โœฆ โ– โœฆ
DAAT ยท LEVEL 1 โ€” INTRODUCTION

Siman 357 ยท 3 Seifim

Courtyard less than 4 amos and drain โ€” to discover and understand
ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื "ื–
ื“ึดึผื™ื ึตื™ ื—ึธืฆึตืจ ืคึธึผื—ื•ึนืช ืžึตืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข ืึทืžึผื•ึนืช ื•ึผื‘ึดื™ื‘
๐ŸŒฑ Introductory Level ยท Beginners
โœฆ โ– โœฆ

First approach to Siman 357: full Hebrew text, fluent translation, pedagogic explanations, modern practical cases.

Topic: Courtyard less than 4 amos and drain
Source: Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chaim, Siman 357 (3 seifim)

Compiled by: Rav Yossef Chaim Samama
DAAT ยท daattorah.com

๐Ÿ“‘ Study Plan

1. The Shulchan Aruch text โ€” the 3 seifim
2. General context
3. Key halachic concepts
4. Detail of the seifim
5. The Mishnah Berurah
6. The Rema
7. Modern practical cases
8. Practical synthesis
9. Comprehension questions

1. The Shulchan Aruch text

Siman 357 contains 3 seifim of the Mechaber dealing with a courtyard less than 4 amos and a drain.

Seif 1

ื“ื™ื ื™ ื—ืฆืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“' ืืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื‘. ื•ื‘ื• ื’ ืกืขื™ืคื™ื:
ื—ืฆืจ ืฉืคื—ื•ืชื” ืžื“' ืืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื“' ืืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ืŸ ืœืชื•ื›ื” ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘' ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื” ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื“' ืืžื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืกืืชื™ื ืžื™ื ืฉืื“ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืจืื•ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืœืข ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื•ื™ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื•ืคืš ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื ืฉืชื”ื ื—ืœืœื” ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืกืืชื™ื: ื”ื’ื” ื•ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืžื ื—ืฆื™ ืืžื” ืขืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืืžื” ื‘ืจื•ื ืฉืœืฉื” ื—ื•ืžืฉื™ ืืžื” ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืกืืชื™ื (ืจืžื‘"ื) ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื™ืขืฉื ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืืœื ืฉืื ื™ืขืฉื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืกื•ืชื” ื‘ื ืกืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื ืžืงื•ื ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืคืœื• ื”ืžื™ื ืžื™ื“ื• ืœืžืงื•ื ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื’ื•ืžื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืคื•ืš ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืจืฆื” ื•ืื ืื™ื ื” ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืกืืชื™ื ืœื ื™ืฉืคื•ืš ื‘ื” ื›ืœืœ ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ืืจื‘ืข ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืืคื™' ื”ื•ื ืืจื™ืš ื•ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืื• ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืคื•ืš ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืจืฆื” ื•ื—ืฆืจ ื•ืื›ืกื“ืจื” (ืคื™' ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’' ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื•ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื“' ืฉืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื“ืœืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื’ื•ืคืคืช ื›ืœ ืขื™ืงืจ ืืœื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืœื• ื•ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœื” ืืžื” ืื—ืช ืคืฆื™ื ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืืžื” ืื—ืช ืคืฆื™ื ืžื›ืืŸ ื›ืš ืคื™' ื”ืขืจื•ืš ื•ืคืฆื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืชืœ ื™ืฉืจ ื•ืฉื•ื”) ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื‘ื“ ื“' ืืžื•ืช ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ืŸ ืœื“' ืืžื•ืช ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืœืฉืคื•ืš ื‘ื”ื: ื”ื’ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘' ื“ื™ื•ื˜ืื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื‘' ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืขื–ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืจืื•ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ื‘ื”ื ืื ื”ื ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื• ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช (ื‘"ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจ"ืจ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ): ื‘ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœืจ"ื” ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœื›ืจืžืœื™ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื’ื•ืžื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื” (ื•ืข"ืœ ืกื™' ืฉืข"ื–):
Translation: A courtyard less than 4 amos by 4 amos adjacent to the public domain โ€” one may not pour wastewater into it on Shabbos in summer. Since it lacks 4 amos, the 2 sa'ah (sasayim) of water a person uses each day cannot be absorbed in it โ€” making it as if poured into the public domain. Therefore one must dig a pit (guma) whose capacity holds 2 sa'ah. Rema's gloss: any pit of half an amah by half an amah, with a height of three-fifths of an amah, holds 2 sa'ah (Rambam). [It may be dug] either inside the courtyard or outside; but outside, it must be covered with boards so it is a mekom petur and water falls from his hand into a mekom petur. Once the pit is dug, one may pour into it whatever one wishes; if it does not hold 2 sa'ah, one pours nothing at all. And if the courtyard is 4 by 4 โ€” even long and narrow โ€” or in the rainy season in a courtyard of any size, one may pour whatever one wishes. A courtyard and a portico (achsadrah) neither of which alone has 4 amos combine to reach 4 amos and permit pouring. Rema's gloss: the same for two landings before two upper rooms, covered with plaster capable of absorbing water: if contiguous, they combine. [All] this concerns a courtyard adjacent to the public domain; but if adjacent to a karmelis, even very small, no pit is needed, even in summer (see further siman 377).

Seif 2

ื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืžื›ื•ืกื” ื“' ืืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืืจื‘ืข ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืืคื™' ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ ืืคื™' ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื” ืืข"ืค ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืžื™ื“ื• ืœื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ืจืื•ื™ื ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ืื‘ืœ ืื ืขืฉื•ื™ ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืจืฆืคื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ืขื™ื ื•ืฉืจื™ ื•ืœื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืืคื™' ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืจืš ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ ืื• ื”ืฆื ื•ืจ ืžืื” ืืžื” ืœื ื™ืฉืคื•ืš ืขืœ ืคื™ื• ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื” ืืœื ืฉื•ืคืš ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื‘:
Translation: A drain (biv) covered for 4 amos of length in the public domain, having 4 by 4 [amos] โ€” one may pour even at its opening, even in summer, although the water exits immediately from one's hand outside; provided it is not a wooden pipe (silon shel etz), in which water cannot be absorbed. But if it is made like a stone pavement, [the stones] absorb and it is permitted. According to the Rambam, even if the drain or pipe is 100 amos long, one does not pour at its opening in summer; rather one pours outside the drain, and [the waters] flow into the drain.

Seif 3

ื‘ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื›ืจืžืœื™ืช ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื”: ื”ื’ื” ื•ื™"ื ื“ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืจืžืœื™ืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื (ื‘"ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื‘ืค' ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ืŸ) ื•ื“ื•ืงื ื›ืจืžืœื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ ื“ืžื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืจื”"ืจ ืขืฆืžื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื“ืœื™ืช ืœืŸ ืจื”"ืจ ืื‘ืœ ื›ืจืžืœื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื™ืจ ืื• ื—ืฆืจ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ืฉืจื™ (ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืคืจืง ื”ื–ื•ืจืง ื•ืกืž"ื’ ื•ื“"ืข) (ืชืฉื•' ืžื”ืจ"ืž ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฆ') ื•ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžื•ืงืคืช ื—ื•ืžื” ื•ืœื ืขื™ืจื‘ื• ื‘ื” ื›ื—ืฆืจ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื“ืžื™ (ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืก"ืค ื”ื“ืจ ื•ืชื”"ื“ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืข"ื’ ื•ืข"ื“) ื•ืื ื”ืฆื ื•ืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืขืฉืจื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžืงื•ื ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืœื›ืจืžืœื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืœ (ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ) ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจ:
Translation: All this [the previous seif] applies when the waters flow into the public domain; but if they flow into a karmelis, it is permitted to pour at the drain's opening, even in summer. Rema's gloss: some say there is no distinction between karmelis and public domain (Beis Yosef in the name of Tosafos and the Rosh, perek Keitsad Mishtatfin). And [this stringency applies] specifically to a karmelis inside the city, because it is confused with the public domain itself โ€” even nowadays when we have no [pure] public domain. But a karmelis outside the city, or a courtyard not included in an eruv, is permitted (Mordechai, Semag, responsum of the Maharam siman 90). A walled city without eruv is like an unjoined courtyard. And if the pipe is above 10 tefachim, so the waters pass through a mekom petur to the karmelis, there is room to be lenient (Maharil) โ€” and so is the main view.
Complete text: these 3 seifim constitute the entire codification of the Mechaber for this topic.

2. General context

What is this siman about?

Siman 357 deals with a very ordinary act: pouring household wastewater into the courtyard on Shabbos. The courtyard, surrounded by partitions, is reshus hayachid; pouring water from the house into it is carrying from reshus hayachid to reshus hayachid โ€” permitted. The problem arises when the courtyard is too small to absorb the water: it overflows into the adjacent public domain, and the act amounts to "pouring into the public domain."

The fundamental question: Chazal estimated that a person uses about 2 sa'ah of wastewater per day, and that an area of 4 amos by 4 amos of ground absorbs it without overflow. A smaller courtyard does not absorb it: the water flows outside. How then to continue pouring one's wastewater on Shabbos without transgressing?

Place in Hilchos Shabbos

Siman 357 belongs to the carrying series (345-365). It directly extends siman 355 (pouring water from a gezuzแนญra).

3. Key halachic concepts

Essential concepts of Siman 357:

4. Detail of the seifim

SeifContent
1Courtyard less than 4ร—4 amos adjacent to the public domain: forbidden to pour wastewater in summer, since the 2 sa'ah are not absorbed and overflow into the street. Solution: dig a pit (guma) holding 2 sa'ah โ€” inside the courtyard, or outside but then covered with boards (mekom petur). Without such a pit: pour nothing. Permitted otherwise: 4ร—4 courtyard (even narrow), rainy season, combining surfaces (courtyard + portico, two landings), or courtyard bordering a karmelis.
2Drain (biv) covered for 4 amos in the public domain and 4ร—4 wide: one may pour even at its opening, even in summer, since the covered 4ร—4 absorbs the 2 sa'ah like a courtyard. Condition: not a wooden pipe (water is not absorbed) โ€” stone pavement suffices. Rambam is stricter: pour outside the drain.
3All the prior stringency applies only if waters end up in the public domain; if they go to a karmelis, one may pour even at the drain's opening, even in summer. Rema: some do not distinguish karmelis and public domain โ€” but only for a karmelis in the city (confused with the street); outside the city, or unjoined courtyard, permitted. Pipe above 10 tefachim (waters passing through a mekom petur): leniency.
The heart of the siman: pouring one's wastewater into one's courtyard is in itself only carrying from reshus hayachid to reshus hayachid. The whole problem arises from predictable overflow into the public domain. Chazal forbade it (rabbinically, lest one come to pour directly into the street) only where the overflow is both predictable and desired by the owner โ€” that is, in summer, in a too-small courtyard. The pit, the 4ร—4 format and the covered drain are all means of "making absorption possible."

5. The Mishnah Berurah โ€” opening entries

The Mishnah Berurah has 29 entries on this siman.

ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” (ื) โ€” (ื) ื—ืฆืจ ื•ื›ื•' - ื›ืœืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืš ืœืคื™ ืฉืฉื™ืขืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ ืฉื›ืœ ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืกืืชื™ื ืžื™ื ืœืจื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื”ื ืคื ื™ื• ื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื•ืฉืืจ ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื• ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื“ืข ื“ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืžืจื”"ื™ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืื• ืœื›ืจืžืœื™ืช ื•ื“ืจืš ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืœื—ืฆื™ืจื• ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืฉื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื’"ื› ืจื”"ื™ ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžืจื”"ื™ ืœืจื”"ื™ ื•ืฉื™ืขืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ ื“ืกืืชื™ื ืžื™ื ื ื‘ืœืขื™ื ื‘ืงืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื“"ื ืขืœ ื“"ื ื•ืื™ื ื ืžื˜ื ืคื™ื ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืงืคโ€ฆ
ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” (ื‘) โ€” (ื‘) ืฉื”ื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœืจ"ื” - ืœืืคื•ืงื™ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœื›ืจืžืœื™ืช ื•ื›ื“ืœืงืžื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ:
ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” (ื’) โ€” (ื’) ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื” - ืฉืื“ื ืžืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื—ืฆืจื• ื•ืžืกืชืžื ื ื™ื—ื ืœื™ื” ืฉื™ืฆื ืœื—ื•ืฅ:

Full text on Sefaria: Mishnah Berurah 357.

6. The position of the Rema

The Rema adds three glosses (ื”ื’ื”) in this siman. Two are technical precisions, the third is a genuine Ashkenazi nuance:

The three glosses of the Rema:

7. Modern practical cases

Siman 357 concerns any wastewater pouring from the house toward a courtyard or street on Shabbos:

SituationQuick analysis
Small courtyard or patio (less than 4ร—4 amos) facing the street, in summerWastewater will overflow into the street: forbidden to pour without digging a 2-sa'ah pit.
Same courtyard, in the rainy seasonThe owner does not want the water to flow out: permitted to pour, regardless of size.
Narrow courtyard combined with a covered portico or adjacent landingSurfaces combine: if the whole reaches 4ร—4 amos, one may pour freely.
Evacuation via a covered drain/pipePouring at the opening permitted if drain covered for 4 amos and 4ร—4 wide and made of stones (which absorb) โ€” not a wooden pipe.
Courtyard opening onto a karmelis (not the street)No pit needed, even in summer: one may pour freely.
For exact practical cases: measure the courtyard, identify what borders it (public domain or karmelis), distinguish summer from rainy season. For halacha lemaaseh, consult your Rav.

8. Practical synthesis

The teachings of Siman 357 in 3 seifim:
  1. The base rule: pouring wastewater into one's courtyard is permitted โ€” except when the courtyard is too small (less than 4ร—4 amos), adjacent to the public domain, and it is summer: the 2 sa'ah then overflow into the street.
  2. The solution: dig a pit (guma) holding 2 sa'ah. Outside, it must be covered with boards (mekom petur). Without such a pit, pour nothing.
  3. The exemptions: 4ร—4-amos courtyard (even narrow), rainy season, combining surfaces (courtyard + portico, two landings), or courtyard bordering a karmelis.
  4. The drain: covered for 4 amos and 4ร—4 wide and made of stones, it equals a courtyard โ€” one pours even at its opening; a wooden pipe does not suffice.
  5. For halacha lemaaseh, consult your local Rav.

9. Comprehension questions

Check your understanding:
  1. What is the general topic of Siman 357?
  2. How many seifim does this siman contain?
  3. What is the difference between the Mechaber and the Rema?
  4. What structuring halachic concepts appear?
  5. What is the practical rule to remember for daily life?
  6. In what borderline cases must one consult a Rav?

To go further

Continue the study โ€” next simanSiman 358 โ†’
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DAAT ยท Rav Yossef Chaim Samama

Siman 357 ยท Level 1 โ€” Introduction