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DAAT · LEVEL 1 — INTRODUCTION

Siman שע״ו · 4 seifim of the Shulchan Aruch

A cistern and a well between two courtyards — to discover and understand
סימן שע״ו
בור ובאר שבין שתי חצירות
🌱 Beginner Level · מתחילים
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First approach to Siman שע״ו: complete Hebrew text of the Mechaber with the Rema's glosses, English translation, pedagogical explanations of the halachic concepts, practical cases and synthesis.

Topic: a cistern and a well between two courtyards that have not made an eruv together — when one may draw from them on Shabbos, the partition and the beam that separate the domains in the water, the well in the middle of a path; and also the ruins between two courtyards and the privy between two houses
Source: שולחן ערוך אורח חיים סימן שע״ו (4 seifim in the Shulchan Aruch, with the Rema's gloss, introduced by הגה, at seifim א and ב, and a cross-reference in parentheses at the end of seif ד; 4 in the Shulchan Aruch HaRav as well, studied at Level 4)

Compiled by: רב יוסף חיים סממה
DAAT · daattorah.com

📑 Study Plan

1. The Shulchan Aruch text — the 4 seifim of the Mechaber, with the Rema's glosses
2. General context: why this siman, what is the question?
3. Key halachic concepts of this siman
4. Detail of the seifim — one by one
5. The Mishnah Berurah — first entries
6. Position of the Rema — his glosses, and the reservations of the commentators
7. Modern practical cases
8. Practical synthesis and rules to remember
9. Comprehension questions

1. The Shulchan Aruch text

Siman שע״ו contains 4 seifim of the Mechaber (Rabbi Yosef Karo). The Rema's gloss, introduced by the word הגה, appears at seifim א and ב; at the end of seif ד, a parenthesis in small print, without the word הגה, refers to siman 355. Topic of the siman, according to its heading: a cistern (bor) and a well (be'er) between two courtyards; seifim ג and ד also deal with ruins between two courtyards and with a privy between two houses. The Shulchan Aruch of the Alter Rebbe also has 4 seifim for this siman: its numbering is that of Level 4, not that of this page.

Seif א

בור ובאר שבין שתי חצירות. ובו ד סעיפים:
בור שבין שתי חצרות ואין ביניהם פתח או חלון שיוכלו לערב או שיש ביניהם ולא עירבו אין ממלאים ממנו בשבת אלא אם כן עשו מחיצה עשרה למעלה מן המים וצריך שיהיה טפח מן המחיצה יורד בתוך המים ואם הית' המחיצ' כולה בתוך המים צריך שיהי' טפח יוצא ממנה למעלה מן המים כדי שתהי' ניכרת רשות זה מרשות זה וכן אם עשו על פי הבור קורה רחבה ד״ט זה ממלא מצד הקורה וזה ממלא מצד האחר: הגה ודוקא אם בא למלאות בכלים של בית אבל בכלים של חצר לא בעינן שום תיקון דהא חצירות רשות אחת הן כדלעיל סי' שע״ב (הג״מ פט״ו):
Translation: A cistern (bor) between two courtyards, with no doorway or window between them [through which] they could make an eruv, or there is one but they did not make an eruv: one may not draw from it on Shabbos unless they made a partition of ten [tefachim] above the water; and a tefach of the partition must go down into the water. And if the partition was entirely within the water, a tefach of it must protrude above the water, so that the domain of one be distinguished from the domain of the other. Likewise, if they made over the opening of the cistern a beam four tefachim wide, one draws on the side of the beam and the other draws on the other side. Gloss of the Rema: and this only if he comes to draw with vessels of the house; but with vessels of the courtyard, no remedy (tikkun) at all is needed, since the courtyards are one domain, as above, siman 372 (Hagahos Maimonios, chapter 15).
What this seif says:

Seif ב

באר שבאמצע השביל בין שני כותלי חצירות אע״פ שהיא מופלגת מכותל זה ד״ט ומכותל זה ד״ט שניהם ממלאים ממנה ואינם צריכים זיזים על גבן שאין אדם אוסר על חבירו דרך אויר: הגה ודוקא כשאין חצרות פתוחות בשביל רק בחלונות (טור והמגיד פ״ג מה' עירובין) וי״א דאם אינן מופלגים ארבעה אוסרים אפילו בכה״ג (ב״י בשם רש״י):
Translation: A well (be'er) in the middle of the path, between two courtyard walls: although it is four tefachim away from this wall and four tefachim away from that wall, both draw from it, and they do not need projections (zizim) over it, for a person does not forbid to his fellow by way of the air. Gloss of the Rema: and this only when the courtyards do not open onto the path, except through windows (Tur, and the Maggid [Mishneh], chapter 3 of Hilchos Eruvin); and some say that if they are not four [tefachim] away, they forbid even in such a case (Beis Yosef in the name of Rashi).
What this seif says:

Seif ג

שתי חצרות וביניהם ג' חורבות כל א' מותר באותה שאצלו להשתמש בה דרך חלונות על ידי זריקה והאמצעי' מותרת לשניהם ואם היו שלשתן סמוכי' לבתים שהיתה האמצעי' כנגד השתים כשלשה ראשי קנקן כל א' מותר בחורבה שאצלו והשלישי' הקרובה לשתי החצירו' אסורה לשתיהן:
Translation: Two courtyards, and between them three ruins (churvos): each one is permitted in the one next to him, to use it through the windows by throwing (al yedei zerikah); and the middle one is permitted to both. And if all three were adjacent to the houses, the middle one being opposite the two, like the three heads of a kankan [according to the Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק כ״א: it stretched along the length of the two ruins, and its two ends reached the two courtyards], each one is permitted in the ruin next to him, and the third, which is close to the two courtyards, is forbidden to both.
What this seif says:

Seif ד

בית הכסא שבין שני הבתים ולא עירבו יחד רשות שניהם שולטת בו ואסורים (וע״ל סי' שנ״ה):
Translation: A privy (beis hakisei) between the two houses, and [their residents] did not make an eruv together: the domain of both rules over it, and they are forbidden. Parenthesis in small print (without the word הגה): (and see above, siman 355).
What this seif says:

2. General context

What does this siman discuss?

The Mishnah in tractate Eruvin teaches: « בּוֹר שֶׁבֵּין שְׁתֵּי חֲצֵירוֹת — אֵין מְמַלְּאִין מִמֶּנּוּ בַּשַּׁבָּת, אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן עָשׂוּ לוֹ מְחִיצָה גְּבוֹהָ עֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים, בֵּין מִלְּמַטָּה, בֵּין מִתּוֹךְ אוֹגְנוֹ » (עירובין פ״ו ע״א). In the Gemara, Rav Yehudah explains: « וְרַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר: לְמַטָּה — לְמַטָּה מִן הַמַּיִם, לְמַעְלָה — לְמַעְלָה מִן הַמַּיִם » (עירובין פ״ו ע״א); the Be'er HaGolah links to his explanation the tefach in the water that seif א requires.

For the beam, the Gemara gives the reason: « קִים לְהוּ לְרַבָּנַן דְּאֵין דְּלִי מְהַלֵּךְ יוֹתֵר מֵאַרְבָּעָה טְפָחִים » (עירובין פ״ו ע״ב); and for the water that mixes under the beam: « אֶלָּא מִשּׁוּם דְּקַל הוּא שֶׁהֵקֵילּוּ חֲכָמִים בְּמַיִם » (עירובין פ״ו ע״ב). The Mishnah Berurah takes up both (ס״ק ט).

For the well of seif ב, Rav Yehudah reports in the name of Shmuel: « בּוֹר שֶׁבֵּין שְׁתֵּי חֲצֵירוֹת, מוּפְלֶגֶת מִכּוֹתֶל זֶה אַרְבָּעָה וּמִכּוֹתֶל זֶה אַרְבָּעָה — זֶה מוֹצִיא זִיז כׇּל שֶׁהוּא וּמְמַלֵּא, וְזֶה מוֹצִיא זִיז כׇּל שֶׁהוּא וּמְמַלֵּא » (עירובין פ״ה ע״א); Rav Yehudah, in his own name, says « וְרַב יְהוּדָה דִּידֵיהּ אָמַר: אֲפִילּוּ קַנְיָא » (עירובין פ״ה ע״א) — even a reed [suffices]; and Abaye remarks to Rav Yosef that this statement of Rav Yehudah is Shmuel's view, not Rav's: « הָא דְּרַב יְהוּדָה דִּשְׁמוּאֵל הִיא, דְּאִי דְּרַב, הָא אָמַר: אֵין אָדָם אוֹסֵר עַל חֲבֵירוֹ דֶּרֶךְ אֲוִיר » (עירובין פ״ה ע״א). Seif ב writes that both draw without projections, « שאין אדם אוסר על חבירו דרך אויר » (שו״ע או״ח שע״ו:ב); the Mishnah Berurah reads in this the rejection of the view requiring a projection (ס״ק י״ג). The same page of Gemara also deals with « שְׁנֵי בָתִּים וְשָׁלֹשׁ חוֹרָבוֹת בֵּינֵיהֶם » (עירובין פ״ה ע״א), the subject of seif ג.

The fundamental question: may two neighbours who have not made an eruv together use, on Shabbos, a place that touches both their domains — a cistern, a well, ruins, a privy? The siman answers, among other things, according to whether a partition or a beam separates the domains in the water (seif א), according to the vessels one draws with (the Rema's gloss at seif א), according to whether the use is only by way of the air, through windows (seifim ב and ג), and according to whether the place is far from or close to the walls and the houses (the Rema's gloss at seif ב, seif ג).

Place in Hilchos Eruvin

In Sefaria's index, the section הלכות עירובין of the Shulchan Aruch begins at siman 345. Siman שע״ו follows siman שע״ה · 375; the Rema's gloss at seif א refers to siman 372 for the vessels of the courtyard, and the parenthesis of seif ד to siman 355. On seif א, the Magen Avraham explains why one fears here that the bucket may go into the other's domain, when one does not fear it for the balcony of siman 355 (ס״ק א). On seif ב, the Biur Halachah reports a difficulty the Acharonim raised from siman 375: « והאחרונים הקשו מהא דסימן שע״ה דבני מרפסת אוסרין על בני חצר אף במופלג ד׳ » (ביאור הלכה שע״ו); the Taz raises a similar question (ס״ק ב).

3. Key halachic concepts

A few notions structure this siman, in the order of its seifim:

The essential notions of siman שע״ו:

4. Detail of the seifim — one by one

SeifContent
אA cistern between two courtyards that cannot make an eruv, or have not made one: one may not draw from it on Shabbos, except with a partition of ten [tefachim] above the water of which a tefach goes down into the water — or, if it is entirely within the water, of which a tefach protrudes —, or with a beam four tefachim wide over the opening of the cistern. Gloss of the Rema: this only when one draws with vessels of the house; with those of the courtyard, no remedy is needed — but, according to the Mishnah Berurah, one does not bring the water into the house without a remedy (ס״ק י).
בA well in the middle of the path, between two courtyard walls, even four tefachim from each: both draw from it, without projections, for a person does not forbid to his fellow by way of the air. Gloss of the Rema: this only when the courtyards open onto the path through windows alone; and some say that if it is not four tefachim away, they forbid even then — the Mishnah Berurah writes that the Acharonim ruled like this view (ס״ק ט״ו).
גThree ruins between two courtyards: each uses the one next to him by throwing through the windows, and the middle one is permitted to both; if all three are adjacent to the houses, arranged like the three heads of a kankan, each remains permitted in his own, and the third, close to the two courtyards, is forbidden to both.
דA privy between two houses whose residents have not made an eruv together: the domain of both rules over it, and they are forbidden — according to the Mishnah Berurah, when only the pit is shared (ס״ק כ״ג); a parenthesis refers to siman 355.
Heart of the siman: does a place that touches both domains forbid it to each of them, when they have not made an eruv together? For water a leniency was granted: a partition that does not reach the floor, or a beam, suffices, for all that is required is that the bucket not openly enter the other's part (Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ד), that it not be clearly visible that one draws from the other's domain (ס״ק ט) (seif א). Use that is only by way of the air, through windows, does not forbid to the other (seif ב) — provided, according to the Rema's gloss, that the courtyards open onto the path through windows alone, and, according to the view it then reports, that the well is four tefachim away; and the Mishnah Berurah writes that the Acharonim ruled so (ס״ק ט״ו). The ruin close to the two courtyards, which both use easily, is forbidden to both (seif ג); and so is the privy between two houses without an eruv (seif ד).

5. The Mishnah Berurah — first entries

The Mishnah Berurah of Rabbi Yisroel Meir Kagan (Chofetz Chaim) contains 24 entries on this siman. Here are the first ten, on seif א and its gloss of the Rema — to better understand the meaning of the text:

משנה ברורה (א) — (א) ואין ביניהם וכו' - ר״ל שבכותל המפסיק בין החצרות העומד ע״ג הבור אין פתח וחלון:
משנה ברורה (ב) — (ב) אין ממלאין וכו' - שהרי כ״א ממלא מרשות חבירו:
משנה ברורה (ג) — (ג) אא״כ עשו מחיצה י' - כדי להפסיק בין הרשויות ויהא כ״א דולה מרשותו ומחיצת הכותל שעומד ע״ג הבור אין מועיל לזה כלל דבעינן דוקא שתהא עשויה לשם כך ובתוך אוגן הבור:
משנה ברורה (ד) — (ד) וצריך שיהיה וכו' - כדי שיהיה ניכר הפסק המחיצה המחלקת בתוך המים ואע״פ שאינה מגעת המחיצה עד קרקע הבור קל הוא שהקילו במים להתיר במחיצה כזו דבעינן רק שלא יכנס הדלי בהדיא לחלק חבירו:
משנה ברורה (ה) — (ה) טפח מן המחיצה - וכ״ש אם מחציתה למטה ומחציתה למעלה:
משנה ברורה (ו) — (ו) המחיצה כולה - היינו של העשרה טפחים וה״ה אפילו אם היתה ארוכה יותר ומגעת עד קרקע הבור צריך ג״כ היכר הפסק מלמעלה:
משנה ברורה (ז) — (ז) ניכרת - ההפרשה ובזה הטפח לבד סגי שלא ילך הדלי לרשות חבירו:
משנה ברורה (ח) — (ח) וכן אם עשו וכו' - ר״ל שהניחו לכתחלה מלמעלה על שפת הבור כדי להתיר המים אבל כשלא נעשה כדי להתיר לא:
משנה ברורה (ט) — (ט) זה ממלא מצד הקורה וכו' - וטעמא לפי שאנו רואים כאלו קורה זו נמשכת ויורדת עד המים וחולקת כל רשות לעצמו וכאן אין לחוש לומר שזה דולה מרשות חבירו לפי ששיערו חכמים שאין דלי מהלך יותר מד״ט וא״כ לא יחצוב מים מצד הבור שהוא ברשות חבירו ואף שחוצב מתחת הקורה ושם רשות שניהם שולטות קל הוא שהקילו חכמים במים וא״צ אלא שלא יהא ניכר להדיא שחוצב מרשות חבירו:
משנה ברורה (י) — (י) לא בעינן שום תיקון - ועכ״פ אסור להכניס המים לבית אם לא עשו שום תיקון דהא לא עירבו שתי החצרות ביחד:

For the full text of the 24 entries, see Sefaria: Mishnah Berurah 376.

6. Position of the Rema

The Rema (Rabbi Moshe Isserles) adds his gloss (הגה) at seifim א and ב; at the end of seif ד, a parenthesis in small print, without the word הגה, refers to siman 355. Here are his glosses, each in its place, with reservations of the commentators, seif by seif.

The Rema's glosses, and the reservations of the commentators:

7. Modern practical cases

Each situation below is tied to a named seif; when the situation is a present-day one, the row says so: application by the site, not the words of the source.

SituationQuick analysis
A cistern shared by two courtyards that have not made an eruv togetherSeif א: « אין ממלאים ממנו בשבת אלא אם כן עשו מחיצה עשרה למעלה מן המים » (שו״ע או״ח שע״ו:א), with a tefach of the partition going down into the water — or, if it is entirely within the water, a tefach protruding above it; or a beam four tefachim wide over the opening. According to the Mishnah Berurah, the partition is made for this purpose, inside the rim of the cistern (ס״ק ג), and the beam placed from the outset to permit the water (ס״ק ח); the Biur Halachah leaves open, for practice, whether the beam must be inside the rim (section 6). Consult your Rav.
Drawing with a courtyard bucket, without a remedyThe Rema's gloss at seif א: with vessels of the courtyard, « לא בעינן שום תיקון דהא חצירות רשות אחת הן » (רמ״א או״ח שע״ו:א); but the Mishnah Berurah adds that it is then forbidden to bring the water into the house if no remedy at all was made, since the two courtyards did not make an eruv together (ס״ק י). Consult your Rav.
A well in the middle of a path between the walls of two courtyards, drawn from through the windowsSeif ב: both draw from it, without projections, « שאין אדם אוסר על חבירו דרך אויר » (שו״ע או״ח שע״ו:ב); according to the Rema's gloss, only when the courtyards open onto the path through windows alone; and some say that if the well is not four tefachim away from the walls, they forbid even then — the Mishnah Berurah writes that the Acharonim ruled like this view (ס״ק ט״ו). Consult your Rav.
Ruins between two courtyardsSeif ג: each uses the ruin next to him, by throwing through the windows, and the middle one is permitted to both; arranged like the three heads of a kankan, the third, close to the two courtyards, is forbidden to both. When the ruins have other owners, the Biur Halachah reports a dispute of the Rishonim and cites those who permit, the Alter Rebbe among them (section 6). Consult your Rav.
A privy between two houses that have not made an eruv togetherSeif ד: « רשות שניהם שולטת בו ואסורים » (שו״ע או״ח שע״ו:ד); according to the Mishnah Berurah, when the seat belongs to each one alone and only the pit is shared; if the seat also belongs to both, it is permitted (ס״ק כ״ג); and if one forgot to make the eruv, after the fact it is permitted to relieve oneself there, for human dignity is great (ס״ק כ״ד; section 6). Consult your Rav.
For precise practical cases: the seifim make the prohibition depend, among other things, on a partition or a beam in the cistern, on the vessels one draws with, on the doorways and windows that open onto the place, and on its distance from the walls or the houses; the Mishnah Berurah and the Biur Halachah add conditions to them, seif by seif (section 6). For halacha lemaaseh, consult your Rav.

8. Practical synthesis of the Siman

The teachings of Siman שע״ו:
  1. A cistern between two courtyards that cannot make an eruv, or have not made one: one may not draw from it on Shabbos without a partition of ten [tefachim] above the water of which a tefach goes down into the water — or, entirely within the water, of which a tefach protrudes —, or without a beam four tefachim wide over the opening (seif א); according to the Mishnah Berurah, a partition made for this purpose, inside the rim (ס״ק ג), a beam placed to permit the water (ס״ק ח).
  2. The Rema's gloss: this only when one draws with vessels of the house; with those of the courtyard, no remedy is needed (seif א) — but, according to the Mishnah Berurah, one does not bring the water into the house without a remedy (ס״ק י).
  3. The well in the middle of the path, even four tefachim from each wall: both draw from it, without projections (seif ב); the Rema's gloss: only if the courtyards open onto the path through windows alone; and some say that if it is not four tefachim away, they forbid even then — the Mishnah Berurah writes that the Acharonim ruled like this view (ס״ק ט״ו).
  4. The three ruins: each uses his own by throwing through the windows, and the middle one is permitted to both; arranged like the three heads of a kankan, the third, close to the two courtyards, is forbidden to both (seif ג).
  5. The privy between two houses without an eruv: the domain of both rules over it, and they are forbidden (seif ד) — according to the Mishnah Berurah, when only the pit is shared (ס״ק כ״ג); for one who forgot to make the eruv, see section 6.
  6. For halacha lemaaseh, consult your Rav.

9. Comprehension questions

Check your understanding:
  1. Why may one not draw, without a partition, from a cistern between two courtyards that have not made an eruv (Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ב)?
  2. Why does a partition that does not reach the floor of the cistern suffice (ס״ק ד), and why does the courtyard wall running over the cistern not suffice (ס״ק ג)?
  3. Why does a beam four tefachim wide suffice (seif א; ס״ק ט), and what question does the Biur Halachah leave open about it?
  4. According to the Rema's gloss at seif א, when is no remedy needed, and what does the Mishnah Berurah add (ס״ק י)?
  5. In seif ב, what does the rule that a person does not forbid to his fellow by way of the air mean, and in which cases does the Rema's gloss not permit drawing?
  6. In seif ג, why is the middle ruin permitted to both (ס״ק כ׳), and the third, in the kankan arrangement, forbidden to both (ס״ק כ״ב)?
  7. In seif ד, in which case is the privy between two houses forbidden according to the Mishnah Berurah (ס״ק כ״ג), and what does it say about one who forgot to make the eruv (ס״ק כ״ד)?

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