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DAAT · LEVEL 1 — INTRODUCTION

Siman שס״ט · 1 seif of the Shulchan Aruch

How the eruv is transferred — to discover and understand
סימן שס״ט
באיזה אופן מקנין העירוב
🌱 Beginner Level · מתחילים
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First approach to Siman שס״ט: complete Hebrew text of the Mechaber, English translation, pedagogical explanations of the halachic concepts, practical cases and synthesis.

Topic: how one who pays for his share acquires the eruv — according, among other things, to what he says, what he hands over and to whom, the baker or a private householder, and what the baker then does
Source: שולחן ערוך אורח חיים סימן שס״ט (a single seif in the Shulchan Aruch, with no gloss of the Rema; a single seif in the Shulchan Aruch HaRav as well, studied at Level 4)

Compiled by: רב יוסף חיים סממה
DAAT · daattorah.com

📑 Study Plan

1. The Shulchan Aruch text — the single seif of the Mechaber
2. General context: why this siman, what is the question?
3. Key halachic concepts of this siman
4. Detail of the seifim — one by one
5. The Mishnah Berurah — first entries
6. Position of the Rema
7. Modern practical cases
8. Practical synthesis and rules to remember
9. Comprehension questions

1. The Shulchan Aruch text

Siman שס״ט contains a single seif of the Mechaber (Rabbi Yosef Karo), with no gloss of the Rema. Topic of the siman, according to its title: in what way the eruv is transferred — has one who gives money in order to have his share in the courtyard eruv acquired it? The Shulchan Aruch of the Alter Rebbe also has a single seif for this siman; its wording is studied at Level 4.

Seif א

באיזה אופן מקנין העירוב. ובו סעיף אחד:
הנותן מעות לנחתום ואמר לו אם יבואו בני חצר לקנו' ממך ככר לעירוב זכה לי בעירוב שיהא לי חלק עמהם בשביל מעה זו אינו עירוב אפילו עירב החנוני [לכל האחרים] וזכה גם לזה עמהם אבל אם אמר לו ערב לי קנה עירוב ואפילו אם אמר זכה לי אם נתן לו כלי בתור' קנין שיקנה לו בו קנה עירוב וכן אם זיכה לו הנחתום ע״י אחר או שקנה במעה שנתן לו לחם מן השוק קנה עירוב ואם נתן מעה לבעל הבי' ואמר לו זכה לי בעירוב קנה עירוב:
Translation: One who gives money to a baker and says to him: “If the residents of the courtyard come to buy a loaf from you for the eruv, acquire for me [a share] in the eruv, so that I have a share with them, in return for this coin (ma'ah)” — it is not an eruv [for him], even if the shopkeeper (chenvani) [the Shulchan Aruch HaRav writes here “the baker”] made the eruv for all the others (words in square brackets in the edition of the seif) — [by an acquisition made for them through others, as in siman 366, seif 9 of the Shulchan Aruch (Mechaber), explains the Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק א] — and acquired on behalf of this one too along with them [among all the residents of the courtyard, without naming him, explains the Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ב]. But if he said to him “make the eruv for me” (arev li), he has acquired the eruv. And even if he said “acquire for me” (zecheh li), if he gave him an article as an act of acquisition (kinyan), so that he would confer on him through it, he has acquired the eruv. Likewise, if the baker conferred on him through another person [naming him explicitly, explains the Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ה], or bought, with the coin he gave him, bread from the market, he has acquired the eruv. And if he gave a coin to a private householder (ba'al habayis) and said to him “acquire for me [a share] in the eruv”, he has acquired the eruv.
What this seif says:

2. General context

What does this siman discuss?

The mishnah in tractate Eruvin sets Rabbi Eliezer against the Sages on one who pays for his share of the eruv: « נוֹתֵן אָדָם מָעָה לַחֶנְוָנִי וְלַנַּחְתּוֹם כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּזַכֶּה לוֹ עֵירוּב, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: לֹא זָכוּ לוֹ מְעוֹתָיו » (עירובין פ״א ע״א). It continues: the Sages concede that, given to any other person, the coin acquires for him; then Rabbi Yehudah distinguishes eruvei techumin from eruvei chatzeros (Mishnah, Eruvin 81b). The Gemara there brings distinctions of Shmuel that we find in the seif. First: « לֹא שָׁנוּ אֶלָּא נַחְתּוֹם, אֲבָל בַּעַל הַבַּיִת — קוֹנֶה » (עירובין פ״א ע״ב).

Next: « לֹא שָׁנוּ אֶלָּא מָעָה, אֲבָל כְּלִי — קוֹנֶה » (עירובין פ״א ע״ב).

And also: « לֹא שָׁנוּ אֶלָּא דְּאָמַר לוֹ ״זְכֵה לִי״, אֲבָל אָמַר ״עָרֵב לִי״, שָׁלִיחַ שַׁוְּיֵהּ, וְקָנֵי » (עירובין פ״א ע״ב).

The fundamental question: has one who gives money for his share of the eruv acquired that share? The seif answers, among other things, according to what he said (זכה לי or ערב לי), what he handed over (a coin or an article), to whom he handed it (the baker or a private householder), and what the baker then did (having it acquired for him through another, buying him bread at the market with the coin).

Place in Hilchos Eruvin

In Sefaria's index, the section הלכות עירובין of the Shulchan Aruch begins at siman 345. Siman שס״ט follows siman שס״ח. For the eruv made “for all the others”, the Mishnah Berurah refers to siman 366, seif 9 of the Shulchan Aruch (Mechaber): « ר״ל ע״י זיכוי שזיכה להן ע״י אחרים כדלעיל בסימן שס״ו ס״ט » (משנה ברורה שס״ט ס״ק א).

3. Key halachic concepts

A few notions structure this siman:

The essential notions of siman שס״ט:

4. Detail of the seifim — one by one

SeifContent
אA coin given to the baker with “acquire for me” does not make an eruv, even if he made the eruv for all and included him. It does if he said “make the eruv for me”; or if, having said “acquire for me”, he handed over an article as a kinyan; or if the baker conferred on him through another; or if he bought him bread from the market with the coin. Given to a private householder with “acquire for me”, the coin makes an eruv.
Heart of the siman: the seif does not ask whether one paid, but by what path the share in the eruv was acquired. The coin alone, handed to the baker with “acquire for me”, does not acquire it (money does not acquire before the item is pulled, as the Mishnah Berurah writes on the article, ס״ק ד; and, when the baker counted him among all without naming him, presumably he did not mean it as a gift to him, ס״ק ב); the other paths of the seif do — agency (“make the eruv for me”), the article handed over as a kinyan, conferring through another (naming him, according to the Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ה; the boundary is discussed, section 6), buying the bread at the market, and the coin handed to a private householder.

5. The Mishnah Berurah — first entries

The Mishnah Berurah of Rabbi Yisroel Meir Kagan (Chofetz Chaim) contains 8 entries on this siman. Here they all are, in order — to better understand the meaning of the seif:

משנה ברורה (א) — (א) אפילו עירב החנוני - ר״ל ע״י זיכוי שזיכה להן ע״י אחרים כדלעיל בסימן שס״ו ס״ט:
משנה ברורה (ב) — (ב) וזכה גם לזה - ר״ל בכלל כל בני החצר ולא פרט שמו בהדיא והטעם דמסתמא לא כוון ליתן לו במתנת חנם כמו לאחרים אלא בשביל מעות שנתן לו ומעות אינן קונות נמצא שאין לו חלק בעירוב:
משנה ברורה (ג) — (ג) ערב לי וכו' - גם בכאן מיירי שזיכה לו הנחתום בכלל עם אחרים וכמו למעלה והטעם דהכא מהני משום דכיון דאמר ערב לי הרי עשאו שליח לערב לו באופן שיועיל והוי כאלו אמר לו בהדיא שיזכה לו במתנת חנם כמו לאחרים:
משנה ברורה (ד) — (ד) אם נתן לו כלי וכו' - דדוקא מעות אינן קונות עד שימשוך החפץ אבל אם מקנה לו כלי הוי חליפין וכיון שזכה זה בכלי זכה זה בפת ששייך להעירוב כמ״ש בהרבה מקומות:
משנה ברורה (ה) — (ה) וכן אם זיכה לו הנחתום - ר״ל שפרט שמו בהדיא ולא בסתמא עם אחרים וע״כ אף דמעות אינן קונות מ״מ הרי יש לו חלק בעירוב מטעם דזכין לו לאדם שלא בפניו ובזה מיושב דלא יסתור למה שכתב בראש הסעיף דזיכוי לא מהני:
משנה ברורה (ו) — (ו) ע״י אחר - ויש מאחרונים שחולקין ע״ז וס״ל דכיון דנתן מעות אפשר דלא ניחא ליה לקבל בתורת מתנה ובמעות הלא אינו קונה:
משנה ברורה (ז) — (ז) או שקנה וכו' - דנעשה בזה כשלוחו וקנה זה את הלחם ונמצא שיש לו חלק בעירוב:
משנה ברורה (ח) — (ח) מעה לבעה״ב וכו' - גם בכאן מיירי שמזכה לו בע״ה בכלל עם אחרים במתנה והטעם דמהני הכא לפי שאין דרך בעה״ב למכור משלו ולדעת שיקנה לו במעותיו אמר לו וכאלו אמר לו ערב לי שעשאו שליח דמיא וע״כ אפילו אם לקח מככרו וזיכה לו עם כל אנשי החצר ג״כ מהני:

For the text on Sefaria: Mishnah Berurah 369.

6. Position of the Rema

In the text of the seif served by Sefaria (Maginei Eretz edition), the Rema (Rabbi Moshe Isserles) adds no gloss (הגה) to this siman.

No gloss of the Rema:

7. Modern practical cases

The situations below are applications by the site: the seif does not name them, and each is tied to the part of the seif it involves.

SituationQuick analysis
Paying the bakery in advance for one's share of the eruv breadApplication by the site, seif א: the seif's ruling on a coin given to the baker. With the coin alone and “acquire for me”, « אינו עירוב » (שו״ע או״ח שס״ט:א); with “make the eruv for me”, or with an article handed over as a kinyan, he has acquired the eruv; and, even with the coin alone, he has acquired it if the baker then conferred it on him through another (naming him, according to the Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ה; see the next row) or bought him bread at the market with the coin (ס״ק ז). What one should say and hand over today: consult your Rav.
The baker confers one's share through a third partyApplication by the site, seif א: « וכן אם זיכה לו הנחתום ע״י אחר… קנה עירוב » (שו״ע או״ח שס״ט:א). The Mishnah Berurah understands it of the case where he named him explicitly (ס״ק ה), and reports that some Acharonim disagree (ס״ק ו).
Giving money to a neighbor who prepares the eruvApplication by the site, seif א: the seif rules for the private householder — « ואם נתן מעה לבעל הבי׳ ואמר לו זכה לי בעירוב קנה עירוב » (שו״ע או״ח שס״ט:א) — and the Mishnah Berurah gives the reason: a householder is not in the habit of selling what is his own; it is so that he would buy [the bread] for him with his money that [the payer] spoke to him so, and it is as if he had told him “make the eruv for me”, by which he made [the householder] his agent (ס״ק ח). Whether the one receiving the money counts as a householder or as a seller: consult your Rav.
For precise practical cases: the seif makes the acquisition depend, among other things, on the words said, on what is handed over, on who receives it and on what the baker then did, and the Mishnah Berurah reports a disagreement on conferring through another. For halacha lemaaseh, consult your Rav.

8. Practical synthesis of the Siman

The teachings of Siman שס״ט:
  1. A coin given to the baker with “acquire for me” does not make an eruv, even if he made the eruv for all and included him (seif א); the scope of this case is disputed (Taz, ס״ק א; Biur Halachah; see section 6 of this page).
  2. “Make the eruv for me” makes an eruv (seif א).
  3. “Acquire for me” with an article handed over as a kinyan makes an eruv (seif א).
  4. If the baker conferred it on him through another (naming him, according to the Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ה), or bought him bread at the market with the coin, he has acquired the eruv (seif א); on the first way, the Mishnah Berurah reports a disagreement (ס״ק ו).
  5. A coin given to a private householder with “acquire for me” makes an eruv (seif א).
  6. For halacha lemaaseh, consult your Rav.

9. Comprehension questions

Check your understanding:
  1. Why does a coin given to the baker with “acquire for me” not make an eruv (Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ב and ד)?
  2. When the coin was given to the baker with “acquire for me”, why is it not enough that this man was included among all the residents of the courtyard (ס״ק ב), when it is enough with ערב לי and with a private householder (ס״ק ג, ח)?
  3. What does the phrase ערב לי change (ס״ק ג)?
  4. What does the article handed over as a kinyan change (ס״ק ד)?
  5. How does the Mishnah Berurah understand conferring “through another” (ס״ק ה), and what disagreement does it report (ס״ק ו)?
  6. Why does a coin given to a private householder suffice (ס״ק ח)?
  7. Which distinctions of Shmuel (עירובין פ״א ע״ב) do we find in the seif?

To go further

If you want to deepen this siman:
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