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DAAT · LEVEL 1 — INTRODUCTION

Siman קי״ח · The conclusion of השיבה שופטנו

חתימת ברכת השיבה — the conclusion of the blessing of judgment: all year one concludes with מלך אוהב צדקה ומשפט, and from Rosh Hashana to Yom Kippur with המלך המשפט; and one who errs — when he repeats, according to the מחבר and the רמ״א
סימן קי״ח · סעיף אחד
חתימת ברכת השיבה
🌱 Introductory level · מתחילים
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This siman teaches the conclusion (חתימה) of the blessing השיבה שופטנו, the blessing of judgment in the Amida: all year one concludes with מלך אוהב צדקה ומשפט, but during the ten days from Rosh Hashana to Yom Kippur one concludes המלך המשפט; and one who errs (the הטועה) — when must he repeat, according to the מחבר and the רמ״א. Hebrew text, fluent English translation and explanation of the seif, with a section of practical points.

Topic: The conclusion of השיבה שופטנו — מלך אוהב צדקה ומשפט, המלך המשפט, the הטועה
Source: שולחן ערוך אורח חיים סימן קי״ח · סעיף אחד

Compiled by: רב יוסף חיים סממה
DAAT · daattorah.com

The eleventh blessing of the Amida — השיבה שופטנו כבראשונה — is the blessing of judgment (המשפט). Our Sages fixed its conclusion (חתימה): all year, מלך אוהב צדקה ומשפט; and during the ten days of teshuva, המלך המשפט — for these are the days on which Hashem reveals Himself as the King who judges the world. We study here at the level of principle; for personal conduct, one refers to the custom and to the ruling of the Rav.

📑 Study outline

A. The seif — מלך אוהב צדקה ומשפט (all year), המלך המשפט (עשרת ימי תשובה), the הטועה and the gloss of the רמ״א
1. Practical point — the usual conclusion: מלך אוהב צדקה ומשפט
2. Practical point — the Ten Days: switching to המלך המשפט
3. Practical point — having erred: must one repeat (מחבר / רמ״א)?
+ Comprehension questions and going further

A. The conclusion of השיבה שופטנו — the seif

חֲתִימַת בִּרְכַּת הָשִׁיבָה — the conclusion of the blessing « restore » — three ideas in a single seif: the conclusion of the whole year is מלך אוהב צדקה ומשפט; during the עשרת ימי תשובה (from Rosh Hashana to Yom Kippur) one concludes המלך המשפט; and the הטועה — one who errs — repeats, but the רמ״א specifies in exactly which case.
השיבה שופטנו חותם בה מלך אוהב צדקה ומשפט, ומראש השנה ועד יום הכפורים חותם המלך המשפט. הגה: מיהו אם אמר מלך אוהב צדקה ומשפט אין צריך לחזור, ולא אמרו שיחזור אלא במקום שכל השנה אומרים האל אוהב צדקה ומשפט, ועיין לעיל סימן תקפ״ב.
The seif: the blessing השיבה שופטנו, one concludes it with מלך אוהב צדקה ומשפט (« King who loves righteousness and judgment »); and from Rosh Hashana until Yom Kippur one concludes it with המלך המשפט (« the King of judgment »). Rama: however, if he said מלך אוהב צדקה ומשפט, he need not repeat (אין צריך לחזור); and they only said he repeats in a place where all year one says האל אוהב צדקה ומשפט; see above siman תקפ״ב (582).

מלך אוהב צדקה ומשפט — the conclusion of the whole year

The blessing השיבה שופטנו asks for the restoration of judgment (המשפט) and of Israel's judges. All year, one seals it with מלך אוהב צדקה ומשפט — « King who loves צדקה (righteousness-charity) and משפט (judgment) ». This conclusion mentions both kingship (מלך) and the trait of a King who loves justice.

המלך המשפט — during the עשרת ימי תשובה

From Rosh Hashana until Yom Kippur — the ten days of teshuva — one changes the conclusion to המלך המשפט (« the King of judgment »). In these days, Hashem reveals Himself as the King who judges the whole world; so one emphasizes His kingship in the very blessing of judgment. One then says המלך (with the article) and no longer מלך אוהב.

הטועה — one who errs: when he repeats

One who, during the Ten Days, mistakenly concluded מלך אוהב צדקה ומשפט instead of המלך המשפט: according to the מחבר (see siman תקפ״ב), he repeats. But the רמ״א rules otherwise: since he did say מלך — he mentioned kingship — אין צריך לחזור, he need not repeat.

הגהת הרמ״א — האל אוהב צדקה ומשפט

The רמ״א adds a distinction: ולא אמרו שיחזור אלא במקום שכל השנה אומרים האל אוהב צדקה ומשפט. They only said he repeats in a place where, all year, one concludes with האל אוהב צדקה ומשפט (« the G-d who loves… », without mention of kingship). There, having erred during the Ten Days while keeping האל — without מלכות — obliges one to repeat. And ועיין לעיל סימן תקפ״ב for the details.
The siman in one sentence: one concludes השיבה שופטנו with מלך אוהב צדקה ומשפט, but from Rosh Hashana to Yom Kippur with המלך המשפט; one who erred and said מלך אוהב צדקה ומשפט — for the רמ״א אין צריך לחזור (he mentioned kingship), and one repeats only where all year one says האל אוהב צדקה ומשפט (see siman תקפ״ב).

Practical points

Point 1 — The usual conclusion

Situation: one recites the Amida on an ordinary day and reaches the end of the blessing השיבה שופטנו. How does one conclude it?
Conduct: all year, one seals the blessing with מלך אוהב צדקה ומשפט — « Blessed are You Hashem, King who loves righteousness and judgment ». This is the fixed conclusion of the blessing of judgment. For the nuances of nusach by community, one follows one's Rav.

Point 2 — The Ten Days (עשרת ימי תשובה)

Situation: we are between Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur. What changes in the conclusion of this blessing?
Conduct: during these ten days, one replaces the conclusion with המלך המשפט — « the King of judgment ». One is careful to say המלך (with the article), for these are the days on which we crown Hashem as the King who judges. The details (one who has a doubt, one who has already finished) belong to other simanim; for the conduct, one follows one's Rav.

Point 3 — Having erred during the Ten Days

Situation: during the Ten Days, one concluded by habit מלך אוהב צדקה ומשפט instead of המלך המשפט. Must one repeat?
Conduct: according to the מחבר (see siman תקפ״ב), one repeats. But according to the רמ״א, since one said מלך — kingship is mentioned — אין צריך לחזור: one does not repeat. One would repeat only in a place where all year one says האל אוהב צדקה ומשפט (without kingship). For the practice in concrete terms, one follows one's Rav.

Comprehension questions

Check your understanding:
  1. With what does one conclude the blessing השיבה שופטנו all year, and what do the words mean?
  2. What changes in this conclusion during the עשרת ימי תשובה, and why?
  3. One who said מלך אוהב צדקה ומשפט during the Ten Days — according to the רמ״א, must he repeat, and why?
  4. What is the difference between the nusach מלך אוהב צדקה ומשפט and האל אוהב צדקה ומשפט?
  5. In exactly which case, according to the רמ״א, must one repeat (see siman תקפ״ב)?

Going further

If you wish to deepen this siman:
Continue to the next simanSiman 119 →
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DAAT · רב יוסף חיים סממה

סימן קי״ח · סעיף אחד · Level 1 — Introduction
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