Siman שפ״ה · 4 seifim of the Shulchan Aruch
First approach to Siman שפ״ה: complete Hebrew text of the Mechaber, English translation, pedagogical explanations of the halachic concepts, practical cases and synthesis.
Topic: the Tzeduki (Sadducee), the Kusi (Cuthean), the mumar and one who has changed his religion, with respect to the eruv and the renunciation of domain
Source: שולחן ערוך אורח חיים סימן שפ״ה (4 seifim in the Shulchan Aruch, with no gloss of the Rema in the text Sefaria serves; 4 in the Shulchan Aruch HaRav as well, studied at Level 4)
Compiled by: רב יוסף חיים סממה
DAAT · daattorah.com
📑 Study Plan
1. The Shulchan Aruch text
Siman שפ״ה contains 4 seifim of the Mechaber (Rabbi Yosef Karo); in the text Sefaria serves (Maginei Eretz edition), the Rema (Rabbi Moshe Isserles) has no gloss on it introduced by the word הגה. Topic of the siman, according to its title: the law of the Tzeduki and the mumar in the eruv. The Shulchan Aruch of the Alter Rebbe also has 4 seifim for this siman: its numbering is that of Level 4, not that of this page.
Seif א
דין צדוקי ומומר בעירוב. ובו ד סעיפים:
צדוקי הרי הוא כישראל ומבטל רשות אבל עירוב אינו מועיל כיון שאינו מודה בעירוב:
- The Tzeduki is like a Jew: he renounces his domain: צדוקי הרי הוא כישראל ומבטל רשות. The Mishnah Berurah (ס״ק א) describes the Tzedukim as those who incline to heresy and do not believe in the Oral Torah; and although he certainly desecrates Shabbos in public, at least through a rabbinic prohibition, the Tzeduki is different, it writes in the name of the Beis Yosef, for he is established so from the days of his fathers and holds the custom of his fathers. It adds that, according to several poskim, even a Tzeduki, when he desecrates Shabbos in public, has the law of a non-Jew (section 6).
- But the eruv does not help, since he does not acknowledge the eruv: אבל עירוב אינו מועיל כיון שאינו מודה בעירוב. Even if he gave his share in the eruv, the Mishnah Berurah explains (ס״ק ב), it does not help, and he forbids them until he renounces his domain to them; and this is not limited to the Tzedukim and the like who do not acknowledge the Oral Torah: likewise one who merely does not acknowledge the mitzvah of eruv cannot give a share in the eruv.
Seif ב
כותי הרי הוא כשאר עכו״ם ואין לו תקנה אלא בשכירות:
- The Kusi has the law of other non-Jews: כותי הרי הוא כשאר עכו״ם.
- His only remedy is renting: ואין לו תקנה אלא בשכירות.
Seif ג
ישראל מומר לעבודת אלילים או לחלל שבתות בפרהסיא אפילו אינו מחללו אלא באיסור דרבנן הרי הוא כעכו״ם ואם אינו מחלל אלא בצינע' אפילו מחללו באיסור דאוריית' הרי הוא כישראל ומבטל רשות:
- The mumar for idolatry, or for desecrating Shabbos in public, even through a rabbinic prohibition, is like a non-Jew: ישראל מומר לעבודת אלילים או לחלל שבתות בפרהסיא אפילו אינו מחללו אלא באיסור דרבנן הרי הוא כעכו״ם. For idolatry, even in private (Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ג). For Shabbos, it writes (ס״ק ד), this sin is as grave as that of an idolater, for through it he becomes a mumar for the whole Torah; and only if he is accustomed to this sin: if he desecrated Shabbos once in public, he is not called a mumar, and some say that even once he is called a mumar. It calls public desecrating before ten Jews, or knowing that it will become known among them; and all this when he transgresses out of appetite (leteavon): out of provocation (lehach'is), even for other sins and even not in public, he has the law of a non-Jew. Like a non-Jew, it specifies (ס״ק ה), for this matter: renunciation of domain no longer helps, only renting; for other matters, some Acharonim hold that desecration through a rabbinic prohibition does not make him a mumar.
- In private, even through a Torah prohibition, he is like a Jew and renounces his domain: ואם אינו מחלל אלא בצינע׳ אפילו מחללו באיסור דאוריית׳ הרי הוא כישראל ומבטל רשות. If he is ashamed to do it before a great man, even though he does it before several people, that too counts as in private (Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ו).
Seif ד
ישראל שהמיר והיו לו בתים בשכונת ישראל שעירבו לכל השנה אם אין לו פתח אחר כלל הוא אוסר בכל שבת שחל לאחר שהמיר אבל אם יש לו פתח אחר לשכונת העכו״ם אפילו הוא פתח קטן שלא היה רגיל בו מתחיל' דוחין אותו אצל פתח הפתוח לשכונת העכו״ם:
- With no other entrance, he forbids on every Shabbos that falls after he changed his religion: ישראל שהמיר והיו לו בתים בשכונת ישראל שעירבו לכל השנה אם אין לו פתח אחר כלל הוא אוסר בכל שבת שחל לאחר שהמיר. We do not say, the Mishnah Berurah explains (ס״ק ז), that since [carrying] was permitted for the Shabbosos that fell before he changed his religion, it is permitted for the whole year: each Shabbos is a matter in itself; and since he changed his religion, his share in the eruv is annulled, and he forbids them on the following Shabbosos until they rent from him. If he changed his religion on Shabbos itself, it is permitted for that Shabbos, since what was permitted for part of Shabbos is permitted for all of Shabbos (ס״ק ח).
- If he has another entrance to the neighborhood of the non-Jews, even a small one, we push him off to it: אבל אם יש לו פתח אחר לשכונת העכו״ם אפילו הוא פתח קטן שלא היה רגיל בו מתחיל׳ דוחין אותו אצל פתח הפתוח לשכונת העכו״ם. It must at least be four tefachim by four; less than that is not an entrance (Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק י׳, referring to siman 372). We compel him against the trait of Sodom, it writes (ס״ק י״א), so that he does not forbid them (referring to siman 386, end of seif ט); and also because, having become estranged and accustomed to the non-Jews, he prefers that entrance. If at first he had no entrance and opened it after changing his religion, it refers to siman 383 (ס״ק ט).
2. General context
What does this siman discuss?
Siman שפ״ה says, for those who live with Jews, whether they are treated like a Jew, through the renunciation of domain, or like a non-Jew, through renting: the Tzeduki (seif א), the Kusi (seif ב), the mumar (seif ג), and the Jew who changed his religion when the neighborhood had made the eruv for the whole year (seif ד).
The Gemara brings a baraisa: « יִשְׂרָאֵל מוּמָר, מְשַׁמֵּר שַׁבַּתּוֹ בַּשּׁוּק — מְבַטֵּל רְשׁוּת, שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְשַׁמֵּר שַׁבַּתּוֹ בַּשּׁוּק — אֵינוֹ מְבַטֵּל רְשׁוּת » (עירובין ס״ט ע״ב) — a Jewish mumar who keeps his Shabbos in the marketplace renounces his domain; one who does not keep his Shabbos in the marketplace does not renounce his domain.
Place in Hilchos Eruvin
In Sefaria's index, the section הלכות עירובין of the Shulchan Aruch begins at siman 345. Siman שפ״ה follows siman שפ״ד · 384, whose title, at the head of its seif א, is « עכו״ם אכסנאי אם מעכב » (שו״ע או״ח שפ״ד:א), and precedes siman שפ״ו · 386, whose title, at the head of its seif א, is « דיני שיתוף בעירוב » (שו״ע או״ח שפ״ו:א). The Mishnah Berurah refers here, among others, to siman 372 (ס״ק י׳), to siman 383 (ס״ק ט) and to siman 386 (ס״ק י״א).
3. Key halachic concepts
A few notions structure this siman:
- צדוקי — the Tzeduki (seif א): « והם הנוטים לאפיקורסות ואינם מאמינים בתורה שבע״פ » (משנה ברורה שפ״ה ס״ק א).
- מודה בעירוב — one who acknowledges the eruv: the Tzeduki does not, and the eruv does not help with him (seif א); the Mishnah Berurah extends it: « ה״ה אם רק אינו מודה במצות עירוב אינו יכול ליתן חלק בעירוב » (משנה ברורה שפ״ה ס״ק ב).
- שכירות — renting: the only remedy for the Kusi (seif ב), and for the mumar who is like a non-Jew, « שאינו מועיל שוב ביטול רשות אלא דוקא שכירות » (משנה ברורה שפ״ה ס״ק ה).
- מומר לחלל שבתות בפרהסיא — the mumar for desecrating Shabbos in public (seif ג): « דעון זה חמור כמו עובד עכו״ם שנעשה בזה מומר לכל התורה ודוקא בשרגיל בעון זה אבל אם חילל שבת בחד זימנא בפרהסיא לא מיקרי מומר וי״א דאפילו בחד זימנא מקרי מומר » (משנה ברורה שפ״ה ס״ק ד) — this sin is as grave as that of an idolater, for through it he becomes a mumar for the whole Torah; and only if he is accustomed to this sin: if he desecrated Shabbos once in public, he is not called a mumar; and some say that even once he is called a mumar.
- פרהסיא — public: « ופרהסיא מקרי כשחילל בפני עשרה מישראל או שידע שיתפרסם ביניהם » (משנה ברורה שפ״ה ס״ק ד).
- לתיאבון and להכעיס — out of appetite and out of provocation: « ודע דכל זה כשהוא עובר לתיאבון אבל להכעיס אפילו בשאר עבירות ואפילו שלא בפרהסיא דינו כעכו״ם » (משנה ברורה שפ״ה ס״ק ד).
- פתח אחר — another entrance to the neighborhood of the non-Jews (seif ד): « ועכ״פ בעינן שיהיה בו ד״ט על ד״ט דבפחות מזה לא חשיב פתח » (משנה ברורה שפ״ה ס״ק י׳).
4. Detail of the seifim — one by one
| Seif | Content |
|---|---|
| א | The Tzeduki is like a Jew, and he renounces his domain; but the eruv does not help with him, since he does not acknowledge the eruv. |
| ב | The Kusi is like other non-Jews: he has no remedy except through renting. |
| ג | The mumar for idolatry, or for desecrating Shabbos in public, even if he desecrates only through a rabbinic prohibition, is like a non-Jew; if he desecrates only in private, even through a Torah prohibition, he is like a Jew and renounces his domain. |
| ד | The Jew who changed his religion and had houses in the Jewish neighborhood, whose residents made the eruv for the whole year: if he has no other entrance at all, he forbids on every Shabbos that falls after he changed his religion; if he has another entrance to the neighborhood of the non-Jews, even small and one he was not accustomed to at first, we push him off to it. |
5. The Mishnah Berurah — first entries
The Mishnah Berurah of Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan (Chafetz Chaim) has 11 ס״ק on this siman. Here they are, in order — to better understand the meaning of the text:
The text on Sefaria: Mishnah Berurah 385.
6. Position of the Rema
In the text served by Sefaria (Maginei Eretz edition), the Rema (Rabbi Moshe Isserles) has no gloss introduced by the word הגה on this siman. The Mishnah Berurah, for its part, adds remarks and differing views to the seifim of the Mechaber; here are several, seif by seif.
- Seif א, the Tzeduki who desecrates Shabbos in public — after giving the reason of the Beis Yosef, « צדוקי שאני שמוחזק כך מימי אבותיו ומנהג אבותיו בידו » (משנה ברורה שפ״ה ס״ק א), it writes: « ודעת כמה פוסקים שאף צדוקי כשמחלל שבת בפרהסיא דינו כעכו״ם ונ״מ בכל זה לענין קראים שבזמנינו שבודאי מחללים שבת בפרהסיא עכ״פ במילי דרבנן אין יכולים לבטל רשות עד שישכור מהם » (משנה ברורה שפ״ה ס״ק א) — and the view of several poskim is that even a Tzeduki, when he desecrates Shabbos in public, has the law of a non-Jew; and the practical difference of all this concerns the Karaites of our time [that of the Mishnah Berurah], who certainly desecrate Shabbos in public, at least in rabbinic matters: they cannot renounce their domain, until one rents from them.
- Seif ג, a single desecration in public — the Mishnah Berurah brings two views: « אבל אם חילל שבת בחד זימנא בפרהסיא לא מיקרי מומר וי״א דאפילו בחד זימנא מקרי מומר » (משנה ברורה שפ״ה ס״ק ד) — but if he desecrated Shabbos once in public, he is not called a mumar; and some say that even once he is called a mumar.
- Seif ג, for matters other than the eruv — « ולענין שארי דברים יש מן האחרונים שסוברין שאינו חשוב כמומר ע״י חילול שבת באיסור דרבנן » (משנה ברורה שפ״ה ס״ק ה) — for other matters, some Acharonim hold that he is not considered a mumar through desecrating Shabbos by a rabbinic prohibition; it refers to the Pischei Teshuvah on Yoreh De'ah, siman 2, to the Beis Meir on this siman and to the Gaon Yaakov.
- Chabad → Level 4 — Daat HaRav studies this siman in the Shulchan Aruch HaRav, siman שפ״ה, under its own numbering, in 4 seifim. To distinguish the Tzeduki from the mumar, he writes: « לְפִי שֶׁהַצְּדוֹקִים אֲנוּסִים הֵם, שֶׁמַּעֲשֵׂה אֲבוֹתֵיהֶם בִּידֵיהֶם » (שו״ע הרב שפ״ה:ג).
7. Modern practical cases
Each of the situations below ties a case to a named seif; when the situation is a present-day one, the row says so: application by the site, not the words of the source.
| Situation | Quick analysis |
|---|---|
| A resident of the courtyard gave his share in the eruv, but does not acknowledge the mitzvah of eruv | Seif א: the eruv does not help with one who does not acknowledge it; according to the Mishnah Berurah (ס״ק ב), even if he gave his share, it does not help, and he forbids them until he renounces his domain to them — and this also applies to one who, without being a Tzeduki, merely does not acknowledge the mitzvah of eruv. Consult your Rav. |
| A resident of the courtyard desecrates Shabbos | Application by the site, seif ג: the seif distinguishes between desecration in public and in private, and the Mishnah Berurah according to habit (it brings two views on a single desecration), and between appetite and provocation (ס״ק ד); whether a given resident is, in the sense of the seif, like a Jew or like a non-Jew — and therefore whether it is enough for him to renounce his domain, or one must rent from him — this page does not decide: it is for your Rav to say. |
| One who changed his religion also has a small entrance on the other side | Seif ד: if he has another entrance to the neighborhood of the non-Jews, even small and one he was not accustomed to, we push him off to it; according to the Mishnah Berurah, it must be at least four tefachim by four (ס״ק י׳), and if he opened it after changing his religion, it refers to siman 383 (ס״ק ט). Consult your Rav. |
8. Practical synthesis of the Siman
- The Tzeduki is like a Jew and renounces his domain; but the eruv does not help with him, since he does not acknowledge the eruv (seif א). On a Tzeduki who desecrates Shabbos in public, the views diverge: the Mishnah Berurah (ס״ק א) gives the Beis Yosef's reason, then the view of several poskim who give him the law of a non-Jew; see section 6 and Level 3, section 5.
- The Kusi is like other non-Jews: only renting resolves it (seif ב).
- The mumar for idolatry, or for desecrating Shabbos in public, even through a rabbinic prohibition, is like a non-Jew; if he desecrates only in private, even through a Torah prohibition, he is like a Jew and renounces his domain (seif ג).
- One who changed his religion, when the neighborhood had made the eruv for the whole year: with no other entrance, he forbids on every Shabbos that falls afterwards; with another entrance to the neighborhood of the non-Jews, even small, we push him off to it (seif ד).
- For halachah lema'aseh, consult your Rav.
9. Comprehension questions
- Why can the Tzeduki renounce his domain, while the eruv does not help with him (seif א; Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק א and ב)?
- What is the only remedy for the Kusi (seif ב), and how does his law differ from that of the Tzeduki (seif א)?
- In seif ג, what does the seif distinguish between desecration in public and in private, and why, according to the Mishnah Berurah, is desecrating Shabbos as grave as idolatry (ס״ק ד)?
- According to the Mishnah Berurah, what is called public, and what does provocation change (ס״ק ד)?
- In seif ד, why does one who changed his religion forbid on every Shabbos, even though the neighborhood had made the eruv for the whole year (Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ז)?
To go further
- 📚 Level 2 — Lamdan: for pilpul, the שיטות ראשונים, the חקירות יסודיות, and the nuances of the Acharonim
- ✨ Level 3 — Synthesis: for review and rapid memorization with mnemonics
- 📜 Level 4 — Daat HaRav: the Shitah of the Alter Rebbe (Shulchan Aruch HaRav siman שפ״ה)