Siman 356 · 2 Seifim
First approach to Siman 356: full Hebrew text of the Mechaber, fluent translation, pedagogic explanations, practical cases.
Topic: Water channel crossing the courtyard
Source: Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chaim, Siman 356 (2 seifim)
Compiled by: Rav Yossef Chaim Samama
DAAT · daattorah.com
📑 Study Plan
1. The Shulchan Aruch text
Siman 356 contains 2 seifim of the Mechaber dealing with a water channel crossing a courtyard.
Seif 1
דין אמת המים העוברת בחצר. ובו ב סעיפים:
אמת המים העוברת בחצר עמוקה עשרה ורחבה ארבעה אין ממלאין ממנה בשבת אלא אם כן עשו לה מחיצה גבוה עשרה בכניסתה וביציאתה ויהיה טפח ממנה משוקע במים ואם היתה המחיצה כולה יורדת בתוך המים צריך שיהי' טפח ממנה יוצא למעל מן המים ואם התחילה לעשות המחיצ' אצל השפה מכל צד ולא חיבר אותם באמצע כדי שיהו המים נכנסים ויוצאים דרך שם אם אין ביניהם ג' טפחים שרי דאמרינן לבוד יש ביניהם ג' טפחים אסור: הגה ואם הנקבים שהאמה נכנס ויוצא בהם אינם רחבים ג' אפי' מחיצה אינו צריך (ב"י בשם ריטב"א):
Seif 2
חצר שנפרצה ולשון ים עובר על הפרצה אם אינו במלואו ואין בפרצה יותד מי' מותר למלאות ממנו ולהכניס לבית נפרצה במילואה או שיש בפרצה יותר מי' אם נשאר במקום שנפרץ גידודין גבוהים י' והמים מכסים אותו מותר למלאות ממנו בחצר אבל אסור להכניסן לבית אלא אם כן עשו מחיצה גבוה עשרה על המים לא נשאר גידודים אסור אפילו למלאות בחצר:
2. General context
What is this siman about?
Siman 356 deals with a water channel crossing a closed courtyard. The courtyard, surrounded by partitions, is reshus hayachid; but the channel — 10 deep and 4 wide — communicates with outside water, making it a karmelis crossing reshus hayachid. How can one "attach" this water to the courtyard in order to draw from it?
Place in Hilchos Shabbos
Siman 356 continues the carrying series (345-365). Talmudic source: Eruvin 87b.
3. Key halachic concepts
- אַמַּת הַמַּיִם — water channel; 10 deep and 4 wide, it is a karmelis.
- בָּטֵל לְגַבֵּי רְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד — water without outside communication is "nullified" to the courtyard.
- מְחִיצָה בִּכְנִיסָה וּבִיצִיאָה — partition at entrance and exit, separating inside from outside water.
- לָבוּד — a gap of less than 3 tefachim is deemed "joined."
4. Detail of the seifim
| Seif | Content |
|---|---|
| 1 | Channel crossing the courtyard (10 deep, 4 wide): one may not draw, except with a 10-high partition at entrance and exit, one tefach submerged. Partition started from each edge without joining in the middle: less than 3 tefachim → permitted (lavud); 3 → forbidden. Rema: openings less than 3 → no partition needed at all. |
| 2 | Courtyard breached with a tongue of sea over it: partial breach, no more than 10 amos → may draw and bring into the house. Full breach or more than 10: 10-high ridges remaining → may draw in the courtyard but not into the house (unless partition); no ridge → forbidden even to draw in the courtyard. |
5. The Mishnah Berurah — opening entries
The Mishnah Berurah has 16 entries on this siman.
Full text on Sefaria: Mishnah Berurah 356.
6. The position of the Rema
The Rema adds a leniency in seif 1: if the openings through which the channel enters and exits the courtyard are not 3 tefachim wide, the channel is already "separated" from outside by the principle of lavud — and not even a partition is needed.
- Openings less than 3 tefachim → lavud "closes" them → no partition needed.
- Principle: whatever separates inside from outside water suffices.
- Chabad → follow Shulchan Aruch HaRav, siman 356 (Level 4).
7. Modern practical cases
| Situation | Quick analysis |
|---|---|
| Enclosed pool in a courtyard, no outside connection | Reshus hayachid — draw without any setup. |
| Channel (10 deep, 4 wide) crossing the courtyard | Karmelis — partition at entrance and exit required. |
| Channel with narrow openings (less than 3 tefachim) | Lavud closes them — no partition needed. |
| Courtyard breached toward the sea | According to width of breach and remaining ridges. |
8. Practical synthesis
- Enclosed water without outside connection: reshus hayachid — draw freely.
- Channel (10 deep, 4 wide) crossing the courtyard: karmelis — partition at entrance and exit needed.
- Openings less than 3 tefachim: lavud — no partition needed.
- Courtyard breached on the sea: according to breach and ridges.
- For halacha lemaaseh, consult your Rav.
9. Comprehension questions
- What is the general topic of Siman 356?
- How many seifim does this siman contain?
- What is the difference between the Mechaber and the Rema?
- What structuring halachic concepts appear?
- What is the practical rule to remember?
- In what borderline cases must one consult a Rav?
To go further
- 📚 Level 2 — Lamdan: pilpul, shittos of the Rishonim
- ✨ Level 3 — Synthesis: review and memorization
- 📜 Level 4 — Daat HaRav: Shitah of the Alter Rebbe (Shulchan Aruch HaRav siman 356)
DAAT · Rav Yossef Chaim Samama
Siman 356 · Level 1 — Introduction