 reads on four levels, each answering a different question:
The sources of this level may be consulted on Sefaria:
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
DAAT · הרב יוסף חיים סממה
תלמיד חכם · מעביר שיעורים בהלכה ובחסידות
סימן רל״ד · Level 4 — Halakha lema‘asse · מתי האב והבעל מפירין ומתי מפירין שניהם יחד
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