Why a Level 4 dedicated to the Alter Rebbe? The Shulchan Aruch HaRav is not a commentary on the Mechaber: it is a Shulchan Aruch in its own right, written by the Alter Rebbe, with its own division and numbering of the seifim. Here the Shulchan Aruch HaRav has 4 seifim, and the Shulchan Aruch of the Mechaber 5: the Rav's seif 3 carries what the Mechaber says in his seifim ג and ד, and the Rav's seif 4 corresponds to the Mechaber's seif ה and the Rema's gloss that follows it. References on this page follow the Rav's numbering, unless the Shulchan Aruch of the Mechaber is named; the Mechaber's seifim are designated by their Hebrew letter.
This page gathers, for Siman 368, the full text of the Rav with its translation, where his text differs from that of the Mechaber and the Rema, and the practical conduct that follows from it.
שלחן ערוך הרב — סימן שס״ח
The full text of the Shulchan Aruch HaRav of the Alter Rebbe
סימן שס״ח — אִם אַחַר שֶׁעֵרְבוּ נִתְקַלְקֵל הָעֵרוּב — וּבוֹ ד׳ סְעִיפִים
Source: Kehot edition, as reproduced on Sefaria. 4 seifim (the Mechaber's Shulchan Aruch has 5, under its own numbering).
סעיף א אִם אַחַר שֶׁעֵרְבוּ נִתְקַלְקֵל הָעֵרוּב וּבוֹ ד' סְעִיפִים: עֵרְבוּ, וְאַחַר כָּךְ נִתְקַלְקֵל…
אִם אַחַר שֶׁעֵרְבוּ נִתְקַלְקֵל הָעֵרוּב וּבוֹ ד' סְעִיפִים:
עֵרְבוּ, וְאַחַר כָּךְ נִתְקַלְקֵל הָעֵרוּב וְנִתְמַעֵט מִשִּׁעוּרוֹ קֹדֶם שֶׁנִּכְנַס הַשַּׁבָּת, וּבָא אֶחָד מִבְּנֵי הֶחָצֵר לְתַקְּנוֹ לְהוֹסִיף עָלָיו עַד כַּשִּׁעוּר — אִם בָּא לְעָרֵב מִמִּין הָרִאשׁוֹן, אֵין צָרִיךְ לְהוֹדִיעַ לָהֶם, אֲפִלּוּ מְעָרֵב עֲלֵיהֶם מִשֶּׁלָּהֶם, וּבִלְבָד שֶׁלֹּא יִטּוֹל פִּתָּם מִבָּתֵּיהֶם שֶׁלֹּא מִדַּעְתָּם, אֶלָּא בְּנֵי הַבַּיִת יִתְּנוּ לוֹ. וַאֲפִלּוּ אִם כָּלָה הָרִאשׁוֹן לְגַמְרֵי, וּבָא לְעָרֵב מֵחָדָשׁ מִשֶּׁלָּהֶם — אֵין צָרִיךְ לְהוֹדִיעָם. וַאֲפִלּוּ מִי שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לְהוֹדִיעַ לוֹ בִּתְחִלַּת הָעֵרוּב וְאֵין מְעָרְבִין בַּתְּחִלָּה שֶׁלֹּא מִדַּעְתּוֹ, כְּגוֹן שֶׁבֵּיתוֹ פָּתוּחַ לִשְׁתֵּי חֲצֵרוֹת, שֶׁאֵין הָעֵרוּב הַזֶּה זְכוּת לוֹ בְּוַדַּאי, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן שס״ז — אֵין צָרִיךְ לְהוֹדִיעַ לוֹ כְּשֶׁנִּתְקַלְקֵל וְחוֹזֵר וּמְתַקְּנִים אוֹתוֹ, שֶׁכֵּיוָן שֶׁכְּבָר נִתְרַצָּה בּוֹ בַּתְּחִלָּה, מִן הַסְּתָם גַּם עַכְשָׁו יִתְרַצֶּה בּוֹ.
אֲבָל אִם בָּא לְעָרֵב מִמִּין אַחֵר (כְּגוֹן שֶׁמִּתְּחִלָּה הָיָה פַּת חִטִּים וְעַכְשָׁו בָּא לַעֲשׂוֹתוֹ מִפַּת אֹרֶז) — אִם כָּלָה מִין הָרִאשׁוֹן לְגַמְרֵי, צָרִיךְ לְהוֹדִיעַ לְכָל מִי שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לְהוֹדִיעַ לוֹ בִּתְחִלַּת עֵרוּב, שֶׁגַּם עַכְשָׁו הוּא כִּתְחִלַּת עֵרוּב, כֵּיוָן שֶׁכָּלָה מִין הָרִאשׁוֹן לְגַמְרֵי, וְשֶׁמָּא לֹא יִתְרַצּוּ בְּמִין זֶה.
וְהוּא שֶׁמְּעָרֵב מִשֶּׁלָּהֶם. אֲבָל אִם מְזַכֶּה לָהֶם מִשֶּׁלּוֹ — אֵין צָרִיךְ לְהוֹדִיעָם אֲפִלּוּ כָּלָה מִין הָרִאשׁוֹן, לְפִי שֶׁבְּוַדַּאי יִתְרַצּוּ שֶׁיְּעָרֵב עֲלֵיהֶם בְּכָל הַמִּינִים שֶׁיִּרְצֶה, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהֵם אֵין נוֹתְנִים כְּלוּם.
וְאִם לֹא כָלָה מִין הָרִאשׁוֹן לְגַמְרֵי, אֶלָּא נִתְמַעֵט מִשִּׁעוּרוֹ קֹדֶם שֶׁנִּכְנַס הַשַּׁבָּת, וּבָא לְהוֹסִיף עָלָיו — יָכוֹל לְהוֹסִיף אֲפִלּוּ מִמִּין אַחֵר וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לְהוֹדִיעָם, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמְּעָרֵב מִשֶּׁלָּהֶם:
If, after the eruv was made, the eruv was spoiled; and it contains 4 seifim:
They made the eruv, and afterwards the eruv was spoiled and diminished below its measure (shiur) before Shabbos began, and one of the residents of the courtyard comes to repair it by adding to it up to the measure: if he comes to make the eruv from the same kind as the first, he need not inform them, even if he makes the eruv for them from what is theirs, provided that he does not take their bread from their houses without their knowledge, but the members of the household give it to him. And even if the first [eruv] was entirely used up and he comes to make the eruv anew from what is theirs, he need not inform them. And even one who must be informed at the start of the eruv, and for whom the eruv is not made at the outset without his knowledge — for example, one whose house opens onto two courtyards, for whom this eruv is not certainly a benefit (zechus), as was explained in Siman 367 — need not be informed when it was spoiled and they repair it again: since he already consented to it at the start, presumably he will consent to it now as well.
But if he comes to make the eruv from another kind (for example, at first it was wheat bread, and now he comes to make it from rice bread): if the first kind was entirely used up, he must inform everyone who must be informed at the start of an eruv, for now too it is like the start of an eruv, since the first kind was entirely used up, and perhaps they will not accept this kind.
And this is when he makes the eruv from what is theirs. But if he transfers to them (mezakeh) from what is his, he need not inform them, even if the first kind was used up, for they certainly consent to his making the eruv for them with any kind he wishes, since they give nothing.
And if the first kind was not entirely used up, but only diminished below its measure before Shabbos began, and he comes to add to it: he may add even from another kind and need not inform them, even though he makes the eruv from what is theirs.
סעיף ב וְכָל זֶה אִם בָּא לְהוֹסִיף מֵחֲמַת שֶׁנִּתְקַלְקֵל. אֲבָל אִם בָּא לְהוֹסִיף מֵחֲמַת שֶׁנִּתּוֹסְפוּ…
וְכָל זֶה אִם בָּא לְהוֹסִיף מֵחֲמַת שֶׁנִּתְקַלְקֵל. אֲבָל אִם בָּא לְהוֹסִיף מֵחֲמַת שֶׁנִּתּוֹסְפוּ דִיּוּרִין בֶּחָצֵר, אֲפִלּוּ אִם מְזַכֶּה לָהֶם מִשֶּׁלּוֹ — צָרִיךְ לְהוֹדִיעַ לְכָל מִי מֵהֶם שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לְהוֹדִיעַ לוֹ בִּתְחִלַּת עֵרוּב, דְּהַיְנוּ כָּל מִי שֶׁבֵּיתוֹ פָּתוּחַ לִשְׁתֵּי חֲצֵרוֹת, לְפִי שֶׁהוֹסָפָה זוֹ הִיא תְּחִלַּת עֵרוּב לָהֶם, וּבִתְחִלַּת עֵרוּב אֵין מְעָרְבִין שֶׁלֹּא לָדַעַת לְכָל מִי שֶׁבֵּיתוֹ פָּתוּחַ לִשְׁתֵּי חֲצֵרוֹת אֲפִלּוּ אִם מְזַכֶּה לוֹ מִשֶּׁלּוֹ, כִּי שֶׁמָּא אֵינוֹ חָפֵץ כְּלָל לְעָרֵב בְּחָצֵר זוֹ אֶלָּא בְּאַחֶרֶת:
And all this is when he comes to add because [the eruv] was spoiled. But if he comes to add because new residents were added in the courtyard, even if he transfers to them from what is his, he must inform each of them who must be informed at the start of an eruv, that is, anyone whose house opens onto two courtyards: for this addition is the start of the eruv for them, and at the start of the eruv one does not make the eruv without the knowledge of anyone whose house opens onto two courtyards, even if one transfers to him from one's own, for perhaps he does not want to make the eruv in this courtyard at all, but in another.
סעיף ג כַּמָּה הוּא שִׁעוּר הָעֵרוּב בִּתְחִלָּתוֹ? בִּזְמַן שֶׁהֵם י״ח אוֹ פָּחוֹת — שִׁעוּרָן כִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת…
כַּמָּה הוּא שִׁעוּר הָעֵרוּב בִּתְחִלָּתוֹ? בִּזְמַן שֶׁהֵם י״ח אוֹ פָּחוֹת — שִׁעוּרָן כִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת פַּת לְכָל אֶחָד. וְאִם הֵם יוֹתֵר מִי״ח, אֲפִלּוּ הֵם אֶלֶף אוֹ יוֹתֵר — שִׁעוּרוֹ מְזוֹן ב' סְעֻדּוֹת, שֶׁהֵם י״ח גְּרוֹגָרוֹת, שֶׁהֵם כְּשִׁשָּׁה בֵּיצִים בֵּינוֹנִית פַּת. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁב' סְעֻדּוֹת הֵן כִּשְׁמוֹנֶה בֵּיצִים.
וְכָל זֶה בִּתְחִלַּת הָעֵרוּב. אֲבָל שִׁיּוּרֵי עֵרוּב, דְּהַיְנוּ עֵרוּב שֶׁהָיָה בּוֹ כַּשִּׁעוּר וְנִתְמַעֵט אַחַר שֶׁנִּכְנַס שַׁבָּת רִאשׁוֹנָה, וְנִשְׁתַּיֵּר בּוֹ אֲפִלּוּ כָּל שֶׁהוּא — כָּשֵׁר אַף לִשְׁאָר שַׁבָּתוֹת.
וַאֲפִלּוּ אִם הַמְּשֻׁיָּר אֵינוֹ כִּכָּר שָׁלֵם אֶלָּא פְּרוּסָה. וְלֹא אָמְרוּ שֶׁאֵין מְעָרְבִין בִּפְרוּסָה אֶלָּא בִּתְחִלַּת הָעֵרוּב. וַאֲפִלּוּ אִם נִפְרַס קֹדֶם כְּנִיסַת הַשַּׁבָּת — כָּשֵׁר אִם שִׁעוּרוֹ קַיָּם עַד כְּנִיסַת הַשַּׁבָּת, שֶׁהֲרֵי לֹא הִצְרִיכוּ שָׁלֵם אֶלָּא בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁלֹּא יָבֹאוּ לִידֵי מַחֲלֹקֶת, וְאִם כֵּן דַּיּוֹ כְּשֶׁהוּא שָׁלֵם בִּשְׁעַת הַנָּחָתוֹ. אֲבָל אִם נִתְמַעֵט מִשִּׁעוּרוֹ קֹדֶם כְּנִיסַת הַשַּׁבָּת, אַף אִם הַמְּשֻׁיָּר הוּא כִּכָּר קָטָן שָׁלֵם — פָּסוּל, שֶׁתְּחִלַּת הָעֵרוּב הוּא תְּחִלַּת כְּנִיסַת הַשַּׁבָּת:
What is the measure of the eruv at its start? When they are eighteen or fewer, their measure is the size of a dried fig (grogeres) of bread for each one. And if they are more than eighteen, even a thousand or more, its measure is the food of 2 meals, which is 18 dried figs, which is about six medium eggs of bread. And some say that 2 meals are about eight eggs.
And all this is at the start of the eruv. But the remnants of the eruv (shiyurei eruv), that is, an eruv that had its measure and diminished after the first Shabbos began, and of which even the smallest amount remained, are valid for the other Shabbosos as well.
And even if what remains is not a whole loaf but a piece (perusah): they only said that one does not make the eruv with a piece at the start of the eruv. And even if it was broken before Shabbos began, it is valid if its measure remains until Shabbos begins, for they only required a whole one so that they not come to a dispute, and if so it suffices that it is whole at the time it is placed. But if it diminished below its measure before Shabbos began, even if what remains is a small whole loaf, it is invalid, for the start of the eruv is the start of the onset of Shabbos.
סעיף ד אִם נִתְעַפֵּשׁ פַּת הָעֵרוּב וְנִפְסַל מִלֶּאֱכוֹל — הֲרֵי הוּא כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּלָה לְגַמְרֵי…
אִם נִתְעַפֵּשׁ פַּת הָעֵרוּב וְנִפְסַל מִלֶּאֱכוֹל — הֲרֵי הוּא כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּלָה לְגַמְרֵי, וְצָרִיךְ לְעָרֵב מֵחָדָשׁ. וְלָכֵן נָהֲגוּ בִּמְדִינוֹת אֵלּוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת הָעֵרוּב בְּעֶרֶב פֶּסַח מֵחַלַּת מַצָּה, שֶׁאֵינָהּ מְמַהֶרֶת לְהִתְעַפֵּשׁ, וְעוֹד שֶׁיְּכוֹלִין לְשָׁמְרָהּ בִּימֵי הַפֶּסַח וִיכוֹלִין לִשְׁמוֹר הָעֵרוּב כָּל הַשָּׁנָה. וְזֶה טוֹב יוֹתֵר מִלְּעָרֵב כָּל עֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, כִּי שֶׁמָּא יִשְׁכְּחוּ מִלְּעָרֵב פַּעַם אַחַת. זֶהוּ טַעַם הַמִּנְהָג. אֲבָל בֶּאֱמֶת יוֹתֵר טוֹב לְעָרֵב כָּל עֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, כִּי רֹב פְּעָמִים מַצָּה שֶׁל עֵרוּב מִתְקַלְקֶלֶת וּמִתְעַפֶּשֶׁת מֵאֹרֶךְ הַזְּמַן וְאֵינָהּ רְאוּיָה לַאֲכִילָה, וַהֲרֵי הִיא כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּלְתָה לְגַמְרֵי. וְכָל הַמְעָרֵב בְּכָל עֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, יֵשׁ לוֹ לֶאֱכוֹל הָעֵרוּב לְמָחָר, כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן שצ״ד.
וְהָרוֹצֶה לַעֲשׂוֹת עַל צַד הַיּוֹתֵר טוֹב — יְעָרֵב מִשֶּׁלּוֹ בְּכָל עֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, וִיזַכֵּהוּ לְכָל הַקָּהָל עַל יְדֵי אַחֵר, וּבְזֶה אֵין חֲשָׁשׁ אִם יִתְקַלְקֵל הָעֵרוּב שֶׁבְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת. וְלֹא יְבָרֵךְ עַל שֶׁלּוֹ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁיֵּשׁ עֵרוּב בְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת וְשֶׁמָּא הוּא כָּשֵׁר, וְהַבְּרָכוֹת אֵינָן מְעַכְּבוֹת:
If the bread of the eruv became moldy and unfit to eat, it is as if it had been entirely used up, and one must make the eruv anew. Therefore the custom in these lands is to make the eruv on Erev Pesach from a matzah loaf (challas matzah), which does not quickly become moldy; moreover, one can keep it during the days of Pesach, and one can keep the eruv all year. And this is better than making the eruv every Erev Shabbos, for perhaps they will forget to make it one time. This is the reason for the custom. But in truth it is better to make the eruv every Erev Shabbos, for most times the matzah of the eruv spoils and becomes moldy from the length of time and is not fit to eat, and it is then as if it had been entirely used up. And whoever makes the eruv every Erev Shabbos should eat the eruv the next day, as will be explained in Siman 394.
And one who wishes to do what is better should make the eruv from what is his every Erev Shabbos, and transfer it to the whole congregation through another person; with this there is no concern if the eruv in the synagogue should become spoiled. And he should not recite a blessing over his own, since there is an eruv in the synagogue and perhaps it is valid; and the blessings are not indispensable [to the eruv].
Source: Sefaria — Shulchan Arukh HaRav, Orach Chayim 368. Sefaria gives no Kuntres Acharon entry for this siman.
לשון הרב מול סעיף המחבר והרמ״א
Where the Rav's text differs from the Mechaber's seif and the Rema's
Where the Rav's text differs, for the same case, from the text of the Mechaber and the Rema's gloss — what it states explicitly and they do not state explicitly, or what it says otherwise than they do —, in Siman 368 or in the rules the Mechaber lays down in Simanim 366 and 367, as shown by comparing the texts, quoted side by side. When some commentators already read a point into the Mechaber's words and others hold otherwise, this page notes it and names them, without deciding whether it is a difference from the Mechaber or a reading of his text. Nor does this claim that the Alter Rebbe was the first to write it: the commentators on the Shulchan Aruch are not compared here one by one, and when one of them already has a point, he is named; the Mishnah Berurah, later than the Rav, is also named when it has the same point.
Passages where the Rav's text states explicitly what the Mechaber's text already says for the same case without distinction, or what already follows from his rules, when none of the commentators this page cites reads it otherwise, are not counted among the points below. Thus, when the Rav writes that the exemption from informing applies also to one who must be informed at the start of the eruv, for example one whose house opens onto two courtyards (368:1), he spells out the Mechaber’s seif א, which makes no distinction between people; likewise, in point ד, that an eruv which diminished below its measure before Shabbos began is invalid even if a small whole loaf remains already follows from the Mechaber's rules.
נקודה א — שלא יטול פתם מבתיהם (שו״ע הרב שס״ח:א)
Point א — not taking their bread from their houses without their knowledge (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 368:1)
Not taking their bread from their houses
What the Mechaber writes: « אם בא לערב ממין הראשון אפי כלה א״צ להודיע ואפי׳ מערב עליהם משלהם » (שו״ע או״ח שס״ח:א). In the previous siman he lays down: « אבל בני החצר אין יכולים ליקח פתו מביתו לערב שלא מדעת אחד מבני הבית » (שו״ע או״ח שס״ז:א). His seif א of Siman 368 does not say in so many words whether this rule applies to one who redoes the eruv from what is the residents'.
What the Rav writes: « וּבִלְבָד שֶׁלֹּא יִטּוֹל פִּתָּם מִבָּתֵּיהֶם שֶׁלֹּא מִדַּעְתָּם, אֶלָּא בְּנֵי הַבַּיִת יִתְּנוּ לוֹ » (שו״ע הרב שס״ח:א).
The difference: the Mechaber's seif א does not set this condition; the Rav's text writes it in the seif itself. The Taz connects to this seif the rule the Mechaber lays down in שס״ז:א, and the Biur Halachah writes that many Acharonim contested him (below): this page does not decide whether it is a difference from the Mechaber or a reading of his text, nor whether the Rav takes a position here.
Among the Mechaber’s commentators: the Taz, on the words of seif א: « כ״כ סוף סימן שס״ז דלקיחת הפת אין להם ליקח מבית בע״ה אלא בידיעת א׳ מבני הבית » (ט״ז או״ח שס״ח ס״ק ב). The Biur Halachah, on the same words: « עיין בט״ז ולא העתקתיו במ״ב משום שהשיגו עליו הרבה אחרונים וגם הפמ״ג היסב דבריו לכונה אחרת » (ביאור הלכה שס״ח); he does not say here what the objection is.
Practical consequence: according to the Rav's text, one who completes the eruv from the same kind, from what is the residents', does not take their bread from their houses without their knowledge: the members of the household give it to him (368:1); see section 4, point ①.
נקודה ב — ממין אחר: למי מודיעים (שו״ע הרב שס״ח:א)
Point ב — redoing from another kind: whom to inform (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 368:1)
Redoing from another kind: whom to inform
What the Mechaber writes: « ואם בא לערב ממין אחר אם כלה הראשון צריך להודיע להם אם מערב משלהם » (שו״ע או״ח שס״ח:א). He makes no distinction among the residents.
What the Rav writes: « צָרִיךְ לְהוֹדִיעַ לְכָל מִי שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לְהוֹדִיעַ לוֹ בִּתְחִלַּת עֵרוּב » (שו״ע הרב שס״ח:א), since « שֶׁגַּם עַכְשָׁו הוּא כִּתְחִלַּת עֵרוּב » (שו״ע הרב שס״ח:א). Earlier in the same seif he gives, as an example of one who is informed at the start of the eruv, « כְּגוֹן שֶׁבֵּיתוֹ פָּתוּחַ לִשְׁתֵּי חֲצֵרוֹת » (שו״ע הרב שס״ח:א).
The difference: the Mechaber writes that one must inform them, without distinguishing among them; the Rav's text refers to whoever must be informed at the start of an eruv. For this case, the Mishnah Berurah reports the Maamar Mordechai and other Acharonim; the Magen Avraham, for added residents, draws another distinction, and the Mishnah Berurah reports, on the general rule of an eruv made without the residents' consent, that the poskim are divided (below) — and this page does not derive from them the answer for this case. It does not decide whether it is a difference from the Mechaber or a reading of his text, nor whom the Rav has in view here beyond the example he gives.
Among the Mechaber’s commentators: the Mishnah Berurah, later than the Rav, reports on these words of the Mechaber: « וכתב במאמר מרדכי דדוקא בבית הפתוח לשתי חצרות דלא ידעינן בהי ניחא ליה אבל בפתוח לחצר אחד זכות הוא לו וא״צ דעתו וכ״כ שארי אחרונים » (משנה ברורה שס״ח ס״ק ד). The Magen Avraham writes, for added residents (seif ב): « ואם הם במבוי א׳ ורוצ׳ לערב משלהם צריך להודיעם דהו״ל כתחלת עירוב » (מגן אברהם שס״ח ס״ק א). And the Mishnah Berurah reports that the poskim are divided on making the eruv without the residents' knowledge: « יש פוסקים דסברי דדוקא אם מערב משלו ויש פוסקים דסברי דיוכל לערב אפילו משלהם בלא דעתם » (משנה ברורה שס״ח ס״ק ט).
Practical consequence: according to the Rav's text, one who redoes the eruv from another kind, the first being entirely consumed, from what is the residents', informs whoever must be informed at the start of an eruv (368:1); for who they are in a given case, consult your Rav; see section 4, point ②.
נקודה ג — אפילו מזכה להם משלו (שו״ע הרב שס״ח:ב)
Point ג — added residents: informing even when one gives from one's own (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 368:2)
Added residents, even from one's own
What the Mechaber writes: « נתוספו דיורים בחצר אם הבית פתוח לשתי חצרות צריך להודיעם » (שו״ע או״ח שס״ח:ב). He does not say whether one makes the eruv from one's own or from what is theirs.
What the Rav writes: « אֲפִלּוּ אִם מְזַכֶּה לָהֶם מִשֶּׁלּוֹ — צָרִיךְ לְהוֹדִיעַ לְכָל מִי מֵהֶם שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לְהוֹדִיעַ לוֹ בִּתְחִלַּת עֵרוּב, דְּהַיְנוּ כָּל מִי שֶׁבֵּיתוֹ פָּתוּחַ לִשְׁתֵּי חֲצֵרוֹת » (שו״ע הרב שס״ח:ב) — even if he transfers to them from his own, he must inform, among them, each of those who must be informed at the start of an eruv, that is, whoever has a house opening onto two courtyards —, since « שֶׁהוֹסָפָה זוֹ הִיא תְּחִלַּת עֵרוּב לָהֶם » (שו״ע הרב שס״ח:ב).
The difference: seif ב of the Mechaber does not say whether the duty to inform also applies when one makes the eruv from one's own; the Rav's text says it. The Magen Avraham and the Mishnah Berurah, below, write it in commenting on this seif of the Mechaber; Rashi, and Rabbeinu Yehonasan when one adds from one's own to the loaves of the eruv in a single vessel, exempt one from informing (Level 2, section 5), and the Mishnah Berurah reports lenient authorities: this page does not decide whether it is a difference from the Mechaber or a reading of his text.
Among the Mechaber’s commentators: the Magen Avraham writes it before him: « אפי׳ רוצה לערב משלו דשמא לא ניחא להם » (מגן אברהם שס״ח ס״ק א). The Mishnah Berurah, later than the Rav, writes the same, « ואפילו אם מערב עתה משלו » (משנה ברורה שס״ח ס״ק ט), and reports the contrary opinion: « ויש מקילין שיכול לערב משלו בכל גווני » (משנה ברורה שס״ח ס״ק ט).
Practical consequence: according to the Rav's text, one who adds to the eruv for new residents informs those among them whose house opens onto two courtyards, even when he gives from his own (368:2); see section 4, point ③.
נקודה ד — שיורי עירוב ועירוב שנפרס קודם השבת (שו״ע הרב שס״ח:ג)
Point ד — the remnants of the eruv, and a loaf broken before Shabbos (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 368:3)
The remnants of the eruv, and a loaf broken before Shabbos
What the Mechaber writes: « נתמעט מכשיעורו אחר שנכנס שבת ראשונ׳ ונשתייר בו אפי׳ כל שהוא כשר אף לשאר שבתות » (שו״ע או״ח שס״ח:ד). In Siman 366 he laid down: « אין מערבין בפרוסה אפי׳ היא גדולה הרבה אבל בשלימה אפי׳ קטנה מאוד מערבין ובלבד שיהא בהם כל כך שיהא בהם כשיעור » (שו״ע או״ח שס״ו:ו). His seif ד of Siman 368 does not say in so many words whether the remnants may be only a piece, nor what holds for a loaf deposited whole and broken before the first Shabbos began.
What the Rav writes: in the seif where he also gives the measure of the eruv, he adds « וַאֲפִלּוּ אִם הַמְּשֻׁיָּר אֵינוֹ כִּכָּר שָׁלֵם אֶלָּא פְּרוּסָה » (שו״ע הרב שס״ח:ג), for « וְלֹא אָמְרוּ שֶׁאֵין מְעָרְבִין בִּפְרוּסָה אֶלָּא בִּתְחִלַּת הָעֵרוּב » (שו״ע הרב שס״ח:ג). He then specifies that an eruv broken before Shabbos began remains valid if its measure remains until Shabbos begins, but that if it diminished below its measure before Shabbos began, it is invalid even if what remains is a small whole loaf, « שֶׁתְּחִלַּת הָעֵרוּב הוּא תְּחִלַּת כְּנִיסַת הַשַּׁבָּת » (שו״ע הרב שס״ח:ג).
The difference: the Mechaber’s seif ד already sets the onset of the first Shabbos as the limit. That the remnants are valid even if they are only a piece, seif ד does not say in so many words: the Taz, the Magen Avraham and the Mishnah Berurah read it into its כל שהוא; but the text the Magen Avraham quotes about the responsum he calls רמ״מ proposes, as one of two reasons, to read this כל שהוא as a whole loaf, which the Magen Avraham finds forced (below): whether it is a difference from the Mechaber or a reading of his text, this page does not decide. The Rav's text also writes, what seif ד does not say in so many words, that a loaf broken before Shabbos began remains valid if its measure remains until Shabbos begins. The Maharil, reported by the Magen Avraham, already validates such a broken loaf, without naming the condition of the measure; the Magen Avraham, who follows him, at once sets, for us, a condition of measure (below); the Mishnah Berurah reads in the Mechaber that the ban on a piece concerns only a loaf already broken when it is deposited, and reports a stricter view (below): whether it is a difference from the Mechaber or a reading of his text, this page does not decide. When he writes that an eruv that diminished below its measure before Shabbos began is invalid even if a small whole loaf remains of it, he spells out what already follows from the Mechaber: the measure is required even of a whole loaf (שו״ע או״ח שס״ו:ו), and only a diminution after the first Shabbos began is validated (שו״ע או״ח שס״ח:ד); the Mishnah Berurah writes it: « דאלו נתמעט קודם שקידש עליו היום הו״ל כתחלת עירוב » (משנה ברורה שס״ח ס״ק י״ד).
Among the Mechaber’s commentators: the Taz already writes, for the remnants, « ומ״ש בסי׳ שס״ו שאין מערבין בפרוסה היינו בשבת ראשון » (ט״ז או״ח שס״ח ס״ק ג) — his wording names the first Shabbos, not, like the Mishnah Berurah below, the moment the eruv is deposited; it does not say what holds for a loaf broken before the first Shabbos began, and this page does not place the Taz among the views that follow; and the Magen Avraham reports from the Maharil, for the broken loaf, « ואם נשבר העירוב אפילו קודם שנכנס שבת ראשונה שרי כיון דבשעת הנחה הי׳ שלם » (מגן אברהם שס״ח ס״ק ג). He also reports the responsum he calls רמ״מ, « ובתשו׳ רמ״מ כ׳ דאם נשבר אפילו אחר שבת ראשונה טוב לעשות אחר » (מגן אברהם שס״ח ס״ק ג) — if it broke, even after the first Shabbos, it is good to make another —, and the text he quotes, up to עכ״ל, proposes two reasons for this view: « וטעמו דהא דתנן נשתייר כל שהוא כשר היינו שלם » (מגן אברהם שס״ח ס״ק ג) — the כל שהוא of the Mishnah would mean a whole loaf —, or else « א״נ דכל שנשבר קודם השבת ויש שהות לעשות אחר מקרי תחילת עירוב » (מגן אברהם שס״ח ס״ק ג) — a loaf broken before Shabbos, when there is still time to make another, is called a start of the eruv. The Magen Avraham replies that R. Yosef Karo ruled explicitly, « והנה הרב״י פסק בהדיא דכשר אף לשאר שבתו׳ » (מגן אברהם שס״ח ס״ק ג), finds the first reason forced, « גם מ״ש דכל שהוא היינו שלם הוא דוחק בעיני » (מגן אברהם שס״ח ס״ק ג), and decides: « לכן נ״ל כמהרי״ל » (מגן אברהם שס״ח ס״ק ג), then sets a reservation: « ומ״מ נ״ל דאם לא נשאר בו כשיעור פסול » (מגן אברהם שס״ח ס״ק ג) — for us, a remnant that no longer has the measure is invalid; this page does not decide its exact scope, and what the Mishnah Berurah reports from the Magen Avraham on this point is in section 4, point ⑤; see Level 2, sections 7 and 8. The Mishnah Berurah, later than the Rav, writes it too: « היינו כשהיתה פרוסה בשעה שהניחה לשם עירוב משא״כ הכא שנפרסה אח״כ לית לן בה » (משנה ברורה שס״ח ס״ק י״ז); and for a loaf broken before Shabbos began, it reports a stricter view, which the Rav's text does not report: « ומ״מ יש מחמירין בשנפרסה קודם בין השמשות כיון שיש שהות עדיין להניח ככר אחר שלם » (משנה ברורה שס״ח ס״ק י״ז).
Practical consequence: according to the Rav's text, an eruv that had its measure when the first Shabbos began and diminished afterwards remains valid for the following Shabbosos as long as something of it remains, even a piece; and a loaf broken before Shabbos began remains valid if its measure remains until Shabbos begins (368:3) — for this case, the Mishnah Berurah reports stricter authorities (ס״ק י״ז, above). But if residents were added after the eruv diminished below its measure, one must add for them, for them it is the start of the eruv (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 366:12). The Mishnah Berurah sets a further reservation on the any-remnant rule, reported in section 4, point ⑤.
נקודה ה — לערב בכל ערב שבת (שו״ע הרב שס״ח:ד)
Point ה — making the eruv every Erev Shabbos (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 368:4)
The matzah loaf, or the eruv of every Erev Shabbos
What the Rema writes: after the custom of making the eruv from a matzah loaf, his gloss adds « וזה טוב יותר מלערב כל שבת ושבת שלא ישכחו מלערב » (רמ״א או״ח שס״ח:ה), and « מיהו אם רוצים לערב כל ע״ש ולאכול העירוב כל שבת הרשות בידם » (רמ״א או״ח שס״ח:ה). Making the eruv every Erev Shabbos, and eating it every Shabbos, is permitted there, and the matzah loaf is presented as better.
What the Rav writes: he reports the same custom and the same reason, then writes « זֶהוּ טַעַם הַמִּנְהָג » (שו״ע הרב שס״ח:ד), and « אֲבָל בֶּאֱמֶת יוֹתֵר טוֹב לְעָרֵב כָּל עֶרֶב שַׁבָּת » (שו״ע הרב שס״ח:ד), « כִּי רֹב פְּעָמִים מַצָּה שֶׁל עֵרוּב מִתְקַלְקֶלֶת וּמִתְעַפֶּשֶׁת מֵאֹרֶךְ הַזְּמַן » (שו״ע הרב שס״ח:ד). He adds a way of doing what is better: « יְעָרֵב מִשֶּׁלּוֹ בְּכָל עֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, וִיזַכֵּהוּ לְכָל הַקָּהָל עַל יְדֵי אַחֵר » (שו״ע הרב שס״ח:ד), and « וְלֹא יְבָרֵךְ עַל שֶׁלּוֹ » (שו״ע הרב שס״ח:ד), since there is an eruv in the synagogue and perhaps it is valid.
The difference: for the Rema, the matzah loaf is better, and the eruv of every Erev Shabbos is permitted; for the Rav, what makes the matzah loaf preferable is only the reason for the custom, « זֶהוּ טַעַם הַמִּנְהָג » (שו״ע הרב שס״ח:ד), but in truth the eruv of every Erev Shabbos is better. The way of an individual who transfers his own eruv to the congregation, without a blessing, is not in the Rema's gloss. The Rema places eating the eruv every Shabbos under the permission as well; the Rav's text writes « וְכָל הַמְעָרֵב בְּכָל עֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, יֵשׁ לוֹ לֶאֱכוֹל הָעֵרוּב לְמָחָר » (שו״ע הרב שס״ח:ד), and refers, like the Rema, to Siman 394. The Taz already writes both the preference and this way of doing it: « ולעד״נ דיותר טוב לערב כל ע״ש » (ט״ז או״ח שס״ח ס״ק ד), and « והרוצה לעשות עצהי״ט יערב משלו בכל ע״ש ויזכ׳ ע״י אחר » (ט״ז או״ח שס״ח ס״ק ד). The Mishnah Berurah, later than the Rav, gives in the name of the Acharonim the preference and its reason, « והאחרונים כתבו דיותר טוב לערב כל ע״ש כי רוב פעמים מצה של עירוב מתקלקלת ומתעפשת מאורך הזמן » (משנה ברורה שס״ח ס״ק כ״א), the way of doing it, « והרוצה לעשות עצהיו״ט יערב משלו בכל ע״ש ויזכהו לכל הקהל ע״י אחר » (משנה ברורה שס״ח ס״ק כ״א), and the absence of a blessing, « ולא יברך על שלו כיון שיש עירוב בבהכ״נ ושמא הוא כשר והברכות אין מעכבות » (משנה ברורה שס״ח ס״ק כ״א). This page does not say who these Acharonim are.
Practical consequence: according to the Rav's text, it is better to make the eruv every Erev Shabbos, and one who does so should eat it the next day; and one who wishes to do what is better makes an eruv from what is his every Erev Shabbos, transfers it to the whole congregation through another person, and does not recite a blessing over his own (368:4).
שיחות, מאמרים ואגרות הרבי
The words of the Rebbe on the themes of Siman 368
We attribute to the Rebbe only verifiable primary sources (a letter, sicha, or identifiable pesak, with a link). At this stage, no statement of the Rebbe directly tied to this siman could be confirmed against Sefaria or Chabad.org — we prefer to show nothing rather than an unsourced reference.
הלכה למעשה — מנהג חב״ד
The practical Chabad conduct
Points of halachic conduct that flow directly from the Shulchan Aruch HaRav Siman 368, in the Chabad sensibility. Each point refers to its seif of the Rav, in the order of the text.
For the Chabad Chassid — Siman 368
- ① Repairing the eruv from the same kind: the eruv was spoiled and diminished before Shabbos began; one who completes it from the same kind need not inform the residents, even if he makes it from what is theirs, provided that he does not take their bread from their houses without their knowledge: the members of the household give it to him. And even if the first eruv was entirely used up and he makes the eruv anew from what is theirs, he need not inform them. This applies also to one who must be informed at the start of the eruv, for example one whose house opens onto two courtyards (368:1). Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav 368:1.
- ② Repairing from another kind: if the first kind was entirely used up and the eruv is made from what belongs to the residents, everyone who must be informed at the start of an eruv must be informed; if one transfers to them from one's own, there is no need to inform them; if the first kind was only diminished, one may add even from another kind without informing, even though one makes it from what is theirs (368:1). Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav 368:1.
- ③ New residents in the courtyard: one who adds to the eruv for them, even from what is his, must inform each of the new residents whose house opens onto two courtyards, for this addition is the start of the eruv for them (368:2). Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav 368:2.
- ④ The measure at the start of the eruv: for eighteen residents or fewer, the size of a dried fig of bread for each; beyond that, even a thousand, the food of 2 meals, 18 dried figs, about six medium eggs of bread; the Rav also reports the view « וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁב׳ סְעֻדּוֹת הֵן כִּשְׁמוֹנֶה בֵּיצִים » (שו״ע הרב שס״ח:ג). Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav 368:3.
- ⑤ The remnants of the eruv: if it had its measure when the first Shabbos began and diminished afterwards, it is valid for the other Shabbosos as long as something of it remains, even a piece; a loaf broken before Shabbos began remains valid if its measure remains until Shabbos begins, and for this case the Mishnah Berurah reports a stricter view, « ומ״מ יש מחמירין בשנפרסה קודם בין השמשות » (משנה ברורה שס״ח ס״ק י״ז); if it diminished below its measure before Shabbos began, it is invalid as it stands, even if a small whole loaf remains (368:3): one completes it up to its measure before Shabbos begins (368:1; see points ① and ②). If residents were added after the eruv diminished below its measure, any remnant does not exempt one from adding for them: « וְאִם נִתּוֹסְפוּ דִיּוּרִין אַחַר שֶׁנִּתְמַעֵט הָעֵרוּב מִשִּׁעוּרוֹ … מִכָּל מָקוֹם צָרִיךְ לְהוֹסִיף עָלָיו מֵחֲמַת הַדִּיּוּרִין שֶׁנִּתּוֹסְפוּ עַתָּה, שֶׁלָּהֶם הוּא תְּחִלַּת עֵרוּב. וַאֲפִלּוּ זִכּוּהוּ לָהֶם בְּפֵרוּשׁ בִּתְחִלָּתוֹ, מִכָּל מָקוֹם כָּל זְמַן שֶׁלֹּא הָיוּ דָרִים כַּאן לֹא הָיָה לָהֶם עֵרוּב כְּלָל, שֶׁעֵרוּב הוּא מִשּׁוּם דִּירָה » (שו״ע הרב שס״ו:י״ב) — even if it had been explicitly conferred on them at the outset, as long as they did not live there they had no eruv at all, for the eruv is on account of residence; see point ③. The Taz, for fear that residents may be added later, writes that one should take care not to rely on a diminished eruv: « יש ליזהר שלא לסמוך על עירוב שנתמעט » (ט״ז או״ח שס״ח ס״ק ד); the remedy he proposes next, and what the Biur Halachah says of it, are in Level 2, section 7. This remedy consists in explicitly conferring the eruv, from the outset, on whoever will be added; but for residents who arrive after the eruv has diminished below its measure, the Rav's text quoted above does not rest content with an explicit conferral made at the outset. The Mishnah Berurah reports the Magen Avraham, for whom this rule of any remnant applied when the eruv of courtyards and the shituf of alleys were each made separately, not when they are made together; it notes that the Biur Halachah reports dissenting views, and writes: « ולכתחלה בודאי צריך ליזהר להוסיף עד כשיעור » (משנה ברורה שס״ח ס״ק ט״ז). The Biur Halachah concludes: « וע״כ נראה דיש להקל בזה בשעת הדחק » (ביאור הלכה שס״ח), and adds « ולכתחלה בודאי נכון ליזהר בזה » (ביאור הלכה שס״ח). The Rav's text in 368:3 makes no such distinction; where the eruv and the shituf are made together, this page does not decide: consult your Rav. See section 2. Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav 368:3.
- ⑥ Eruv bread that became moldy: unfit to eat, it is as if entirely used up, and the eruv must be made anew. The custom of the matzah loaf has its reason, but in truth it is better to make the eruv every Erev Shabbos, and one who does so should eat it the next day; the better way: an eruv from one's own every Erev Shabbos, transferred to the whole congregation through another person, without a blessing over one's own, since there is an eruv in the synagogue and perhaps it is valid (368:4). See section 2. Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav 368:4.
⚠ This section presents the Chabad halachic conduct. For any concrete question: consult your Rav.