Siman שע״ג · 1 seif of the Shulchan Aruch
First approach to Siman שע״ג: complete Hebrew text of the Mechaber and of the Rema's gloss, English translation, pedagogical explanations of the halachic concepts, practical cases and synthesis.
Topic: two balconies (gezuztraos) projecting from two upper storeys (aliyos) — when the plank four tefachim wide placed between them makes them an opening (pesach) for the eruv, and when an offset or a difference in height of three tefachim prevents it
Source: שולחן ערוך אורח חיים סימן שע״ג (a single seif in the Shulchan Aruch, with a gloss of the Rema; a single seif in the Shulchan Aruch HaRav as well, studied at Level 4)
Compiled by: רב יוסף חיים סממה
DAAT · daattorah.com
📑 Study Plan
1. The Shulchan Aruch text
Siman שע״ג contains a single seif of the Mechaber (Rabbi Yosef Karo), with a gloss of the Rema. Topic of the siman, according to its title: the law of two balconies (gezuztraos) on two upper storeys (aliyos). The seif says when the plank four tefachim wide placed between them makes them an opening, so that they make the eruv together. The Shulchan Aruch of the Alter Rebbe also has a single seif for this siman; its wording is studied at Level 4.
Seif א
דין שתי גזוזטראות בשתי עליות. ובו סעיף אחד:
שתי גזוזטראו' הבולטו' משני עליו' זו כנגד זו ונתן ביניהם נסר רחב ארבע' הרי הוא כפתח ומערבין יחד: הגה ואם אין המרחק שביניהם ארבעה אפילו בלא נסר נמי דינא הכי (המגיד פ״ג) ואם רצו כל א' מערבת לעצמה אבל אם היו זו שלא כנגד זו שאחת משוכה למזרח וא' למערב אינם יכולים לערב יחד וכן אם היתה אחת גבוה מחבירת' לא חשיב פתח והני מילי כשמרוחקו' זו מזו ג״ט אבל אם הם תוך ג' זו לזו בין בריחוק בין בגובה חשיב שפיר כפתח:
- Two facing balconies, joined by a plank of four [tefachim], are like an opening: זו כנגד זו ונתן ביניהם נסר רחב ארבע׳ הרי הוא כפתח ומערבין יחד. The Mishnah Berurah (ס״ק ב) requires the plank to be fixed with nails, so that it cannot be removed on Shabbos.
- Gloss of the Rema — less than four [tefachim] apart, even without a plank: ואם אין המרחק שביניהם ארבעה אפילו בלא נסר נמי דינא הכי. The Mishnah Berurah (ס״ק ה) specifies that, if the closeness runs along the whole length of the wall or over more than ten amos, they make one eruv and not two; the Magen Avraham (ס״ק ב) sets the same limit, for closeness over more than ten amos or along the whole length of the balconies: see section 6.
- Each may also make the eruv for itself: ואם רצו כל א׳ מערבת לעצמה. According to the Mishnah Berurah (ס״ק ו), this holds when the plank extends only from four tefachim up to ten amos; beyond ten amos, they make one eruv and not two; it adds (ודע) that the joint eruv serves only to carry on the balcony, and to carry into the other's courtyard utensils that spent Shabbos in the house; each may make the eruv of his courtyard with its houses and his upper storey.
- Offset balconies: no joint eruv: אבל אם היו זו שלא כנגד זו שאחת משוכה למזרח וא׳ למערב אינם יכולים לערב יחד. One reason, according to the Mishnah Berurah (ס״ק ט): the plank would run from one corner to the other, and one does not make an opening in a corner; it adds that a person is afraid to cross a bridge that is not straight but stands diagonally.
- One higher than the other: not an opening: וכן אם היתה אחת גבוה מחבירת׳ לא חשיב פתח.
- The limit of three tefachim: והני מילי כשמרוחקו׳ זו מזו ג״ט אבל אם הם תוך ג׳ זו לזו בין בריחוק בין בגובה חשיב שפיר כפתח. According to the Mishnah Berurah (ס״ק י״א), they are then as if facing each other — for an offset, by lavud —; and when the empty space between them exceeds four tefachim, it is permitted by the plank placed from one to the other.
2. General context
What does this siman discuss?
The Beis Yosef, on the Tur, traces this case to the mishnah of chapter HaChalon of tractate Eruvin (78b). It first deals with the ditch between two courtyards: « חָרִיץ שֶׁבֵּין שְׁתֵּי חֲצֵירוֹת, עָמוֹק עֲשָׂרָה וְרוֹחַב אַרְבָּעָה — מְעָרְבִין שְׁנַיִם, וְאֵין מְעָרְבִין אֶחָד » (עירובין ע״ח ע״ב) — ten deep and four [tefachim] wide, they make two eruvin and not one. Then comes the plank, and with it the two balconies: « נָתַן עָלָיו נֶסֶר שֶׁרָחָב אַרְבָּעָה טְפָחִים, וְכֵן שְׁתֵּי גְזוּזְטְרָאוֹת זוֹ כְּנֶגֶד זוֹ — מְעָרְבִין שְׁנַיִם, וְאִם רָצוּ מְעָרְבִין אֶחָד » (עירובין ע״ח ע״ב) — one placed over it a plank four tefachim wide, and likewise two facing balconies: they make two eruvin, and if they wish, one. And: « פָּחוֹת מִכָּאן — מְעָרְבִין שְׁנַיִם, וְאֵין מְעָרְבִין אֶחָד » (עירובין ע״ח ע״ב) — less than that [according to Rashi, a plank that is not four wide: « פחות מכאן - שאינו רחב » (רש״י עירובין ע״ח ע״ב); see Level 2], they make two eruvin and not one.
The rest of the case — balconies that are not facing each other —, the Beis Yosef traces to a statement of Rava (79a): « הָא דְּאָמְרַתְּ זוֹ כְּנֶגֶד זוֹ — אִין, זוֹ שֶׁלֹּא כְּנֶגֶד זוֹ — לֹא, וְזוֹ לְמַעְלָה מִזּוֹ נָמֵי » (עירובין ע״ט ע״א) — facing each other, yes; not facing each other, no; and one above the other, also not.
Then: « לָא אֲמַרַן אֶלָּא שֶׁיֵּשׁ בֵּין זֶה לָזֶה שְׁלֹשָׁה טְפָחִים, אֲבָל אֵין בֵּין זֶה לָזֶה שְׁלֹשָׁה — גְּזוּזְטְרָא עֲקוּמָּה הִיא » (עירובין ע״ט ע״א) — this is when there are three tefachim between them; with less than three, it is a bent balcony.
Place in Hilchos Eruvin
In Sefaria's index, the section הלכות עירובין of the Shulchan Aruch begins at siman 345. Siman שע״ג follows siman שע״ב, to which its commentators refer, among others: the Mishnah Berurah to seif 5 (the window between two houses, even above ten tefachim; ס״ק ג), the Magen Avraham to seif 7 (the breach of up to ten amos; ס״ק ב), the Taz to seif 16 (the ditch between two courtyards; ס״ק ב).
3. Key halachic concepts
A few notions structure this siman, in the order of the seif:
- גזוזטרא — the balcony: the Taz explains it after Rashi, « נסרים בולטים משפת תקרת העלייה לר״ה » (ט״ז או״ח שע״ג ס״ק א) — planks projecting from the edge of the upper storey's ceiling toward the public domain.
- זו כנגד זו — facing each other: « ר״ל שזה בולט מדרום לצפון וזה מצפון לדרום » (משנה ברורה שע״ג ס״ק א) — one projects from south to north, and the other from north to south.
- נסר — the plank, four [tefachim] wide: « ובעינן שיקבע הנסר במסמרים שלא יוכל ליטלו בשבת » (משנה ברורה שע״ג ס״ק ב) — it must be fixed with nails, so that it cannot be removed on Shabbos; the Magen Avraham writes this in the name of the Shiltei HaGiborim (ס״ק א).
- כפתח — like an opening: according to the Mishnah Berurah, « דכיון שיש נסר ביניהם רחב ארבע הרי יכול בקל לילך מפתח העליה זו להעליה שכנגדו ומצטרפים » (משנה ברורה שע״ג ס״ק ג) — since there is a plank four wide between them, one can easily go from the opening of one storey to the storey opposite, and they join. It then cites the Pri Megadim: « וכתב הפמ״ג דוקא כמו שצייר המחבר שהיו הגזוזטראות בולטות מן העליות שיש בהן דיורין » (משנה ברורה שע״ג ס״ק ג) — only as the Mechaber depicted it, balconies projecting from storeys in which there are residents; summary of the rest: two houses may make an eruv through an opening between them even above ten tefachim (siman 372, seif 5), but balconies projecting in this way from two courtyards do not help, the opening being above ten.
- אין המרחק שביניהם ארבעה — the distance of less than four, in the Rema's gloss: « היינו שאין בין גזוזטרא לגזוזטרא הפסק אויר רק פחות מד״ט וא״כ יוכל לפסוע בקל מזה לזה » (משנה ברורה שע״ג ס״ק ד) — between one balcony and the other there is only a gap of air of less than four tefachim, and so one can easily step from one to the other.
- כל א׳ מערבת לעצמה — each for itself: the Mishnah Berurah writes that, even without a joint eruv, « יכולים כ״א לערב לעצמו החצר עם בתיו ועליה שלו » (משנה ברורה שע״ג ס״ק ו) — each may make an eruv for himself: the courtyard with its houses and his upper storey. And when each makes the eruv for itself, on the area facing the plank and on the plank itself: « מסתברא דאסור שהרי כ״א פרוץ למקום חבירו ואוסרין זה על זה » (משנה ברורה שע״ג ס״ק ז) — it seems reasonable to him that it is forbidden, since each is open to the other's place, and they forbid each other.
- משוכה — offset: « ר״ל משוכה ממקום חברתה לצד מזרח » (משנה ברורה שע״ג ס״ק ח) — drawn from the place of the other toward the east. The reason: « שכשיתנו הנסר מזו לזו יבא מקרן זוית של זו לזו ופתחא בקרן זוית לא עבדי אינשי » (משנה ברורה שע״ג ס״ק ט) — the plank placed from one to the other would run from the corner of one to the other, and people do not make an opening in a corner; and also: « וגם לפי שאין הגשר ישר אלא באלכסון עומד מתירא אדם לעבור בו » (משנה ברורה שע״ג ס״ק ט) — the bridge not being straight but standing diagonally, a person is afraid to cross it. The scope of this case is disputed. The Taz writes: « משמע כל שאינם בקרן זוית שפיר מהני הנסר אע״ג דהוה בעיקום » (ט״ז או״ח שע״ג ס״ק ג) — it follows that, as long as they are not at a corner, the plank does help, even at a slant. The Biur Halachah reports that the Eliyah Rabbah disagrees: « והנה בא״ר חולק עליו וסובר דאין נ״מ אלא כל שהוא מעוקם בג״ט לא מהני נסר » (ביאור הלכה שע״ג) — there is no difference: whenever the offset is three tefachim, the plank does not help. The Biur Halachah concludes: « וכן עיקר דהרבה ראשונים ס״ל כדעת רש״י דהמשנה דגזוזטרא קאי אנסר ואפ״ה בזה שלא כנגד זה לא מהני » (ביאור הלכה שע״ג) — this is the main view, for many Rishonim hold, like Rashi, that the mishnah of the balconies refers to the plank, and that even so, when they are not facing each other, it does not help. For halachah lema'aseh, consult your Rav.
- תוך ג — within three tefachim: « פי׳ דהוי כאלו הנסר מונח בשוה » (משנה ברורה שע״ג ס״ק י) — it is as if the plank lay level. The Mishnah Berurah (ס״ק י״א) first reads בין בריחוק בין בגובה of two balconies more than four tefachim apart, one higher than the other by less than three: they are then as if facing each other, and a plank is placed from one to the other; then, likewise, for an offset of less than three, « אמרינן לבוד והוי כאלו הם זו כנגד זו ואז אף שעדיין יש אויר רחוק בין זו לזו יותר מד״ט מותר ע״י נסר שנותן בין זו לזו » (משנה ברורה שע״ג ס״ק י״א) — lavud is applied, and it is as if they were facing each other; and then, although more than four tefachim of empty space remain between them, it is permitted by the plank placed from one to the other.
4. Detail of the seifim — one by one
| Seif | Content |
|---|---|
| א | Two balconies of two upper storeys, facing each other, joined by a plank four [tefachim] wide: it is like an opening, and they make the eruv together. Rema: if the distance between them is not four [tefachim], even without a plank the law is so. If they wish, each makes the eruv for itself. Offset balconies, one toward the east and the other toward the west: they cannot make the eruv together; one higher than the other: it is not an opening — this is when the gap is three tefachim; within three, whether in offset or in height, it properly counts as an opening. |
5. The Mishnah Berurah — first entries
The Mishnah Berurah of Rabbi Yisroel Meir Kagan (Chofetz Chaim) contains 11 entries on this siman. Here they all are, in order — to better understand the meaning of the seif:
For the text on Sefaria: Mishnah Berurah 373.
6. Position of the Rema
The Rema (Rabbi Moshe Isserles) adds a gloss (הגה) to this seif. In the text served by Sefaria (Maginei Eretz edition), it comes after the words הרי הוא כפתח ומערבין יחד, and before the rest of the Mechaber's text.
- Seif א — the gloss: « ואם אין המרחק שביניהם ארבעה אפילו בלא נסר נמי דינא הכי » (רמ״א או״ח שע״ג:א) — if the distance between the two balconies is not four tefachim, the law is so even without a plank. The reason, according to the Taz: « כיון דיכול לפסוע מזה לזה » (ט״ז או״ח שע״ג ס״ק ב) — since one can step from one to the other; likewise the Mishnah Berurah (ס״ק ד).
- What the Beis Yosef reports in the name of the Maggid Mishneh — that the Rashba proved from Tosafos: « שאם אין ביניהם מרחק ד׳ אינו צריך נסר מזו לזו אלא אף בלא נסר מערבין אחד ואין מערבין שנים כל שהן זו כנגד זו » (בית יוסף או״ח שע״ג) — if the distance between them is not four, no plank is needed from one to the other: even without a plank, they make one eruv and not two, as long as they face each other. The Taz notes that this contradicts Tosafos and the Rema, and answers: « ולק״מ דזה מיירי במערב לטלטל מגזוזטרא לחברתה והם רחבות הרבה » (ט״ז או״ח שע״ג ס״ק ב) — there is no difficulty: that case is of one who makes the eruv to carry from one balcony to the other, and of very wide balconies; whereas « משא״כ בדברי תו׳ ורמ״א כאן שהגזוזטרא אינם רחבים ואינו רוצה להשתמש שם רק שעל ידיהם יהיה פתח מחצר לחצר ובזה מערבין כמו שרוצים » (ט״ז או״ח שע״ג ס״ק ב) — in Tosafos and the Rema, the balconies are not wide, one does not want to use them, only that through them there be an opening from courtyard to courtyard, and in that case they make the eruv as they wish.
- The limit set by the Mishnah Berurah: « ודוקא שסמיכת הגזוזטראות זו לזו לא היה באורך כל הכותל דאלו אם היה סמיכתן באורך כל הכותל או שהיה נמשך הסמיכה זו לזו ביותר מעשר אמות אז מערבין אחד ולא שנים » (משנה ברורה שע״ג ס״ק ה) — only if the closeness of the balconies does not run along the whole length of the wall; for if it runs along the whole length of the wall, or extends over more than ten amos, they then make one eruv and not two. The Magen Avraham sets the same limit — over more than ten amos, or along the whole length of the balconies (ס״ק ב) —, and adds that the Maggid Mishneh writes so in the name of the Rashba, and so does the Bach (the Maggid Mishneh served by Sefaria writes that the Rashba draws his ruling from the Tosefta, and does not mention ten amos there: see Level 2).
- Chabad → follow the Shulchan Aruch HaRav, siman שע״ג (see Level 4 — Daat HaRav).
7. Modern practical cases
The situations below are applications by the site: the seif does not name them, and each is tied to the part of the seif it involves.
| Situation | Quick analysis |
|---|---|
| Two facing balconies, on two buildings, joined by a plank | Application by the site, seif א: this is the shape of the seif's case — two balconies projecting from inhabited storeys (the Pri Megadim, cited by the Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ג), facing each other, a plank four [tefachim] wide between them: « הרי הוא כפתח ומערבין יחד » (שו״ע או״ח שע״ג:א). The plank must be fixed (Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ב). Whether a present-day building meets these conditions: consult your Rav. |
| Two balconies almost touching, without a plank | Application by the site, seif א, gloss of the Rema: facing each other, if the distance between them is not four tefachim, the law is so even without a plank (the gloss comes in the case of balconies facing each other; for this case, the Beis Yosef reports in the name of the Maggid Mishneh a different rule — one eruv, and not two —, which the Taz sets against the gloss before distinguishing the two cases, ס״ק ב: see section 6); for balconies that are close but offset, this page does not decide. The Mishnah Berurah specifies that, if the closeness runs along the whole length of the wall or over more than ten amos, they make one eruv and not two (ס״ק ה). Consult your Rav. |
| Two balconies offset from each other | Application by the site, seif א: « אינם יכולים לערב יחד » (שו״ע או״ח שע״ג:א), unless the offset is less than three tefachim (seif א). The scope of this case is disputed (Taz, ס״ק ג; Biur Halachah, in the name of the Eliyah Rabbah): consult your Rav. |
8. Practical synthesis of the Siman
- Two facing balconies, joined by a plank four [tefachim] wide, are like an opening, and they make the eruv together (seif א); the plank must be fixed, according to the Mishnah Berurah (ס״ק ב).
- Gloss of the Rema: facing each other, if the distance between them is not four [tefachim], even without a plank the law is so (seif א); if the closeness runs along the whole length of the wall (Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ה) — of the balconies, writes the Magen Avraham (ס״ק ב) — or over more than ten amos, they make one eruv and not two.
- If they wish, each makes the eruv for itself (seif א); according to the Mishnah Berurah, not if the plank extends over more than ten amos; it adds (ודע) that the joint eruv serves only to carry on the balcony, and to carry into the other's courtyard utensils that spent Shabbos in the house; each may make the eruv of his courtyard with its houses and his upper storey (ס״ק ו).
- Offset balconies: they cannot make the eruv together (seif א); the scope of this case is disputed (Taz, ס״ק ג; Biur Halachah).
- One higher than the other: it is not an opening (seif א).
- This is when the gap is three tefachim; within three, whether in offset or in height, it properly counts as an opening (seif א) — with the plank, when the empty space between them exceeds four tefachim, according to the Mishnah Berurah (ס״ק י״א).
- For halachah lema'aseh, consult your Rav.
9. Comprehension questions
- What is a גזוזטרא, according to the Taz after Rashi (ס״ק א)?
- Why does the plank make the two balconies an opening (Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ג), and how must it be placed (ס״ק ב)?
- What does the Rema's gloss say when the distance is less than four tefachim, and for what reason (Taz, ס״ק ב; Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ד)?
- How does the Taz reconcile the Rema's gloss with what the Beis Yosef reports in the name of the Maggid Mishneh (ס״ק ב)?
- Why can offset balconies not make the eruv together (Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ט), and on what do the Taz and the Eliyah Rabbah differ (Biur Halachah)?
- What does בין בריחוק בין בגובה (“whether in offset or in height”) mean, and what is the law within three tefachim (Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק י and י״א)?
- Which words of Rava (עירובין ע״ט ע״א) do we find in the seif?
To go further
- 📚 Level 2 — Lamdan: for pilpul, the שיטות ראשונים, the חקירות יסודיות, and the nuances of the Acharonim
- ✨ Level 3 — Synthesis: for review and rapid memorization with mnemonics
- 📜 Level 4 — Daat HaRav: the Shitah of the Alter Rebbe (Shulchan Aruch HaRav siman שע״ג)