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DAAT · LEVEL 1 — INTRODUCTION
Siman ש״ו · 14 Seifim
Forbidden activities on Shabbos — mekach u-memkar, weekday speech, mundane acts
סימן ש״ו
בְּאֵיזֶה חֲפָצִים מֻתָּר לְדַבֵּר בְּשַׁבָּת
🌱 Introduction Level · Beginners
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First approach to Siman ש״ו: full Hebrew text of the Mechaber, fluent English translation, pedagogical explanations of the halachic concepts of mimtzo cheftzecha vedaber davar, mekach u-memkar, contemporary cases, and summary.
Subject: Forbidden activities on Shabbos — speech, commerce
Source: שולחן ערוך אורח חיים סימן ש״ו (14 seifim)
Compilation: רב יוסף חיים סממה
DAAT · daattorah.com
📑 Study Plan
1. The Shulchan Aruch text — the 14 seifim of the Mechaber
2. General background: why this siman, what is the question?
3. Key halachic concepts of this siman
4. Overview of the seifim
5. The Mishnah Berurah — first entries
6. The Rama's position — Ashkenazic vs Sephardic differences
7. Contemporary practical cases
8. Practical summary and rules to remember
9. Comprehension questions
1. The Shulchan Aruch text
Siman ש״ו contains 14 seifim of the Mechaber (Rabbi Yosef Karo) codifying the halachos pertaining to forbidden activities on Shabbos — discussing one's business, mekach u-memkar (commerce), and mundane actions.
Seif א — Mimtzo Cheftzecha
באיזה חפצים מותר לדבר בשבת. ובו יד סעיפים:
ממצוא חפציך חפציך אסורים אפי' בדבר שאינו עושה שום מלאכה כגון שמעיין נכסיו לראות מה צריך למחר או לילך לפתח המדינה כדי שימהר לצאת בלילה למרחץ וכן אין מחשיכים על התחום לשכור פועלים אבל מחשיך על התחום להביא בהמתו וי״א שאם אין הבהמה יכולה לילך ברגלים כגון שהוא טלה קטן אינו רשאי להחשיך דאינו רשאי להביא דאסור לטלטל ב״ח שהם מוקצים: הגה וה״ה דאסור לטייל למצוא סוס או ספינה או קרון לצאת בו. (מרדכי סוף פרק מי שהחשיך):
Translation: "Mimtzo cheftzecha" — your affairs are forbidden (Yeshayahu 58:13), even when one performs no actual melachah! Examples:
- Inspecting one's property (= taking inventory) to prepare for tomorrow → forbidden.
- Going to the city gate to leave quickly for the bathhouse at motzaei Shabbos → forbidden.
- Waiting at the techum boundary (2,000 amos) to hire workers → forbidden.
- BUT waiting at the techum to retrieve one's animal → permitted (legitimate need).
What this seif says:
- ממצוא חפציך — your affairs are forbidden, even where no melakha is performed.
- The seif’s examples: inspecting his property to see what is needed tomorrow; walking to the city gate so as to set out for the bathhouse as soon as night falls.
- Nor does one wait at the te’hum boundary for nightfall in order to hire workers.
Seif ב — Calling an animal left outside the techum
היתה בהמתו עומדת חוץ לתחום יכול לקרות לה כדי שתבא:
Translation: If his animal was standing outside the techum, he may call it so that it should come.
What this seif says:
- His animal stood outside the te’hum:
- he may call it so that it come.
Seif ג — Waiting at the techum for a mitzvah's sake
מחשיכין על התחום לעשות צרכי כלה או צרכי מת להביא לו ארון ותכריכים ויכול לומר לחבירו שיחשיך כדי שיביא לו ויכול לומר לו לך למקום פלוני למחר ואם לא מצאת במקום פלוני לך למקום פלוני לא מצאת במנה קח במאתים ובלבד שלא יזכיר לו סכום מקח כלומר שלא יאמר לו סך ידוע שלא להוסיף עליו וכן אם לקח ממנו בשמנה לא יאמר לו תן לי עוד בשנים ואהיה חייב לך עשרה: הגה ואם א״א לו אא״כ יזכור לו סכום מקח מותר בכל ענין דהא צרכי מצוה הוא (הגהות מרדכי פ״ה) ויש אוסרים בכל ענין וכן עיקר: (ב״י בשם הר״ן והמגיד והמרדכי פרק כירה והגה״מ פרק א' ופכ״ו):
Translation: One may wait until nightfall at the edge of the techum to see to the needs of a bride or of a corpse — to bring it a coffin and shrouds. And he may tell his fellow to wait there until dark in order to bring it for him, and may say to him: “go tomorrow to such a place; if you do not find it there, go to such another; if you do not find it for a maneh, take it for two hundred” — provided he does not mention a sum of purchase, that is, name him a fixed figure not to exceed. Likewise, if he took from him for eight, he should not say: “give me two more and I shall owe you ten.” Rama's gloss: and if he cannot manage without mentioning a sum, it is permitted in any case, since these are the needs of a mitzvah (Hagahos Mordechai); but some forbid it in every case, and that is the main view (Beis Yosef in the name of the Ran, the Maggid and the Mordechai).
What this seif says:
- One waits for nightfall at the te’hum boundary — but for a bride’s or a corpse’s needs, to bring coffin and shrouds.
- And he may tell his fellow to wait thus in order to bring them; and say: go tomorrow to such a place, and if you find nothing there, go to another; if not found for a maneh, take it for two hundred.
- On one condition: that he mention no sum of purchase.
Seif ד — Wages for Shabbos — sechar Shabbos
השוכר את הפועלים לשמור זרעים או דבר אחר אינו נותן לו שכר שבת לפיכך אין אחריות שבת עליו היה שכיר שבת שכיר חדש שכיר שנה שכיר שבוע נותן לו שכר שבת לפיכך אחריות שבת עליו ולא יאמר לו תן לי של שבת אלא יאמר לו תן לי שכר השבוע או החדש (ואם שכרו לחדש והתנה עמו לשלם לו כל יום כך וכך מקרי שכיר יום) (ר״ן סוף פ' אע״פ) או יאמר לו תן לי שכר עשרה ימים:
Translation: One who hires labourers to guard seeds or anything else does not give them wages for Shabbos — therefore responsibility for Shabbos does not rest upon them. If he was hired by the week, the month, the year or the seven-year cycle, one gives him wages for Shabbos — therefore responsibility for Shabbos rests upon him. And he should not say “give me the Shabbos wage”, but “give me the wage of the week” or “of the month” (and if he hired him by the month but stipulated to pay him so much per day, he is called a day-labourer) (Ran), or “give me the wage of ten days”.
What this seif says:
- One who hires labourers by the day to watch seeds or other things: he does not pay them Shabbat wages — and therefore Shabbat’s liability is not upon him.
- But if hired by the week, month, year or septennate: he pays the Shabbat wage — and therefore Shabbat’s liability is upon him.
- And he shall not say “give me that of Shabbat”, but “give me the week’s wage” or “the month’s”.
Seif ה — Hiring chazanim to lead the prayers
אסור להשכיר חזנים להתפלל בשבת ויש מי שמתיר: הגה ואם שכרו לשנה או לחדש לכולי עלמא שרי (ד״ע):
Translation: It is forbidden to hire chazanim to lead the prayers on Shabbos — and one authority permits it. Rama's gloss: and if he hired them by the year or by the month, it is permitted according to all.
What this seif says:
- It is forbidden to hire hazanim to lead the prayers on Shabbat.
- And some permit. Rama: and if hired by the year or month — all agree it is permitted.
Seif ו — Cheftzei shamayim — what may be spoken of
חפצי שמים מותר לדבר בהם כגון חשבונות של מצוה ולפסוק צדקה ולפקח על עסקי רבים ולשדך התינוק ליארוס וללמדו ספר או אומנות ודוקא לדבר אם רוצה להשתכר אבל לשכרו ולהזכיר לו סכום מעות אסור. הגה י״א דבמקום שנוהגין ליתן לקורא בתורה מי שבירך ונודר לצדקה או לחזן דאסור בשבת לפסוק כמה יתן (א״ז) והמנהג להקל דהא מותר לפסוק צדקה:
Translation: Matters of Heaven (cheftzei shamayim) may be spoken of: for instance the accounts of a mitzvah, pledging tzedakah, seeing to communal affairs, arranging a child's betrothal, or having him taught Scripture or a trade. And specifically to speak of it, if the man wishes to be engaged; but to hire him and mention a sum of money is forbidden. Rama's gloss: some say that where the custom is to make a Mi Shebeirach for one called to the Torah, with a vow for tzedakah or for the chazan, it is forbidden on Shabbos to fix how much he will give (Or Zarua); but the custom is to be lenient, since pledging tzedakah is permitted.
What this seif says:
- Matters of Heaven may be spoken of: accounts of a mitzvah, pledging charity, attending to communal affairs, betrothing a child, or arranging to have him taught a book or a trade.
- And only to speak of it: hiring him with a sum named — forbidden.
Seif ז — Measuring for a mitzvah
מותר למדוד בשבת מדידה של מצוה כגון למדוד אם יש במקוה מ' סאה ולמדוד אזור מי שהוא חולה וללחוש עליו כמו שנוהגות הנשים מותר דהוי מדידה של מצוה:
Translation: It is permitted to measure on Shabbos a measurement of mitzvah: for instance to measure whether the mikveh contains forty se'ah; and to measure the belt of one who is ill and whisper over him, as women are accustomed to do, is permitted, for it is a measurement of mitzvah.
What this seif says:
- It is permitted to measure on Shabbat a measurement of mitzvah — as whether the mikveh holds forty se’ah.
- And to measure a sick person’s girdle and whisper over him, as women do: permitted, for it is a measurement of mitzvah.
Seif ח — Thinking about one's affairs — oneg Shabbos
הרהור בעסקיו מותר ומ״מ משום עונג שבת מצוה שלא יחשוב בהם כלל ויהא בעיניו כאלו כל מלאכתו עשויה:
Translation: Thinking about one's affairs is permitted. Nevertheless, for the sake of oneg Shabbos, it is a mitzvah not to think of them at all, and that it be in his eyes as though all his work were done.
What this seif says:
- Thinking about one’s affairs is permitted.
- Even so, for the sake of Shabbat’s delight, it is a mitzvah not to think of them at all — and that they be in his eyes as though all his work were done.
Seif ט — Sending beyond the techum
אסור לומר לעכו״ם שילך חוץ לתחום בשבת אחר קרובי המת שיבואו להספידו אבל חולה דתקיף ליה עלמא ואמר שישלחו בעד קרוביו ודאי שרי:
Translation: It is forbidden to tell a non-Jew to go beyond the techum on Shabbos to fetch the relatives of a deceased so they should come and eulogise him. But a sick person upon whom the world weighs, who asks that his relatives be sent for — that is certainly permitted.
What this seif says:
- Forbidden to tell a non-Jew to go beyond the te’hum on Shabbat after a dead man’s relatives that they come to eulogise him.
- But a sick man whom the world presses hard, who asks that his relatives be sent for: certainly permitted.
Seif י — Exchanging a pledge with a non-Jew
להחליף משכון לעכו״ם בשבת מותר אם הוא מלבוש ויוציאנו העכו״ם דרך מלבושו (וע״ל סי' שכ״ה):
Translation: To exchange a pledge with a non-Jew on Shabbos is permitted if it is a garment and the non-Jew takes it out by wearing it (and see further, siman 325).
What this seif says:
- Exchanging a pledge with a non-Jew on Shabbat is permitted
- if it is a garment and the non-Jew takes it out worn upon him.
Seif יא — Buying a house in Eretz Yisrael
מותר לקנות בית בא״י מן העכו״ם בשבת וחותם ומעלה בערכאות הגה שלהם בכתב שלהם דאינו אסור רק מדרבנן ומשום ישוב א״י לא גזרו (אור זרוע):
Translation: It is permitted to buy a house in Eretz Yisrael from a non-Jew on Shabbos, to sign and to record it in their courts Rama's gloss: in their script — for it is forbidden only rabbinically, and for the sake of settling Eretz Yisrael they did not decree (Or Zarua).
What this seif says:
- It is permitted to buy a house in the Land of Israel from a non-Jew on Shabbat, to sign and register it in their courts.
- Two reasons: the prohibition is only rabbinic, and for the settlement of the Land of Israel they did not decree.
Seif יב — Announcing a lost object
מותר להכריז בשבת על אבידה אפילו היא דבר שאסור לטלטלו: הגה ומותר להתיר חרמי צבור בשבת אע״פ שאינו לצורך שבת הואיל והוא יום כנופיא לרבים הוי כעסקי רבים דשרי לדבר בם (אגור) אבל אין מחרימין בשבת כ״א מדבר שהוא לצורך שבת (אגודה פכ״ג):
Translation: It is permitted to announce a lost object on Shabbos, even if it is something that may not be moved. Rama's gloss: and it is permitted to lift communal bans on Shabbos, even though it is not for the need of Shabbos, since it is a day of communal gathering — this counts as communal affairs, which may be spoken of (Agur). But one does not impose a ban on Shabbos except concerning something that is a need of Shabbos (Agudah).
What this seif says:
- It is permitted to announce a lost object on Shabbat — even a thing forbidden to handle.
- Rama: and communal bans may be lifted on Shabbat, even not for the day’s need — since it is the day the community gathers, this counts as public affairs, of which one may speak. But one pronounces a ban on Shabbat only for the day’s need.
Seif יג — Announcing a sale — what remains forbidden
להכריז בשבת על קרקע הנמכר שכל מי שיש לו זכות עליו יבא ויגיד ואם לאו יאבד זכותו אסור: הגה וכן אסור להכריז יין בשבת דהוי כמקח וממכר (מהרי״ל):
Translation: To announce on Shabbos, concerning land being sold, that whoever has a claim on it should come and state it or forfeit his right — is forbidden. Rama's gloss: and likewise it is forbidden to announce wine on Shabbos, since it resembles buying and selling (Maharil).
What this seif says:
- To announce on Shabbat that land is for sale — that whoever has a claim upon it come forward, failing which he forfeits it: forbidden.
- Rama: and likewise it is forbidden to announce wine on Shabbat — for that is like buying and selling.
Seif יד — Going to the rescue of an abducted daughter
מי ששלחו לו שהוציאו בתו בשבת להוציאה מכלל ישראל מצוה לשום לדרך פעמיו להשתדל בהצלתה ויצא אפי' חוץ לג' פרסאות ואי לא בעי כייפינן ליה (וע״ל סי' שכ״ח ס״י):
Translation: One who has been informed that his daughter has been taken on Shabbos in order to remove her from the people of Israel: it is a mitzvah to set out and exert himself in her rescue, and he goes even beyond three parsaos. And if he does not wish to, we compel him (and see further, siman 328, seif י).
Complete text: These 14 seifim constitute the entirety of the Mechaber's codification on this topic. Each clarifies a case, condition, or exception.
What this seif says:
- One to whom it is reported that his daughter was taken on Shabbat to remove her from the people of Israel:
- it is a mitzvah to set out to labour for her rescue — and he goes even beyond three parsa’ot. And if he refuses, he is compelled.
2. General background — "Vechibadto" and Shabbos affairs
What does this siman address?
Siman ש״ו introduces one of the subtlest concepts in Hilchos Shabbos: the prohibition of speaking or thinking about one's business on Shabbos, even when no actual melachah is performed. Biblical source:
Yeshayahu 58:13: "וְקָרָאתָ לַשַּׁבָּת עֹנֶג לִקְדוֹשׁ ה' מְכֻבָּד וְכִבַּדְתּוֹ מֵעֲשׂוֹת דְּרָכֶיךָ מִמְּצוֹא חֶפְצְךָ וְדַבֵּר דָּבָר" — "And call Shabbos a delight, the holy of Hashem honored, and honor it by refraining from your usual ways, from pursuing your affairs and from speaking thereof."
This restriction carries two distinct halachic names:
| Hebrew | Meaning | Pasuk source |
|---|---|---|
| מִמְּצוֹא חֶפְצְךָ | "From pursuing your affairs" — forbidden to act for material needs even without melachah | Yeshayahu 58:13 |
| וְדַבֵּר דָּבָר | "And speak of a matter" — forbidden to speak of material affairs | Yeshayahu 58:13 |
Place in Hilchos Shabbos
Siman ש״ו opens the block of non-melachah prohibitions (simanim 306-307) — completing the 39 melachos in the realm of speech and thought. This distinguishes the Jewish Shabbos from a mere "day off from physical work." Shabbos is a day of complete spiritual orientation.
3. Key halachic concepts
1. חפצי שמים (cheftzei shamayim) — "matters of Heaven". The fully permitted category: Torah study, divrei Torah, spiritual conversation, arranging a Jewish marriage, organizing a mitzvah. All this is permitted and even encouraged on Shabbos.
2. חפצי עצמך (cheftzei atzmecha) — "your own affairs". All that pertains to material, commercial, profit-seeking matters. Forbidden on Shabbos even in speech and even through preparatory acts.
3. הרהור מותר (hirhur muttar) — "silent thought is permitted". Per Gemara Shabbos 113b, thinking inwardly without speech is permitted, even regarding material affairs. Only verbal expression or visible preparatory acts are forbidden. A vital concession (otherwise, how would one live?).
4. מחשיך על התחום (machshich al ha-techum) — "waiting at the Shabbos boundary". Key concept: approaching the techum (the 2,000-amah limit) toward Shabbos's end to depart quickly afterward → forbidden if for material business; permitted for a mitzvah.
5. סכום מקח (schum mekach) — "the sum of the transaction". Absolute prohibition on Shabbos to quote a price, even to prepare post-Shabbos business. This is the flagship prohibition of vedaber davar.
6. מקח וממכר (mekach u-memkar) — commerce. Rabbinic prohibition on buying and selling on Shabbos, decreed lest one come to write. Any language of sale ("sell me") is forbidden, even without mentioning money.
4. Overview of the 14 seifim
| Seifim | Topic | Central concept |
|---|---|---|
| 1-2 | Inspecting property, machshich al ha-techum, retrieving an animal | ממצוא חפציך — exceptions for mitzvah |
| 3 | Preparing coffin/shrouds (mitzvah); avoiding price quotes | סכום מקח forbidden even for mitzvah |
| 4-5 | Shabbos wages, hiring workers and chazzanim | Schar Shabbos by havlaah |
| 6 | Cheftzei shamayim — tzedakah, communal matters, shidduchim | Cheftzei shamayim permitted |
| 7 | Measuring for a mitzvah | Measurement — weekday act forbidden |
| 8 | Hirhur in one's affairs | Hirhur muttar |
| 9-10 | Amirah le-nochri, exchanging pledges | Amirah le-nochri / shevus de-shevus |
| 11 | Buying a house in Eretz Yisrael from a non-Jew | Yishuv Eretz Yisrael overrides |
| 12-13 | Announcing aveidah (permitted); announcing land/wine (forbidden) | Mekach u-memkar forbidden |
| 14 | Saving a daughter from being removed from klal Yisrael | Spiritual pikuach nefesh |
Reading method:
- Identify the subject of the action/speech: cheftzei shamayim or cheftzei atzmecha?
- If shamayim (Torah, mitzvah) → permitted
- If atzmecha (material, commerce) → forbidden, except in specific cases
- Silent thought (hirhur) always remains permitted — expression is the issue
5. The Mishnah Berurah — first entries
The Mishnah Berurah of Rav Yisrael Meir Hakohen (the Chofetz Chaim) has 58 entries on this siman. Here are the first ones — to better grasp the meaning of the seifim:
משנה ברורה (א) — (א) שמעיין נכסיו - ודוקא היכא דמינכרא מילתא כגון שעומד אצל שדהו הצריכה חרישה או קצירה וכיו״ב דמינכר הדבר שעומד שם לעיין בצרכיה וכן לילך ולהחשיך על פתח המדינה כיון שדרך שהמרחצאות שם חוץ למדינה סמוך לפתח המדינה ניכר שלצורך המרחץ מחשיך אבל אם לא מינכר מלתא הוא בכלל הרהור בעסקיו דמותר:
משנה ברורה (ב) — (ב) אין מחשיכין וכו' - היינו לקרב עצמו בשבת עד סוף התחום ולהחשיך שם שיהא קרוב למקום הפועלים לשכרם במו״ש והטעם דכל דבר שאסור לעשותו בשבת אפילו הוא איסור מד״ס אסור להחשיך בשבילו:
משנה ברורה (ג) — (ג) להביא בהמתו - דאף שהיא עומדת עתה מחוץ לתחום וא״א להביאה בשבת מ״מ לא מיקרי זה מחשיך בשביל דבר האסור כיון שאם היו בורגנין [הם סכות השומרים] סמוכים זה לזה בתוך שבעים אמה וד' טפחים היה מותר להביאה אפילו היה נמשך באופן זה כמה מילין מסוף העיר משום דכל זה שייך להעיר וכיון שיש לה תקנתא ע״י בורגנין לכך מותר להחשיך אפילו בלא בורגנין דלא אסור החשכה אלא בשביל דבר שא״א למצוא תקנתא להאיסור:
For the full text of all 58 entries, see Sefaria: Mishnah Berurah 306.
6. The Rama's position
The Rama adds four major glosses that expand or restrict the Mechaber's permissions:
Main glosses of the Rama:
- Seif 1 — Also forbidden to stroll in the city seeking a horse/boat/wagon for after Shabbos (Mordechai).
- Seif 3 — Brings the stricter view: quoting a price for a mitzvah = forbidden in any case ("ve-chein ikar").
- Seif 5 — Clarifies that hiring a chazzan by havlaah for a year/month is permitted le-divrei ha-kol.
- Seif 13 — Extends the prohibition to announcing wine and merchandise for sale.
Mechaber vs Rama:
- Mechaber → more lenient for mitzvah purposes (e.g., quoting a price for a coffin).
- Rama → consistently strict — no sums on Shabbos, even for mitzvah.
- Chabad → Shulchan Aruch HaRav siman ש״ו — combines this with emphasis on the spiritual dimension.
7. Contemporary practical cases
| Situation | Halachic analysis |
|---|---|
| Discussing work at the Shabbos table | Forbidden (vedaber davar). Divrei Torah, mitzvah topics, spiritual subjects — always permitted. |
| Planning to call someone the moment Shabbos ends | Forbidden — preparing a material affair. |
| Checking the price tag on an item | Forbidden (= schum mekach). |
| Discussing a shidduch with a friend | Permitted — cheftzei shamayim. |
| Calculating a restaurant bill on Shabbos | Forbidden. If already mid-meal (mitzvah), defer the calculation. |
| Walking to the neighborhood edge to await Shabbos's end (transport) | Forbidden if for material travel; permitted for a mitzvah. |
| Reading a newspaper (secular) | Forbidden per most poskim — kriyas shtarei hediyotos. Spiritual reading / Torah study — permitted. |
| Thinking silently about business | Permitted (hirhur muttar). But this is not a fully realized Shabbos — the ideal is to think Torah. |
| Spiritual life-saving (going to retrieve a child taken from Judaism) | Permitted — even beyond three parsaos (seif 14) — a form of spiritual pikuach nefesh. |
Le-halachah le-maaseh: The golden rule: "If your conversation topic would make a passing Rav smile → continue. If it would make him frown → stop." Shabbos is not merely a day off work — it is a day of total orientation toward Heaven.
8. Practical summary of the Siman
Core teachings of Siman ש״ו:
- Source pasuk: ממצוא חפציך ודבר דבר (Yeshayahu 58:13) — do not pursue your affairs, do not speak of them.
- Fundamental distinction: cheftzei shamayim (Heaven) = permitted; cheftzei atzmecha (self) = forbidden.
- Silent thought (hirhur) always permitted — expression and action are the issue.
- Flagship prohibition: quoting a precise sum (schum mekach), even for a mitzvah (Rama).
- Positive exceptions: shidduchim, study, coffin for the deceased, spiritual rescue.
- Machshich al ha-techum: not for one's affairs; permitted for a mitzvah.
9. Comprehension questions
Check your understanding:
- What is the source pasuk of the siman? What are the two key phrases?
- What is the difference between cheftzei shamayim and cheftzei atzmecha? Give two examples of each.
- The concept of hirhur muttar — how does it work and why is it essential?
- Why is it forbidden to quote a price on Shabbos, even for a mitzvah? What are the Mechaber's and Rama's positions?
- What does machshich al ha-techum mean? When is it permitted, when forbidden?
- Why does seif 14 permit going beyond 3 parsaos on Shabbos to save a daughter taken from Judaism?
- Reading a newspaper on Shabbos — why is it problematic per the siman?
To go further
If you wish to deepen your study of this siman:
📖Join a chavrusa
- 📚 Level 2 — Lamdan: for pilpul, shittos of the Rishonim, foundational chakiros, and Acharonim nuances
- ✨ Level 3 — Synthesis: for rapid review and memorization with mnemonics
- 📜 Level 4 — Daat HaRav: the shittah of the Alter Rebbe (Shulchan Aruch HaRav siman ש״ו)