The laws of the tzitzit strings — and it contains 15 seifim: (1) The strings must be spun לשמן: at the start of the spinning one says one is doing so לשם ציצית — or one tells the spinner "spin tzitzit for me for a tallit"; otherwise → פסולים. (Rama: some are stringent even for carding — נפוץ; the custom is lenient.) (2) A non-Jew spins with a ישראל עומד על גבו → for the Rambam פסול, for the Rosh כשר; the custom is that the ישראל helps a little. שזירה is required, twisted לשמן. (3) Untwisted → 16 strings: כשר so long as it remains twisted כדי עניבה. (4) Length: no less than ד׳ גודלים; some say י״ב גודלים (the custom); upward no limit. One string longer (the שמש) for the כריכות; too long → one may cut it (no תעשה ולא מן העשוי). (5) Not from wool of the thorns, plucked wool, or the leftovers of the warp → ביזוי מצוה. (6) Stolen wool (גזול) → פסולים (ועשו להם משלהם); stolen wool then spun → כשרים but forbidden לכתחילה. (7) Borrowed strings → כשרים (כדידיה דמי). (8) The wool of the נעבד (a worshipped animal) → פסול; planted flax worshipped → כשר (שינוי). (9) נקב: not higher than ג׳ אצבעות, not lower than מלא קשר גודל (על הכנף). (10) The הרחקה from the corner, and an אימרא around the נקב. (11) The גדיל (אוריליי״ו) that is wide: one does not place the tzitzit in it (על כנפי בגדיהם). (12) Number of strings: ד׳ כפולים = ח׳; adding → פסול. (13) תעשה ולא מן העשוי: cut the heads (ח׳) before winding. (14) Order: ד׳ + ד׳, two knots, כריכות, ה׳ קשרים כפולים and ד׳ אווירים. (15) נוטף על הקרן (along the length); place no cloth in the נקבים. (On the ברכה of stolen wool, see siman 21 and 24; on כלאים and תכלת, see siman 8, 9, 15 and 32.)
The 4 levels of study — Siman י״א, 15 seifim
01
Available
רמת המתחיל
Level 1 — Beginner & Intermediate
Vocalized Hebrew text of the 15 seifim with a fluent English translation. Pedagogical, sober explanation: spinning לשמן and the שזירה, the length of the strings (י״ב גודלים) and the שמש, stolen or borrowed strings, the wool of the נעבד, the נקב and the הרחקה from the corner, the number of strings (ד׳ כפולים = ח׳), and the order of the knots. Modern practical cases: buying certified "טווי ושזור לשמן" tzitzit, the "נוטף על הקרן" placement, and re-tying the strings oneself.
In-depth pilpul: the din of לשמה (Menachot 42b "תעשה לך"); טווי / שזירה / נפוץ and the machloket Rambam vs Rosh on the עכו״ם and the סיוע (seif 2); the מנין החוטים: ד׳ כפולים = ח׳ ("גדילים": ב׳ חוטים × 2) and the אורך (י״ב גודלים, the שמש); the תעשה ולא מן העשוי בחוטים (cutting the heads first, seif 13; the overly long string, seif 4); the order of the קשרים / חוליות (ה׳ קשרים, ד׳ אווירים) and "נוטף על הקרן". Menachot 39a-42b; Beit Yossef, Mg״A, Taz, Mishna Berura, Beour Halakha.
Structured summary for review and memorization: spinning לשמן and the שזירה, the length of the strings (י״ב גודלים), the number of strings (ד׳ כפולים = ח׳), the תעשה ולא מן העשוי, and the order of the knots (ה׳ קשרים, ד׳ אווירים). Conduct le-maaseh in everyday life, with a referral to the Rav for the precise cases (cf. siman 9, 10 and 12).
The Choulhan Aroukh HaRav of the Admour HaZaken on Orach Chaim siman 11 (where the Rav develops ל״ה seifim): full text and the force of the psak relative to the Mechaber — spinning/twisting לשמה, the ד׳ strings folded into ח׳, the length (י״ב גודלים), the תעשה ולא מן העשוי, the נקב and the הרחקה, and the order of the חוליות — for in-depth study, a referral to a Chabad Rav.
Rebuild this siman according to the Rabbanim YOU follow. Choose your Poskim (Rav Ovadia, the Admour HaZaken, the Rebbe, Ben Ish Chai, Mishna Berura, Rav Mordechai Eliyahu…) — Daat AI rebuilds the siman with their opinions, their reasoning, and their disagreements. If your Poskim do not address a point, the AI asks you before expanding.
One cuts the heads of the strings (to make them ח׳) before winding; if one wound and knotted first → פסול, made while still פסולים.
חֲמִשָּׁה קְשָׁרִים
The order of the knots
ד׳ + ד׳, two knots, כריכות, ה׳ קשרים כפולים and ד׳ אווירים; "נוטף על הקרן" along the length of the tallit.
Structure of the Siman — landmarks in the 15 seifim
Seif
Subject
Theme
Detail
סעיף א-ג
טווייה ושזירה
Spinning לשמן
Spun לשמן (say so at the start of spinning) → otherwise פסולים. Non-Jew with ישראל עומד על גבו: Rambam פסול, Rosh כשר. שזירה required; untwisted → 16 כשר if twisted remains כדי עניבה.
סעיף ד-ח
אורך ופסולי החוטים
Length and defects
Length: ד׳ or י״ב גודלים (custom), a longer שמש. String defects: ביזוי מצוה (seif 5), גזול (seif 6, ועשו להם משלהם), borrowed → כשרים (seif 7), נעבד (seif 8).
סעיף ט-יא
הנקב וההרחקה
The נקב
נקב: not higher than ג׳ אצבעות, not lower than מלא קשר גודל (על הכנף). An אימרא around the נקב. The wide גדיל (אוריליי״ו): one does not place the tzitzit in it.
סעיף יב-טו
מנין החוטים · הקשירה
✦ Le-maaseh
ד׳ כפולים = ח׳ (adding → פסול). Cut the heads before winding (תעשה ולא מן העשוי). Order: ה׳ קשרים כפולים, ד׳ אווירים. נוטף על הקרן; place no cloth in the נקבים.
תעשה ולא מן העשוי — cutting the heads before knotting
Case
Register
Contribution
Central idea
כרך וקשר קודם
Mechaber · pshat
פסול
If one wound even a single חוליא and tied a knot before cutting the heads (to make them ח׳) → פסול: one made them while they were still פסולים (seif 13).
אורך יתר
Mordechai · BhK
may be shortened
A string made overly long → one may cut it, and there is here no תעשה ולא מן העשוי, since it was already valid at its length (seif 4).
הלכה · שו״ע הרב
le-maaseh
✦ Le-maaseh
In practice, one cuts the heads of the strings before any winding or knot. The SA HaRav develops the yesod of תעשה ולא מן העשוי בחוטים — for in-depth study, see Level 4 and a Chabad Rav.
Frequently asked questions — Siman י״א
Must the tzitzit strings be spun for their sake, according to Siman 11?
According to the Choulhan Aroukh, Orach Chaim 11:1, the strings must be spun לשמן — for the sake of the mitzva of tzitzit: at the start of the spinning one says that one is doing so לשם ציצית, or one tells the spinner "spin tzitzit for me for a tallit." If they were not spun לשמן, they are פסולים.
What is the length of the tzitzit strings, according to Siman 11?
According to the Choulhan Aroukh (Orach Chaim 11:4), the length of the strings must be no less than ד׳ גודלים; some say י״ב גודלים, and such is the custom. Upward there is no limit. One of the strings is longer (the שמש) in order to wind the גדיל with it.
How many strings does the tzitzit have at each corner, according to Siman 11?
According to the Choulhan Aroukh (Orach Chaim 11:12), the number of tzitzit strings at each corner is ד׳ כפולים — 4 strings folded in two, that is 8 strands. If one adds more, it is פסול. One therefore cuts the heads of the 4 strings, passes them through the corner and folds them, and thus obtains 8 strands.
What is תעשה ולא מן העשוי in Siman 11?
According to the Choulhan Aroukh (Orach Chaim 11:13), one takes care to cut the heads of the strings (to make them 8) before winding: for if one wound even a single חוליא and tied even a single knot, and only then cut them, it is פסול on account of תעשה ולא מן העשוי — since one made them while they were still פסולים.
What is the order of the tzitzit knots, according to Siman 11?
According to the Choulhan Aroukh (Orach Chaim 11:14), one takes 4 strings on one side and 4 on the other, ties twice, then winds the long string (the שמש) around the other seven, ties again, and so on until ה׳ קשרים כפולים (5 double knots) and ד׳ אווירים (4 intervals) filled with כריכות. The custom is to wind 7, 8 (or 9), 11 and 13 times — together 39, and with the Name 40.