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DAAT · LEVEL 1 — INTRODUCTION

Siman שס״ח · 5 seifim of the Shulchan Aruch

The eruv that is spoiled after it was made, and its measure — to discover and understand
סימן שס״ח
דין אם אחר שעירבו נתקלקל העירוב
🌱 Beginner Level · מתחילים
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First approach to Siman שס״ח: complete Hebrew text of the Mechaber and of the Rema's gloss, English translation, pedagogical explanations of the halachic concepts, practical cases and synthesis.

Topic: an eruv of courtyards that is spoiled, diminished or moldy after it was made, and the quantity of food it must contain
Source: שולחן ערוך אורח חיים סימן שס״ח (5 seifim in the Shulchan Aruch, with a gloss of the Rema in seif ה; 4 seifim in the Shulchan Aruch HaRav, studied at Level 4)

Compiled by: רב יוסף חיים סממה
DAAT · daattorah.com

📑 Study Plan

1. The Shulchan Aruch text — the 5 seifim of the Mechaber, with the Rema's gloss
2. General context: why this siman, what is the question?
3. Key halachic concepts of this siman
4. Detail of the seifim — one by one
5. The Mishnah Berurah — first entries
6. Position of the Rema — his gloss in seif ה
7. Modern practical cases
8. Practical synthesis and rules to remember
9. Comprehension questions

1. The Shulchan Aruch text

Siman שס״ח contains 5 seifim of the Mechaber (Rabbi Yosef Karo); the Rema adds a gloss at the end of seif ה. Topic of the siman: an eruv of courtyards that is spoiled after it was made — when the residents must be informed in order to remake or complete it (seifim א and ב) —, the quantity of food it must contain (seif ג), and the eruv that has diminished or become moldy (seifim ד and ה). The Shulchan Aruch HaRav (of the Alter Rebbe) has 4 seifim for this siman; his wording is studied at Level 4.

Seif א

דין אם אחר שעירבו נתקלקל העירוב. ובו ה סעיפים:
עירבו ואח״כ נתקלקל העירוב ובא א' מבני החצר לחזור ולתקנו אם בא לערב ממין הראשון אפי כלה א״צ להודיע ואפי' מערב עליהם משלהם ואם בא לערב ממין אחר אם כלה הראשון צריך להודיע להם אם מערב משלהם ואם משלו א״צ להודיעם כלל ואם לא כלה הראשון אלא נתמעט אע״פ שמערב משלהם א״צ להודיעם:
Translation: They made the eruv, and afterwards the eruv was spoiled, and one of the residents of the courtyard comes to remake it [lit. to repair it again; according to the Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק א, this is the first Shabbos, the eruv having been spoiled before Shabbos began]. If he comes to make the eruv of the same kind as the first, even if [the first] is used up, he need not inform [the other residents; to inform means to ask them whether they agree — Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ב], even if he makes the eruv for them from what is theirs. And if he comes to make the eruv of another kind: if the first is used up, he must inform them, if he makes the eruv from what is theirs; and if from his own, he need not inform them at all. And if the first is not used up but only diminished, even though he makes the eruv from what is theirs, he need not inform them.
What this seif says:

Seif ב

נתוספו דיורים בחצר אם הבית פתוח לשתי חצרות צריך להודיעם מפני שאולי אינם רוצים לערב עם אלו:
Translation: Residents were added in the courtyard [who were not there when the eruv was placed — Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ח]: if the house opens onto two courtyards, one must inform them, because perhaps they do not want to make the eruv with these.
What this seif says:

Seif ג

כמה הוא שיעור העירוב בתחלתו בזמן שהם שמונה עשרה או פחות שיעורו כגרוגרות לכל א' ואם הם יותר משמונ' עשרה אפילו הם אלף או יותר שיעורו מזון שתי סעודות שהם שמונ' עשרה גרוגרות שהם כששה ביצים וי״א שהם כשמונה ביצים:
Translation: What is the measure of the eruv at its beginning? When they [the participants] are eighteen or fewer, its measure is like dried figs [grogeres], [one] for each; and if they are more than eighteen, even if they are a thousand or more, its measure is food for two meals, which is eighteen dried figs, which is like six eggs [in their shells — Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק י״א]; and some say it is like eight eggs.
What this seif says:

Seif ד

נתמעט מכשיעורו אחר שנכנס שבת ראשונ' ונשתייר בו אפי' כל שהוא כשר אף לשאר שבתות:
Translation: [The eruv] diminished below its measure after the first Shabbos began, and even any amount at all remained of it: it is valid even for the other Shabbosos.
What this seif says:

Seif ה

אם נתעפש פת העירוב ונפסל מלאכול הרי הוא כמו שכלה לגמרי וצריך לערב מחדש: הגה ולכן נהגו לעשות העירוב חלת מצה שאינה ממהרת להתעפש [כל בו ב״י סי' שנ״ד] ועוד דיכולים לשמרה בימי הפסח ויכולים לשמור העירוב כל השנה [דעת עצמו] וזה טוב יותר מלערב כל שבת ושבת שלא ישכחו מלערב מיהו אם רוצים לערב כל ע״ש ולאכול העירוב כל שבת הרשות בידם וע' לקמן סי' שצ״ד:
Translation: If the bread of the eruv became moldy and unfit to be eaten, it is as if it were entirely used up, and one must make the eruv anew. Gloss of the Rema: therefore the custom is to make the eruv from a loaf of matzah (challas matzah), which does not quickly become moldy [the Rema's references, as printed: כל בו ב״י סי׳ שנ״ד]; and also because one can keep it during the days of Pesach, and one can keep the eruv all year [the Rema's own opinion]; and this is better than making the eruv every Shabbos, so that they do not forget to make the eruv. However, if they want to make the eruv every Erev Shabbos and eat the eruv every Shabbos, they may do so. And see below, siman שצ״ד.
What this seif says:

2. General context

What does this siman discuss?

Siman שס״ו deals with the eruv of a courtyard in which several households live: its title is « דין עירוב לחצר שהרבה בני אדם דרים בו » (שו״ע או״ח שס״ו:א). Siman שס״ח asks what becomes of that eruv once it was made: its title is « דין אם אחר שעירבו נתקלקל העירוב » (שו״ע או״ח שס״ח:א). It states when the residents must be informed in order to remake or complete the eruv (seifim א and ב), what quantity of food the eruv must contain (seif ג), and what becomes of an eruv that has diminished (seif ד) and of eruv bread that has become moldy (seif ה).

The fundamental question: is the residents' agreement needed when the eruv is remade or completed? The Mishnah Berurah recalls the starting rule and its exception: « קי״ל דמערבין עירובי חצרות שלא מדעת דזכות הוא וזכין לאדם שלא בפניו ומ״מ אם יש בחצר בית הפתוח לשתי חצרות אין מערבין בשבילו שלא בידיעתו דשמא אינו חפץ כלל לערב בחצר זו עם אנשים אלו אלא בחצר אחרת » (משנה ברורה שס״ח ס״ק ט). At the end of the same ס״ק it adds that this rule is itself disputed among the poskim: « יש פוסקים דסברי דדוקא אם מערב משלו ויש פוסקים דסברי דיוכל לערב אפילו משלהם בלא דעתם » (משנה ברורה שס״ח ס״ק ט), and refers to the Biur Halachah on siman 367. The Mishnah Berurah ranks some of these cases with the start of an eruv: a used-up eruv remade of another kind, « הו״ל כמערב לכתחלה » (משנה ברורה שס״ח ס״ק ד), and the addition for new residents, « דהוספה זו ג״כ כתחלת עירוב הוא » (משנה ברורה שס״ח ס״ק ט). Yet in seif א one who takes from his own need not inform, « כיון שהם אינם נותנים כלום וכבר נתרצו לערב יחד » (משנה ברורה שס״ח ס״ק ה). In seif א, for a used-up eruv remade of another kind, one informs if one takes from what is theirs, and, according to the Maamar Mordechai and other Acharonim reported by the Mishnah Berurah, only a house opening onto two courtyards (ס״ק ד); in seif ב, a house opening onto two courtyards — according to the Mishnah Berurah, even if one makes the eruv from one's own, with a more lenient opinion it also reports (ס״ק ט).

Place in Hilchos Eruvin

Siman שס״ח follows siman שס״ז, which asks whether a wife may make the eruv for her husband (« אם אשה יכולה לערב », שו״ע או״ח שס״ז:א). It itself points further ahead: the Rema's gloss in seif ה ends with « וע׳ לקמן סי׳ שצ״ד » (רמ״א או״ח שס״ח:ה), and the Mishnah Berurah refers to siman שפ״ז for the practice of making the shituf and the eruv together (משנה ברורה שס״ח ס״ק ט״ז).

3. Key halachic concepts

A few notions structure this siman:

The essential notions of siman שס״ח:

4. Detail of the seifim — one by one

SeifContent
אThe eruv was spoiled and a resident remakes it. Of the same kind: he need not inform, even if the first is used up and even if he takes from what belongs to the residents. Of another kind, the first being used up: he must inform if he takes from what is theirs, not if he takes from his own. The first only diminished: no need to inform, even if he takes from what is theirs. (According to the Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק א: on the first Shabbos, the eruv having been spoiled before it began.)
בResidents were added to the courtyard: if the house opens onto two courtyards, one must inform, because perhaps they do not want to make the eruv with these.
גThe measure of the eruv at its beginning: eighteen participants or fewer, a dried fig per person; more than eighteen, even a thousand, food for two meals — eighteen dried figs, like six eggs; some say eight.
דAn eruv that diminished below its measure after the first Shabbos began, if any amount at all remains, is valid for the following Shabbosos.
הMoldy eruv bread, unfit to eat, is as if used up: the eruv must be made anew. Rema: hence the custom of making the eruv from a loaf of matzah, which does not quickly become moldy and can be kept during Pesach and all year, which he considers preferable so as not to forget; whoever wants to make the eruv every Erev Shabbos and eat it every Shabbos may.
Heart of the siman: for remaking or completing the eruv, seifim א and ב state when the residents must be informed: according to the kind of food, according to whether the first is used up or only diminished, according to whether one takes from one's own or from theirs, and when residents were added. Seif ג gives the measure required at the beginning of the eruv; after the first Shabbos began, any remainder suffices (seif ד; the Mishnah Berurah adds a reservation, see sections 7 and 8); moldy bread is as if used up (seif ה).

5. The Mishnah Berurah — first entries

The Mishnah Berurah of Rabbi Yisroel Meir Kagan (Chofetz Chaim) contains 22 entries on this siman. Here are the first ones — to better understand the meaning of seif א:

משנה ברורה (א) — (א) לחזור ולתקנו - זה מיירי בשבת ראשון ונתקלקל קודם שנכנס השבת דאלו נתקלקל אחר שכבר נכנס השבת א״צ שום תיקון לשבת זו אפילו כבר כלה ונאבד לגמרי. ולענין שבת שניה אף דאם כבר כלה לגמרי צריך לערב מחדש הלא עכ״פ בנשתייר אפילו כל שהוא א״צ שום תיקון כיון דהיה שיעור עירוב בבין השמשות של שבת ראשונה כמ״ש בס״ד ומה זה דקאמר בסוף הסעיף ואם לא כלה וכו' אע״פ שמערב משלהם וכו' אלא ודאי כדכתבנו דנתקלקל קודם שנכנס השבת ראשונה:
משנה ברורה (ב) — (ב) א״צ להודיע - לשאלם אם יתרצו לזה דמוקמינן אחזקתיה דודאי יתרצו כולם ממין זה כמו שנתרצו מתחלה [לבוש]:
משנה ברורה (ג) — (ג) ממין אחר - כגון שהיה מתחלה פת חטים ועכשיו רוצה לערב מפת שעורים:
משנה ברורה (ד) — (ד) צריך להודיע להם - לשאלם דכיון שכבר כלה המין הראשון הו״ל כמערב לכתחלה וכתב במאמר מרדכי דדוקא בבית הפתוח לשתי חצרות דלא ידעינן בהי ניחא ליה אבל בפתוח לחצר אחד זכות הוא לו וא״צ דעתו וכ״כ שארי אחרונים:
משנה ברורה (ה) — (ה) ואם משלו אינו צריך להודיעם - לפי שבודאי יתרצו שיערב עליהם בכל המינים שירצה כיון שהם אינם נותנים כלום וכבר נתרצו לערב יחד:

For the complete text of all 22 entries, consult Sefaria: Mishnah Berurah 368.

6. Position of the Rema

In this siman, the gloss of the Rema (Rabbi Moshe Isserles, הגה) is at the end of seif ה.

The Rema's gloss:

7. Modern practical cases

The situations below are applications of the site: the seif does not name them, and each is tied to the seif it involves.

SituationQuick analysis
The communal eruv was used up before the first Shabbos began; a resident remakes it with his own breadApplication of the site, seif א, which according to the Mishnah Berurah speaks of an eruv spoiled before the first Shabbos began (ס״ק א): remade of the same kind, he need not inform; of another kind, « ואם משלו א״צ להודיעם כלל » (שו״ע או״ח שס״ח:א). In either case, when he makes it from his own, he has it acquired for them through another person: « ובלבד שיזכנו להם על ידי אחר » (שו״ע או״ח שס״ו:ט).
New families move into the courtyard after the eruv was madeApplication of the site, seif ב: if the house opens onto two courtyards, one must inform when one adds to the eruv for them (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 368:2). When such an addition is required, the Mechaber sets out in Siman 366: the eruv is granted also « ולכל מי שיתוסף מיום זה ואילך » (שו״ע או״ח שס״ו:ט), and one view (וי״א) holds that this applies even without saying so; but « ואם נתוספו דיורין לאחר שנתמעט העירוב מן השיעור צריך להוסיף מחמתן » (שו״ע או״ח שס״ו:ט). The Mishnah Berurah explains that the addition is « כתחלת עירוב הוא וצריך לעשות עירוב דוקא בידיעתם אבל שלא בידיעתם לא ואפילו אם מערב עתה משלו » (משנה ברורה שס״ח ס״ק ט), and reports a more lenient view: « ויש מקילין שיכול לערב משלו בכל גווני » (משנה ברורה שס״ח ס״ק ט). The Magen Avraham, on this seif, also requires informing the new residents who are in a single alley when one makes the eruv from what is theirs: « ואם הם במבוי א׳ ורוצ׳ לערב משלהם צריך להודיעם דהו״ל כתחלת עירוב » (מגן אברהם שס״ח ס״ק א).
The eruv of a large community: what quantity?Application of the site, seif ג: more than eighteen participants, even a thousand or more, food for two meals — like six eggs, and some say eight. The Mishnah Berurah: « ולכתחלה נכון לנהוג כן ובדיעבד די כששה ביצים » (משנה ברורה שס״ח ס״ק י״ב). The site does not convert these measures: for their present-day equivalent, consult your Rav.
The eruv matzah, eaten into after the first Shabbos, has fallen below its measureApplication of the site, seif ד: any remainder is valid for the following Shabbosos. But the Mishnah Berurah reports the Magen Avraham, according to whom this applied only in the time of the Talmud, when the eruv of courtyards and the shituf of alleys were each made separately, and not when they are made together; it notes that the Biur Halachah reports dissenting views, and concludes: « ולכתחלה בודאי צריך ליזהר להוסיף עד כשיעור » (משנה ברורה שס״ח ס״ק ט״ז). The Magen Avraham writes there « ומ״מ נ״ל דאם לא נשאר בו כשיעור פסול » (מגן אברהם שס״ח ס״ק ג); the Biur Halachah concludes « וע״כ נראה דיש להקל בזה בשעת הדחק » (ביאור הלכה שס״ח), and « ולכתחלה בודאי נכון ליזהר בזה » (ביאור הלכה שס״ח). And if new residents were added since it fell below its measure: « ואם נתוספו דיורין לאחר שנתמעט העירוב מן השיעור צריך להוסיף מחמתן » (שו״ע או״ח שס״ו:ט). Consult your Rav.
The matzah of the communal eruv, kept since Pesach, is found moldyApplication of the site, seif ה: moldy eruv bread, unfit to eat, is as if used up, and the eruv must be made anew. The Mishnah Berurah specifies: « היינו כשנתעפש כולו » (משנה ברורה שס״ח ס״ק י״ט); and if one discovers it on Shabbos without knowing when it became moldy, « תלינן לקולא ואמרינן דמקרוב נתעפש » (משנה ברורה שס״ח ס״ק כ).
For precise practical cases: the ruling depends on the state of the eruv, on who remakes it, and on how the houses and courtyards are laid out. For halacha lemaaseh, consult your Rav.

8. Practical synthesis of the Siman

The teachings of Siman שס״ח:
  1. A spoiled eruv remade of the same kind: without informing the residents, even if the first is used up (seif א).
  2. Of another kind, the first being used up: inform if one takes from what belongs to the residents; from one's own, not (seif א). According to the Maamar Mordechai and other Acharonim reported by the Mishnah Berurah, only one whose house opens onto two courtyards (ס״ק ד); the Mishnah Berurah also reports poskim for whom an eruv without the residents' consent is made only from one's own (ס״ק ט) — on the general rule, without applying it to this case.
  3. The first only diminished: without informing, even if one takes from what is theirs (seif א).
  4. Residents added to the courtyard: if the house opens onto two courtyards, inform (seif ב); according to the Magen Avraham (ס״ק א) and the Mishnah Berurah (ס״ק ט), even if one makes the eruv from one's own, and the Mishnah Berurah also reports a more lenient opinion (ס״ק ט); according to the Magen Avraham, also when they are in a single alley and one makes the eruv from what is theirs (ס״ק א).
  5. The measure at the beginning: a dried fig per person up to eighteen; beyond that, two meals — six eggs, some say eight (seif ג).
  6. After the first Shabbos began, any remainder suffices (seif ד); when the eruv and the shituf are made together, the Magen Avraham, reported by the Mishnah Berurah, declares it invalid, and the Biur Halachah concludes that one may be lenient in a time of need (בשעת הדחק); lechatchilah, complete the measure (ס״ק ט״ז). If residents were added after the eruv diminished below its measure, one must add for them (שו״ע או״ח שס״ו:ט).
  7. Moldy bread is as if used up; the Rema reports the custom of matzah kept all year (seif ה).
  8. For halacha lemaaseh, consult your Rav.

9. Comprehension questions

Check your understanding:
  1. Why does the kind of food change the question of informing the residents (seif א; Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ד)?
  2. What difference does seif א make between an eruv used up and an eruv only diminished?
  3. Why must one inform when residents are added, according to seif ב and the Mishnah Berurah (ס״ק ט)?
  4. What are the two measures of seif ג, and from how many participants does one pass from one to the other?
  5. Why does any remainder suffice after the first Shabbos began (seif ד; Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ט״ו)?
  6. Why, according to the Rema, is the custom to make the eruv from matzah, and what do the Acharonim reported by the Mishnah Berurah say (ס״ק כ״א)?

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