Siman 357 ยท 3 Seifim
First approach to Siman 357: full Hebrew text, fluent translation, pedagogic explanations, modern practical cases.
Topic: Courtyard less than 4 amos and drain
Source: Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chaim, Siman 357 (3 seifim)
Compiled by: Rav Yossef Chaim Samama
DAAT ยท daattorah.com
๐ Study Plan
1. The Shulchan Aruch text
Siman 357 contains 3 seifim of the Mechaber dealing with a courtyard less than 4 amos and a drain.
Seif 1
ืืื ื ืืฆืจ ืคืืืช ืื' ืืืืช ืืืื. ืืื ื ืกืขืืคืื:
ืืฆืจ ืฉืคืืืชื ืื' ืืืืช ืขื ื' ืืืืช ืฉืืื ืกืืืื ืืจืฉืืช ืืจืืื ืืื ืฉืืคืืื ืืชืืื ืืื ืืฉื' ืืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ื' ืืืืช ืืื ืกืืชืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืขืฉืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืืข ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืคื ืืจืฉืืช ืืจืืื ืืื ืฆืจืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืื ืฉืชืื ืืืื ืืืืงืช ืกืืชืื: ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฆื ืืื ืขื ืืฆื ืืื ืืจืื ืฉืืฉื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืืืืงืช ืกืืชืื (ืจืื"ื) ืืื ืื ืืขืฉื ื ืืคื ืื ืืืฆืจ ืื ืืืืฅ ืืื ืฉืื ืืขืฉื ื ืืืืฅ ืฆืจืื ืืืกืืชื ืื ืกืจืื ืืื ืฉืชืื ืืงืื ืคืืืจ ืืืคืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืงืื ืคืืืจ ืืืืื ืฉืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืคืื ืื ืื ืื ืฉืืจืฆื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืืงืช ืกืืชืื ืื ืืฉืคืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉ ืืืฆืจ ืืจืืข ืขื ืืจืืข ืืคื' ืืื ืืจืื ืืงืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืฆืจ ืื ืฉืืื ืืืชืจ ืืฉืคืื ืื ืื ืื ืฉืืจืฆื ืืืฆืจ ืืืืกืืจื (ืคื' ืืืช ืฉืืฉ ืื ื' ืืคื ืืช ืืืืคื ื' ืฉืืขืืืืื ืื ืืืช ืืื ื ืืืืคืคืช ืื ืขืืงืจ ืืื ืืจืืื ืฉื ืืืช ืืื ืืคืขืืื ืฉืขืืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืืช ืคืฆืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืคืฆืื ืืืื ืื ืคื' ืืขืจืื ืืคืฆืื ืืื ืืขื ืืืชื ืืฉืจ ืืฉืื) ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ื' ืืืืช ืืฆืืจืคืื ืื' ืืืืช ืืืชืืจ ืืฉืคืื ืืื: ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ื' ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืคื ื ื' ืขืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืขืืืื ืฉืจืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืข ืืื ืื ืื ืกืืืืืช ืื ืืื ืืฆืืจืคืืช (ื"ื ืืฉื ืืจ"ืจ ืืื ืชื): ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืจืื ืืืฆืจ ืืกืืืื ืืจ"ื ืืื ืื ืืื ืกืืืื ืืืจืืืืช ืืคืืื ืืื ืงืื ื ืืจืื ืืื ื ืฆืจืืื ืืืื ืืคืืื ืืืืืช ืืืื (ืืข"ื ืกื' ืฉืข"ื):
Seif 2
ืืื ืฉืืืืกื ื' ืืืืช ืืืฉื ืืจืฉืืช ืืจืืื ืืืฉ ืื ืืจืืข ืขื ืืจืืข ืืืชืจ ืืฉืคืื ืืคื' ืขื ืคื ืืืื ืืคื' ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืข"ืค ืฉืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืฅ ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืกืืืื ืฉื ืขืฅ ืฉืืื ืืืื ืจืืืื ืืืืืข ืืื ืื ืขืฉืื ืืขืื ืจืฆืคื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืืืืขืื ืืฉืจื ืืืืจืื"ื ืืคื' ืืื ืืืจื ืืืื ืื ืืฆื ืืจ ืืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืคืื ืขื ืคืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืคื ืืืฅ ืืืื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืื:
Seif 3
ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืจืฉืืช ืืจืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืชืจ ืืฉืคืื ืขื ืคื ืืืื ืืคืืื ืืืืืช ืืืื: ืืื ืื"ื ืืืื ืืืืืง ืืื ืืจืืืืช ืืจืฉืืช ืืจืืื (ื"ื ืืฉื ืชืืกืคืืช ืืืจื"ืฉ ืืค' ืืืฆื ืืฉืชืชืคืื) ืืืืงื ืืจืืืืช ืฉืืื ืชืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืฃ ืืจื"ืจ ืขืฆืื ืืคืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืื ืจื"ืจ ืืื ืืจืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืฅ ืืขืืจ ืื ืืฆืจ ืฉืืื ื ืืขืืจืืช ืฉืจื (ืืจืืื ืคืจืง ืืืืจืง ืืกื"ื ืื"ืข) (ืชืฉื' ืืืจ"ื ืกืืื ืฆ') ืืขืืจ ืืืืงืคืช ืืืื ืืื ืขืืจืื ืื ืืืฆืจ ืฉืืื ื ืืขืืจืืช ืืื (ืืจืืื ืก"ืค ืืืจ ืืชื"ื ืกืืื ืข"ื ืืข"ื) ืืื ืืฆื ืืจ ืืืขืื ืืขืฉืจื ืฉืขืืืจืื ืืืื ืืจื ืืงืื ืคืืืจ ืืืจืืืืช ืืฉ ืืืงื (ืืืจื"ื) ืืื ืขืืงืจ:
2. General context
What is this siman about?
Siman 357 deals with a very ordinary act: pouring household wastewater into the courtyard on Shabbos. The courtyard, surrounded by partitions, is reshus hayachid; pouring water from the house into it is carrying from reshus hayachid to reshus hayachid โ permitted. The problem arises when the courtyard is too small to absorb the water: it overflows into the adjacent public domain, and the act amounts to "pouring into the public domain."
Place in Hilchos Shabbos
Siman 357 belongs to the carrying series (345-365). It directly extends siman 355 (pouring water from a gezuzแนญra).
3. Key halachic concepts
- ืกึธืืชึทืึดื โ "2 sa'ah," the daily quantity of wastewater a person uses; the siman's reference measure.
- ื' ืึทืึผืึนืช ืขึทื ื' ืึทืึผืึนืช โ the 4ร4 amos area which absorbs 2 sa'ah without overflow.
- ืึผืึผืึธื โ a dug pit, with capacity of 2 sa'ah, that receives the water when the courtyard is too small.
- ืึดึผืื โ a drain, covered pipe that channels wastewater from the courtyard to the street.
- ืจึฐืฉืืึผืช ืึธืจึทืึดึผืื / ืึทึผืจึฐืึฐืึดืืช โ true public domain vs intermediate domain; the stringency applies only against the public domain.
4. Detail of the seifim
| Seif | Content |
|---|---|
| 1 | Courtyard less than 4ร4 amos adjacent to the public domain: forbidden to pour wastewater in summer, since the 2 sa'ah are not absorbed and overflow into the street. Solution: dig a pit (guma) holding 2 sa'ah โ inside the courtyard, or outside but then covered with boards (mekom petur). Without such a pit: pour nothing. Permitted otherwise: 4ร4 courtyard (even narrow), rainy season, combining surfaces (courtyard + portico, two landings), or courtyard bordering a karmelis. |
| 2 | Drain (biv) covered for 4 amos in the public domain and 4ร4 wide: one may pour even at its opening, even in summer, since the covered 4ร4 absorbs the 2 sa'ah like a courtyard. Condition: not a wooden pipe (water is not absorbed) โ stone pavement suffices. Rambam is stricter: pour outside the drain. |
| 3 | All the prior stringency applies only if waters end up in the public domain; if they go to a karmelis, one may pour even at the drain's opening, even in summer. Rema: some do not distinguish karmelis and public domain โ but only for a karmelis in the city (confused with the street); outside the city, or unjoined courtyard, permitted. Pipe above 10 tefachim (waters passing through a mekom petur): leniency. |
5. The Mishnah Berurah โ opening entries
The Mishnah Berurah has 29 entries on this siman.
Full text on Sefaria: Mishnah Berurah 357.
6. The position of the Rema
The Rema adds three glosses (ืืื) in this siman. Two are technical precisions, the third is a genuine Ashkenazi nuance:
- Seif 1 โ pit measure: in the name of the Rambam, the Rema quantifies the 2 sa'ah โ a pit of half an amah by half an amah, with height of three-fifths of an amah, contains 2 sa'ah.
- Seif 1 โ two landings: as a courtyard and portico combine, so two landings (ืึฐึผืืึผืึธืืึนืช) before two upper rooms, covered with absorbing plaster, combine to reach 4 amos if contiguous.
- Seif 3 โ karmelis and public domain: here the Rema settles a genuine machlokes. For the Mechaber, one may pour at the drain's opening if waters go to a karmelis; the Rema cites that some (Tosafos, Rosh) do not distinguish karmelis from public domain โ but only for a karmelis in the city (confused with the street). Outside the city, or for an unjoined courtyard, permitted; and if the pipe is above 10 tefachim, leniency applies. The Rema concludes: "ืืื ืขืืงืจ" โ that is the main ruling.
7. Modern practical cases
Siman 357 concerns any wastewater pouring from the house toward a courtyard or street on Shabbos:
| Situation | Quick analysis |
|---|---|
| Small courtyard or patio (less than 4ร4 amos) facing the street, in summer | Wastewater will overflow into the street: forbidden to pour without digging a 2-sa'ah pit. |
| Same courtyard, in the rainy season | The owner does not want the water to flow out: permitted to pour, regardless of size. |
| Narrow courtyard combined with a covered portico or adjacent landing | Surfaces combine: if the whole reaches 4ร4 amos, one may pour freely. |
| Evacuation via a covered drain/pipe | Pouring at the opening permitted if drain covered for 4 amos and 4ร4 wide and made of stones (which absorb) โ not a wooden pipe. |
| Courtyard opening onto a karmelis (not the street) | No pit needed, even in summer: one may pour freely. |
8. Practical synthesis
- The base rule: pouring wastewater into one's courtyard is permitted โ except when the courtyard is too small (less than 4ร4 amos), adjacent to the public domain, and it is summer: the 2 sa'ah then overflow into the street.
- The solution: dig a pit (guma) holding 2 sa'ah. Outside, it must be covered with boards (mekom petur). Without such a pit, pour nothing.
- The exemptions: 4ร4-amos courtyard (even narrow), rainy season, combining surfaces (courtyard + portico, two landings), or courtyard bordering a karmelis.
- The drain: covered for 4 amos and 4ร4 wide and made of stones, it equals a courtyard โ one pours even at its opening; a wooden pipe does not suffice.
- For halacha lemaaseh, consult your local Rav.
9. Comprehension questions
- What is the general topic of Siman 357?
- How many seifim does this siman contain?
- What is the difference between the Mechaber and the Rema?
- What structuring halachic concepts appear?
- What is the practical rule to remember for daily life?
- In what borderline cases must one consult a Rav?
To go further
- ๐ Level 2 โ Lamdan
- โจ Level 3 โ Synthesis
- ๐ Level 4 โ Daat HaRav: Shitah of the Alter Rebbe (Shulchan Aruch HaRav siman 357)
DAAT ยท Rav Yossef Chaim Samama
Siman 357 ยท Level 1 โ Introduction