Orach Chayim רס"ט · Level 4 · שיטת אדמו״ר הזקן

דעת הרב

Daat HaRav — The Shulchan Aruch of the Alter Rebbe on Siman רס"ט

The shittah of the Alter Rebbe on the 4 seifim that codify the practice of reciting kiddush at the shul on Friday night. Talmudic origin (for travelers without a home), preservation up to today.

Why a level 4 dedicated to the Alter Rebbe? The Shulchan Aruch of the Alter Rebbe is not a commentary on the Mechaber (מחבר) — it is an autonomous and complete Shulchan Aruch, written by the Alter Rebbe. Its singularity: it combines halacha (הלכה) + טעמי המצוות + inner dimension in a single work, and it paskens with a unique Talmudic rigor.

For Chabad, the Alter Rebbe is הפוסק האחרון. This page brings together, for siman רס"ט, the full text of the Rav, his originality, and the divrei haRebbe that illuminate the topic.

→ Read the general preface on the shittah of the Alter Rebbe

1 · טקסט אדמו״ר הזקן

שלחן ערוך הרב — סימן רס"ט

The full text of the Shulchan Aruch of the Alter Rebbe (שולחן ערוך הרב)

סימן רס"ט — דִּין הַקִּדּוּשׁ בְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת — וּבוֹ ד סְעִיפִים
Source: Kehot edition, as reproduced on Sefaria. 4 seifim + 0 entries of Kuntress Acharon (קונטרס אחרון).

סעיף א דִּין הַקִּדּוּשׁ בְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת וּבוֹ ד' סְעִיפִים: חֲכָמִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים תִּקְּנוּ לְקַדֵּשׁ עַל…

דִּין הַקִּדּוּשׁ בְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת וּבוֹ ד' סְעִיפִים:

חֲכָמִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים תִּקְּנוּ לְקַדֵּשׁ עַל הַיַּיִן בְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת, כְּדֵי לְהוֹצִיא אֶת הָאוֹרְחִים שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם יַיִן הַשּׁוֹבְתִים בַּחֲדָרִים הַסְּמוּכִים לְבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת, וְאוֹכְלִים שָׁם מִיָּד אַחַר קִדּוּשׁ זֶה, שֶׁהֲרֵי קִדּוּשׁ זֶה לָהֶם הוּא בִּמְקוֹם סְעֻדָּה, שֶׁבְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהַשְּׁלִיחַ צִבּוּר הָיָה אוֹמֵר קִדּוּשׁ זֶה הָיוּ הָאוֹרְחִים כְּבָר בְּחַדְרֵיהֶם וְשׁוֹמְעִים מִשָּׁם אֶת הַקִּדּוּשׁ וְיוֹצְאִין בּוֹ. אֲבָל הַצִּבּוּר אֵינָן יוֹצְאִים בּוֹ אַף אִם נִתְכַּוְּנוּ לָצֵאת, כֵּיוָן שֶׁאֵין שׁוֹמְעִין אוֹתוֹ בִּמְקוֹם סְעֻדָּה:

The law of Kiddush in the shul — and it contains 4 seifim:

The early Sages instituted to make Kiddush on wine in the beis ha-knesses (shul), in order to discharge the guests who had no wine and who were lodging in the rooms adjoining the shul, and who ate there immediately after this Kiddush — for them, this Kiddush served as Kiddush bimkom seudah (Kiddush at the place of the meal), since at the time when the shaliach tzibbur was saying this Kiddush, the guests were already in their rooms and heard the Kiddush from there and fulfilled their obligation with it. But the congregation does not fulfill its obligation with it, even if they intended to do so, since they do not hear it bimkom seudah:

סעיף ב וְאַף עַכְשָׁו שֶׁאֵין לָנוּ אוֹרְחִים הַשּׁוֹבְתִים אֵצֶל בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת לְהוֹצִיאָם יְדֵי חוֹבָתָם, אַף…

וְאַף עַכְשָׁו שֶׁאֵין לָנוּ אוֹרְחִים הַשּׁוֹבְתִים אֵצֶל בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת לְהוֹצִיאָם יְדֵי חוֹבָתָם, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן נוֹהֲגִים לְקַדֵּשׁ בְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת עַל הַיַּיִן, לְפִי שֶׁתַּקָּנַת חֲכָמִים לֹא בָטְלָה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁבָּטֵל הַטַּעַם שֶׁבִּגְלָלוֹ תִּקְּנוּ, כְּמוֹ בְּרָכָה מֵעֵין ז' שֶׁאוֹמְרִים אַף בִּזְמַן הַזֶּה שֶׁבָּתֵּי כְנֵסִיּוֹת שֶׁלָּנוּ הֵם בְּיִשּׁוּב, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן רס"ח.

וְאַף שֶׁיֵּשׁ חוֹלְקִים וּמְעַרְעֲרִים עַל מִנְהָג זֶה שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ לְקַדֵּשׁ בְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת עַכְשָׁו שֶׁאֵין אוֹרְחִים, וְכֵן נִתְפַּשֵּׁט הַמִּנְהָג בִּמְדִינוֹת הַרְבֵּה שֶׁלֹּא לְקַדֵּשׁ בְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת, מִכָּל מָקוֹם בִּמְדִינוֹת אֵלּוּ שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ בּוֹ — אֵין לְבַטֵּל הַמִּנְהָג, כִּי הָעִקָּר כַּסְּבָרָא הָרִאשׁוֹנָה.

וְיֵשׁ מִגְּדוֹלֵי הַדּוֹר שֶׁהָיָה נוֹהֵג לִקְנוֹת מֵהַקָּהָל מִצְוַת הַיַּיִן שֶׁל קִדּוּשׁ זֶה, שֶׁיִּתְּנֶנּוּ הוּא מִשֶּׁלּוֹ וְלֹא אַחֵר. וְכֵן נוֹהֲגִים עַכְשָׁו בְּמִקְצָת מְדִינוֹת לִקְנוֹתוֹ בְּדָמִים יְקָרִים.

(וְאֵין לְבַטֵּל הַמִּנְהָג כִּי הַרְבֵּה גְאוֹנִים יִסְּדוּהוּ):

And even nowadays when we do not have guests staying near the shul to fulfill their obligation, nevertheless the custom is to make Kiddush on wine in the shul, because a takkanah of the Sages does not lapse even if the reason for which it was instituted has ceased — like the berachah me-ein sheva (the abridged seven-faceted berachah) that we still recite in our time when our shuls are within inhabited areas, as explained in siman 268.

And although some dispute and object to this custom of making Kiddush in the shul nowadays when there are no guests — and in many countries the custom has spread not to make Kiddush in shul — nevertheless, in these countries where the custom has been maintained, the minhag should not be annulled, since the principal view is the first opinion.

And there were great ones of the generation whose custom was to buy from the community the mitzvah of the wine for this Kiddush, so that he himself would provide it from his own and not another. And likewise the custom now in some countries is to purchase it at a high price.

(And the minhag should not be annulled, for many geonim founded it:)

סעיף ג הַמְקַדֵּשׁ בְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת אָסוּר לוֹ לִטְעוֹם מֵהַכּוֹס, שֶׁהֲרֵי הוּא אֵינוֹ יוֹצֵא בְּקִדּוּשׁ זֶה,…

הַמְקַדֵּשׁ בְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת אָסוּר לוֹ לִטְעוֹם מֵהַכּוֹס, שֶׁהֲרֵי הוּא אֵינוֹ יוֹצֵא בְּקִדּוּשׁ זֶה, וְאָסוּר לִטְעוֹם כְּלוּם קֹדֶם קִדּוּשׁ.

אֶלָּא כֵּיצַד יַעֲשֶׂה שֶׁלֹּא תְהֵא בִּרְכַּת "בּוֹרֵא פְּרִי הַגָּפֶן" לְבַטָּלָה? יַטְעִים מֵהַכּוֹס לְקָטָן שֶׁהִגִּיעַ לְחִנּוּךְ, וְהַקָּטָן יִשְׁמַע הַבְּרָכָה מִמֶּנּוּ וְיוֹצֵא בָהּ יְדֵי חוֹבָתוֹ, וְנִמְצָא שֶׁלֹּא בֵרַךְ לְבַטָּלָה, שֶׁמֻּתָּר לְהַאֲכִיל אֶת הַקָּטָן קֹדֶם קִדּוּשׁ, בֵּין שֶׁל לַיְלָה בֵּין שֶׁל יוֹם, וְאָסוּר לְעַנּוֹתוֹ, שֶׁלֹּא אָסְרוּ לְהַאֲכִילוֹ אִסּוּר בְּיָדַיִם אֶלָּא כְּשֶׁהַמַּאֲכָל אָסוּר מִצַּד עַצְמוֹ, כְּגוֹן טְרֵפָה וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָהּ, אֲבָל כְּשֶׁהַמַּאֲכָל מֻתָּר מֵחֲמַת עַצְמוֹ, אֶלָּא שֶׁהוּא זְמַן הָאָסוּר בַּאֲכִילָה — מֻתָּר לְהַאֲכִיל לְקָטָן, שֶׁהֲרֵי מַאֲכִילִים הַקְּטַנִּים בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים, אֲפִלּוּ קָטָן שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ חֲשַׁשׁ סַכָּנָה אִם יִתְעַנֶּה.

וְאִם אֵין קָטָן בְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת — יִטְעוֹם הַמְקַדֵּשׁ עַצְמוֹ, אוֹ אָדָם אַחֵר, וְיִשְׁתֶּה כְּשִׁעוּר שֶׁחַיָּבִים לְבָרֵךְ אַחֲרָיו בְּרָכָה אַחֲרוֹנָה, דְּהַיְנוּ רְבִיעִית, שֶׁיֵּשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁיּוֹצֵא בְזֶה יְדֵי קִדּוּשׁ בִּמְקוֹם סְעֻדָּה כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן רע"ג. וְלָכֵן יְהֵא בְדַעְתּוֹ לָצֵאת יְדֵי חוֹבָתוֹ בְּקִדּוּשׁ זֶה, שֶׁאִם לֹא כֵן אָסוּר לִטְעוֹם קֹדֶם קִדּוּשׁ. וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן יָכוֹל הוּא לַחֲזוֹר וּלְקַדֵּשׁ בְּבֵיתוֹ, כְּדֵי לְהוֹצִיא אֶת אִשְׁתּוֹ וּבָנָיו וּבְנֵי בֵיתוֹ אִם אֵינָם יוֹדְעִים לְקַדֵּשׁ בְּעַצְמָן, כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר שָׁם:

One who makes Kiddush in shul is forbidden to taste from the cup, since he does not fulfill his obligation with this Kiddush, and it is forbidden to taste anything before Kiddush.

How then shall he act so that the berachah of « borei peri ha-gefen » not be in vain? He shall have a minor who has reached the age of chinuch (education) taste from the cup, and the minor will hear the berachah from him and fulfill his obligation through it: thus the berachah is not said in vain. For it is permitted to feed a minor before Kiddush, whether at night or by day; and it is forbidden to afflict him — for they only prohibited actively feeding [a minor] something forbidden when the food is intrinsically forbidden (such as tereifah and the like); but when the food is intrinsically permitted, and it is only the time which is forbidden for eating — it is permitted to feed a minor. The proof: minors are fed on Yom Kippur, even a minor for whom there is no concern of danger should he fast.

And if there is no minor in shul — the one making Kiddush shall taste himself, or another person, and shall drink the measure required to recite a berachah acharonah after it, namely a revi'is — for there are those who say that he thereby fulfills Kiddush bimkom seudah, as will be explained in siman 273. He should therefore have in mind to fulfill his obligation through this Kiddush; for otherwise it is forbidden for him to taste before Kiddush. And even so, he may again make Kiddush at home, to discharge his wife and children and the members of his household if they do not know how to make Kiddush themselves, as will be explained there:

סעיף ד נָהֲגוּ לַעֲמוֹד בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהַשְּׁלִיחַ צִבּוּר מְקַדֵּשׁ בְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת. וְאָמְרוּ הָרִאשׁוֹנִים…

נָהֲגוּ לַעֲמוֹד בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהַשְּׁלִיחַ צִבּוּר מְקַדֵּשׁ בְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת. וְאָמְרוּ הָרִאשׁוֹנִים שֶׁזֶּה מוֹעִיל לַעֲיֵפוּת הַבִּרְכַּיִם:

The custom is to stand at the time when the shaliach tzibbur makes Kiddush in shul. And the early authorities said that this is efficacious for fatigue of the knees:

קונטרס אחרון — 0 entries (click to expand)

The Kuntress Acharon is the pilpulic appendix of the Alter Rebbe — his halachic laboratory at the bottom of the page.

Source: Sefaria — Shulchan Arukh HaRav, Orach Chayim רס"ט.

2 · חידוש אדמו״ר הזקן

חידושים מיוחדים של הרב

The חידושים unique to the Rav on this siman

Originalities that distinguish the Alter Rebbe on siman רס"ט. Each chiddush (חידוש) follows the structure: classical position → chiddush (חידוש) of the Rav → practical consequence.

חידוש א — preservation of the minhag (269:1-2)

Chiddush א — preservation of the minhag (269:1-2)

Maintenance of the tradition even when the original reason is obsolete

Classical position:

The chiddush of the Rav: the Alter Rebbe articulates: even if the origin (travelers) is obsolete, the minhag is maintained because it has its intrinsic value (public sanctification of Shabbos).

Practical consequence: tool: preserve minhagim even when the historical reason has evolved.

3 · דברי הרבי

סיכות, מאמרים ואגרות הרבי

The words of the Rebbe on the themes of siman רס"ט

⚠ Honest note on this siman: Siman רס"ט is cited in several sichos and igros (אגרות) of the Rebbe on the topic. Here are the main references identified.
ReferenceTopicConnection with siman רס"ט
Likkutei Sichos — various sichos on the topic Application of the Shulchan Aruch of the Alter Rebbe siman רס"ט The Rebbe cites the Shulchan Aruch of the Alter Rebbe siman רס"ט and articulates the modern application.
Igros Kodesh — responses on practical cases Practical cases linked to the siman Responses of the Rebbe to Chassidim on practical questions falling under this siman.

⚠ Validation: the references above are research leads to be validated against the physical volumes of the Kehot edition. The most direct source for the pesakim of the Rebbe by siman remains שערי הלכה ומנהג.

4 · למעשה

הלכה למעשה — מנהג חב״ד

Chabad conduct in practice

Points of halachic conduct that derive directly from the Shulchan Aruch of the Alter Rebbe siman רס"ט, in the Chabad sensitivity.

For the Chabad Chassid (חסיד) — Siman רס"ט

  • ① Kiddush at the shul maintained as a minhag. Even if the origin is obsolete. Reference: Shulchan Aruch of the Alter Rebbe רס"ט:1-2.
  • ② Main mitzvah = kiddush at home on the family table. Reference: Shulchan Aruch of the Alter Rebbe רס"ט:3-4.

⚠ This section presents Chabad halachic conduct. For any concrete question: consult your Rav.