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DAAT · LEVEL 1 — INTRODUCTION

Siman קפ״ד · Saying birkat hamazon at the place of the meal

לקבוע ברכת המזון במקום סעודה ומי ששכח ולא בירך — saying birkat hamazon where one ate, the case of one who forgot and left (mezid / shogeg), one who still has bread, the seven species, the doubt (from the Torah), until when one may bless (digestion), and the measure of a kezayit
סימן קפ״ד · ו סעיפים
לקבוע ברכת המזון במקום סעודה ומי ששכח ולא בירך
🌱 Introductory Level · מתחילים
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This siman teaches where and until when the birkat hamazon is said. The principle: one blesses where one ate (מברך במקום שאכל), before leaving one's place. One who left without blessing (שכח ויצא): if deliberately (mezid) he returns, if he forgot (shogeg) it is a מחלוקת — the Rambam has him bless on the spot, the Rosh has him return. If he has more bread, he eats a little elsewhere and blesses there ; the seven species are blessed at their place ; in doubt one blesses, for it is מן התורה ; one may bless until digestion ; and the שיעור is a kezayit. Hebrew text, English translation and explanation of the ו seifim, with a section of practical cases.

Topic: Birkat hamazon at the place of the meal — bless where one ate, one who forgot and left, doubt from the Torah, measure of digestion
Source: שולחן ערוך אורח חיים סימן קפ״ד · ו סעיפים

Compiled by: רב יוסף חיים סממה
DAAT · daattorah.com

After the cup of birkat hamazon (the previous siman), the Choulhan Aroukh here fixes where and until when the birkat hamazon is said. The core idea: one blesses where one ateמי שאוכל במקום אחד צריך לברך (שו״ע או״ח קפ״ד:א). Around this core, the siman settles the case of one who forgot and left (the dispute of the Rambam and the Rosh), one who still has bread, the seven species, the doubt (since birkat hamazon is מן התורה), the time-limit until digestion, and the measure of a kezayit. We study here at the level of principle ; for personal conduct, one refers to the ruling of the Rav.

📑 Study outline

A. מברך במקום שאכל · שכח ויצא (seif 1) — bless at his place, and one who left
B. יש לו עוד פת (seif 2) — if he still has bread
C. שבעת המינים (seif 3) — the seven species and their blessing
D. ספק אם בירך (seif 4) — the doubt, since it is from the Torah
E. עד אימתי מברך (seif 5) — until digestion, the measure
F. שיעור אכילה בכזית (seif 6) — the measure of a kezayit
1-3. Practical cases and comprehension questions

A. מברך במקום שאכל — blessing where one ate, and one who left

בִּרְכַּת הַמָּזוֹן בִּמְקוֹם סְעוּדָה — the birkat hamazon is said at the place where one ate, before leaving one's place. The source is the mishna (Berakhot 53b): one who ate and forgot to bless — Beit Shammai say he returns to his place, Beit Hillel say he blesses where he remembered. The siman clarifies the details: mezid (deliberate) and shogeg (forgetful), with the dispute of the Rambam and the Rosh.

Seif 1 — bless where one ate · one who forgot and left

מי שאוכל במקום אחד צריך לברך קודם שיעקר ממקומו, ואם יצא ממקומו ולא בירך אם היה במזיד יחזור למקומו ויברך, ואם בירך במקו׳ שנזכר יצא ; ואם היה בשוגג להרמב״ם יברך במקום שנזכר, ולהר״ר יונה והרא״ש גם הוא יחזור למקומו ויברך:
Seif 1: one who eats in a place must bless before leaving his place. And if he left without blessing: if deliberately (mezid) he returns to his place and blesses — and if he blessed where he remembered, he has fulfilled his obligation. And if he forgot (shogeg), for the Rambam he blesses where he remembered, and for Rabbenu Yona and the Rosh he too returns to his place and blesses.
One says birkat hamazon at the place of the meal: מי שאוכל במקום אחד צריך לברך קודם שיעקר ממקומו (שו״ע או״ח קפ״ד:א). One who left without blessing: deliberatelyאם היה במזיד יחזור למקומו ויברך ; and if he forgot, it is a dispute — for the Rambam יברך במקום שנזכר, and for the Rosh גם הוא יחזור למקומו ויברך. The source is the mishna (ברכות נ״ג ע״ב).
The Rama's gloss (רמ״א או״ח קפ״ד:א) sets out the split: this leniency to bless where he remembered is only summary according to the Rambam — דאף בשוגג יחזור למקומו לכתחלה, and במזיד אף בדיעבד לא יצא if he blessed elsewhere (Tur).

B. יש לו עוד פת — if he still has bread

Seif 2 — in what case · one who still has bread

במה דברים אמורים כשאין לו פת עוד אבל אם יש לו פת עוד יאכל במקום השני מעט ויברך רק שלא יהא רעב מאכיל׳ ראשונ׳:
Seif 2: in what case is this said (that he must return to his place)? When he has no more bread. But if he has more bread, he eats a little at that second place and blesses there — provided he is not already "hungry" from the first eating (that is, that the first food has not yet digested).
The rule of returning applies only when he has no more bread: במה דברים אמורים כשאין לו פת עוד. But אבל אם יש לו פת עוד יאכל במקום השני מעט ויברך — he attaches the new place to his meal and blesses there, רק שלא יהא רעב from the first food (as long as it has not digested).

C. שבעת המינים — the seven species

Seif 3 — the seven species / the five grains

י״א שכל שבעת המינים טעונים ברכה לאחריהם במקומם וי״א דחמשת מיני דגן דוקא:
Seif 3: some say that all seven species require a blessing after them at their place (where one ate them) ; and some say that only the five grains (the cereals).
Does the rule "bless at one's place" extend beyond bread? י״א שכל שבעת המינים טעונים ברכה לאחריהם במקומם — for one view, the seven species require their after-blessing at the place of eating ; וי״א דחמשת מיני דגן דוקא — for the other, only the five grains.

D. ספק אם בירך — the doubt, since it is from the Torah

Seif 4 — he ate and does not know whether he blessed

אכל ואינו יודע אם בירך ברכת המזון אם לאו צריך לברך מספק מפני שהיא מן התורה:
Seif 4: one who ate and does not know whether he said the birkat hamazon or not — must bless out of doubt, because it (birkat hamazon) is from the Torah.
The doubt tilts toward obligation: אכל ואינו יודע אם בירך ברכת המזון אם לאוצריך לברך מספק מפני שהיא מן התורה. Since birkat hamazon is an obligation from the Torah (safek de-oraita le-chumra), one repeats it in doubt — unlike rabbinic blessings, where the doubt is lenient.

E. עד אימתי מברך — until digestion

Seif 5 — until the food digests · the measure

עד אימתי יכול לברך עד שיתעכל המזון שבמעיו וכמה שיעורו כל זמן שאינו רעב מחמת אותה אכילה ומשעה שהתחיל להיות רעב אע״פ שלא נתעכל עדיין לגמרי כנתעכל לגמרי דיינינן ליה וכן נמי לענין אכילת פירות ושתיית יין אם אינו רעב ולא צמא ותאב לאות׳ פירות יברך אם אינו יודע לשער אם נתעכלו:
Seif 5: until when may he bless? Until the food digests in his innards. And what is its measure? As long as he is not hungry from that eating. And from the moment he begins to be hungry — even though it has not yet fully digested — we consider it as fully digested. And so too regarding the eating of fruits and the drinking of wine: if he is not hungry nor thirsty nor craving those fruits, he blesses, if he does not know how to estimate whether they have digested.
One may still bless until digestion: עד אימתי יכול לברך עד שיתעכל המזון שבמעיו. The measure: וכמה שיעורו כל זמן שאינו רעב מחמת אותה אכילה — so too in the Gemara in the name of Rabbi Yochanan, כל זמן שאינו רעב (ברכות נ״ג ע״ב). And ומשעה שהתחיל להיות רעב, we already hold it as כנתעכל לגמרי דיינינן ליה.

F. שיעור אכילה — the measure of a kezayit

Seif 6 — the measure of eating, a kezayit

שיעור אכיל׳ לברך עליה ברכ׳ המזון בכזית:
Seif 6: the measure of an eating over which to say the birkat hamazon is a kezayit (the volume of an olive).
summary: the minimal measure of bread eaten that obligates the birkat hamazon is a kezayitבכזית (שו״ע או״ח קפ״ד:ו). Below a kezayit, one does not say the birkat hamazon.
The siman in one sentence: one says the birkat hamazon where one ate, before leaving ; one who left without blessing returns if he did so deliberately, and if he forgot it is a dispute (the Rambam blesses on the spot, the Rosh has him return) ; if he still has bread he eats a little elsewhere and blesses there ; the seven species are blessed at their place ; in doubt one blesses, מפני שהיא מן התורה ; one may bless until digestion ; and the שיעור is a כזית.

Practical cases

Case 1 — I left the table without bentching

Situation: I ate bread, got up and left, and only outside do I remember I did not say birkat hamazon. What do I do?
Conduct: according to the case — if I left deliberately, יחזור למקומו ויברך (seif 1) ; if I forgot, it is a dispute: for the Rambam יברך במקום שנזכר, for the Rosh I return. In practice, one follows one's Rav.

Case 2 — I still have bread

Situation: I moved to another room, and I still have bread. Must I return to my place to bentch?
Conduct: not necessarily — אם יש לו פת עוד יאכל במקום השני מעט ויברך (seif 2): I eat a little at the new place and bless there, רק שלא יהא רעב from the first meal. In practice, one follows one's Rav.

Case 3 — I no longer know whether I bentched

Situation: I ate a full bread meal and I no longer remember whether I said birkat hamazon. Must I say it again?
Conduct: yes — צריך לברך מספק מפני שהיא מן התורה (seif 4), as long as the food has not digested (עד שיתעכל המזון, seif 5) and I ate at least a כזית (seif 6). In practice, one follows one's Rav.

Comprehension questions

Check your understanding:
  1. Where must one say the birkat hamazon, and what does one who left deliberately without blessing do (seif 1)?
  2. One who forgot: what is the dispute of the Rambam and the Rosh (seif 1)?
  3. What does one do who still has bread (seif 2)?
  4. Why does one bless in doubt, and what is the role of "מן התורה" (seif 4)?
  5. Until when may one bless, and what is the measure of food required (seifim 5-6)?

To go further

If you wish to deepen this siman:
Continue to the next simanSiman 185 →
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DAAT · רב יוסף חיים סממה

סימן קפ״ד · ו סעיפים · Level 1 — Introduction
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