Siman 207 — Deformed words that bind (כינויי נדרים)
A single seif — the shortest in all of Yoreh De’ah — and it contains an entire mechanism. A vow is made by speech; but what is a word worth that is not the right word? The Shulchan Arukh answers: vow-substitutes bind as vows, because everywhere one follows the language people are accustomed to. Hence the rule and its reverse: a deformed but recognised word binds; a word nobody knows, even a word of the Mishnah, does not; and the substitute of a substitute, too far removed, does not bind either. (Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De’ah 207 — a single seif)
כנויי נדרים כנדרים קונם קונח קונס
Vow-substitutes are as vows. How so? קונם, קונח, קונס. The siman opens on its principle and follows it at once with three mangled words — and those three words bind as surely as the proper word.
Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 207:1
The 4 levels of study
LEVEL 01
רמת המתחיל
Base — Beginner & Intermediate
The single seif in Hebrew, with a fluent English translation and a breakdown into its five clauses: the principle, the reason (the language of the place), the reverse (the unknown word), the limit (כינויי כינויים) and the reach (a vow in any language). The five apparatus entries — Shach, Taz, Baer Hetev — quoted one by one, together with the Mishnah, Gemara Nedarim, the Rambam, the Tur and the Beit Yosef.
Pilpul: the ḥakira on what makes a word bind — its meaning or its institution; the divergence of Rabbi Yoḥanan and Resh Lakish on what a כינוי is; the Ran’s question and the answer the Shach reports in his name (רבותא אשמועינן); Beit Hillel’s two explanations of the כינויי כינויים; the reach of the criterion of place and time; the Rambam’s variant קונז; and the Taz’s reading of the formula of כל נדרי.
A table of the seif clause by clause, the axiom of the siman, the three reflex questions, the three degrees of speech, the apparatus in five lines, the vocabulary, the golden rules and the classic pitfalls.
The practical halakha according to the ש״ך, the ט״ז and the באר היטב, then contemporary cases: a sentence spoken in the vernacular, a vow-word used unknowingly, an undertaking made in public. Note: the פתחי תשובה and the נקודות הכסף do not comment on this siman. Note also: the Admur HaZaken did not write a Shulchan Arukh on Yoreh De’ah — this is a level of psak, not “Daat HaRav”.
The proper word of the vow is קרבן (“offering”); קונם, קונח and קונס are three deformations of it, and they bind as it does. For the application to your situation, consult your Rav.
Why does a deformed word bind?
Because the criterion is not the correctness of the word but the usage of the place. So the seif says, and the Rambam — whom the Shach copies — gives the reason:
« וכן בכל מקום הולכים אחר הלשון שרגילין בו שאם יש להם כנוי לנדר ונדר בו הוי נדר » (שו״ע יו״ד ר״ז:א)
There are places where people spoil the language, and there one follows the spoiled word: it means “offering” to those who utter it and to those who hear it. The list of three words is therefore not closed. For the application to your situation, consult your Rav.
And if nobody in that place knows the word?
Then there is no vow — even with the Mishnah’s own words. That is the seif’s gloss, and the Beit Yosef that grounds it:
« (וכן אם אינו מכיר אלו הלשונות שדברו בהם חכמים אע״פ שנדר בהם לאו כלום הוא) » (שו״ע יו״ד ר״ז:א)
« ואם באותו מקום ובאותו זמן אין שום אדם מעם הארץ מכיר בלשון הכינויין שאמרו חכמים הנודר בהם לאו כלום הוא » (ב״י יו״ד ר״ז)
The reverse of the rule is as sharp as the rule: if usage makes the word, then where usage says nothing, the word says nothing. The seif writes “if he does not know”; its source speaks of the place. For the application to your situation, consult your Rav.
What is a substitute of a substitute, and why does it not bind?
It is the deformation of a deformation. The seif rules it out, and the Shach supplies the words:
« אבל כינויי כינויים דהיינו כינוי שרחוק הרבה מהלשון אינו כנדר: » (שו״ע יו״ד ר״ז:א)
The criterion is one of distance — שרחוק הרבה מהלשון: so long as the word remains recognisable it binds; past a certain distance it says nothing at all. Exactly where the border runs is not written: that is a question for a Rav.
May a vow be made in a language other than Hebrew?
Yes, and the seif says so expressly in its closing gloss, the Shach with a כל שכן:
« (הנדר הוא בכל לשון שיאמר עליו מקרי נדר) » (שו״ע יו״ד ר״ז:א)
« וכל שכן שאר לשונות העובדי כוכבים » (ש״ך יו״ד ר״ז ס״ק א)
If corrupted Hebrew binds, all the more so a whole language. That is why ordinary speech can have real consequences, and why the widespread practice is to follow any undertaking with בלי נדר. For the application to your situation, consult your Rav.