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DAAT · LEVEL 1 — INTRODUCTION

Siman שע״ז · 1 seif of the Shulchan Aruch

Two upper storeys facing each other, open to a courtyard — to discover and understand
סימן שע״ז
דין ב׳ עליות זו כנגד זו הפתוחות לחצר
🌱 Beginner Level · מתחילים
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First approach to Siman שע״ז: complete Hebrew text of the Mechaber and of the Rema's gloss, English translation, pedagogical explanations of the halachic concepts, practical cases and synthesis.

Subject: two upper storeys (aliyos) facing each other, open to a courtyard that does not have four amos, one of which made a pit (guma) in the courtyard in order to pour its water in the courtyard — who may pour, depending on whether both made the eruv together, or one made it for itself and the other none at all; and the Rema's gloss on a courtyard of more than four amos
Source: שולחן ערוך אורח חיים סימן שע״ז (a single seif in the Shulchan Aruch, with a gloss of the Rema; a single one also in the Shulchan Aruch HaRav, studied at Level 4)

Compiled by: רב יוסף חיים סממה
DAAT · daattorah.com

📑 Study Plan

1. The Shulchan Aruch text — the Mechaber's single seif, with the Rema's gloss
2. General context: why this siman, what is the question?
3. Key halachic concepts of this siman
4. Detail of the seifim — one by one
5. The Mishnah Berurah — first entries
6. Position of the Rema — his gloss and its limits
7. Modern practical cases
8. Practical synthesis and rules to remember
9. Comprehension questions

1. The Shulchan Aruch text

Siman שע״ז contains a single seif of the Mechaber (Rabbi Yosef Karo), with a gloss of the Rema. The subject of the siman, according to its title: the law of two upper storeys (aliyos) facing each other, open to a courtyard. The seif says who may pour water into a courtyard that does not have four amos, when one of the two storeys has made a pit there: depending on whether they made the eruv together, or one made it for itself and the other none at all. The Shulchan Aruch of the Alter Rebbe also has a single seif for this siman; its wording is studied at Level 4.

Seif א

דין ב' עליות זו כנגד זו הפתוחות לחצר. ובו סעיף אחד:
שתי עליות הפתוחו' לחצר זו כנגד זו ואחת עשתה גומא בחצר כדי לשפוך בחצר שאין בה ד' אמות מימיה והשני' לא עשתה אם עירבו יחד שתיהן מותרו' לשפוך מימיהן ואם לא עירבו יחד והאחת עירב' לעצמ' והשני' לא עירב' כלל זו שלא עירב' אסור' ושעירבה מותרת ובלבד שלא תשפוך להדיא בגומא אלא תשפוך בעלייה והם יורדים לגומא: הגה דכחו בחצר שאינה מעורבת שרי (טור) וה״ה אם החצר יותר מד' אמות דשתיהם מותרים בכה״ג ואין צריכים לגומא (ב״י):
Translation: Two upper storeys (aliyos) open to a courtyard, facing each other; one [of them] made a pit (guma) in the courtyard, in order to pour its water in the courtyard, which does not have four amos, and the second did not make one. If they made the eruv together, both are permitted to pour their water. And if they did not make the eruv together — one made an eruv for itself, and the second made no eruv at all —, the one that did not make an eruv is forbidden [to pour], and the one that made an eruv is permitted, provided it does not pour directly into the pit, but pours in the upper storey, and [the water] runs down to the pit. Gloss of the Rema: for his force (kocho) [the water that his act sends down] in a courtyard without an eruv is permitted (Tur); and likewise, if the courtyard is more than four amos, both are permitted in such a case, and do not need a pit (Beis Yosef).
What this seif says:

2. General context

What does this siman discuss?

The Beis Yosef traces this case to the end of the chapter Keitzad Mishtatfin of tractate Eruvin: « והדין משנה ס״פ כיצד משתתפין » (בית יוסף או״ח שע״ז). The mishnah (88a) first sets out the law of the small courtyard: « חָצֵר שֶׁהִיא פְּחוּתָה מֵאַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת — אֵין שׁוֹפְכִין בְּתוֹכָהּ מַיִם בְּשַׁבָּת, אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן עָשׂוּ לָהּ עוּקָה מַחְזֶקֶת סָאתַיִם מִן הַנֶּקֶב וּלְמַטָּה » (עירובין פ״ח ע״א) — a courtyard of less than four amos: one does not pour water into it on Shabbos, unless a pit (ukah) holding two se'ah, from the opening downward, was made for it. Then: « וְכֵן שְׁתֵּי דְיוֹטָאוֹת זוֹ כְּנֶגֶד זוֹ, מִקְצָתָן עָשׂוּ עוּקָה וּמִקְצָתָן לֹא עָשׂוּ עוּקָה, אֶת שֶׁעָשׂוּ עוּקָה — מוּתָּרִין, אֶת שֶׁלֹּא עָשׂוּ עוּקָה — אֲסוּרִין » (עירובין פ״ח ע״א) — and likewise two upper storeys (diyota'os) facing each other: some made a pit and some did not; those who made the pit are permitted, those who did not are forbidden. Rashi explains the storeys: « עליות וחצר פחותה מארבע אמות לפניהם ששופכין בה מימיהם » (רש״י עירובין פ״ח ע״א) — upper storeys, with a courtyard of less than four amos in front of them, into which they pour their water; and « בני האחת עשו עוקה בחצר ובני האחת לא עשו » (רש״י עירובין פ״ח ע״א) — the people of one made a pit in the courtyard, and the people of the other did not.

The Gemara first reports in the name of Rava: « אָמַר רָבָא: אֲפִילּוּ עֵירְבוּ » (עירובין פ״ח ע״ב) — even if they made an eruv. Abaye objects, and the Gemara reports Rava's statement differently: « לֹא שָׁנוּ אֶלָּא שֶׁלֹּא עֵירְבוּ, אֲבָל עֵירְבוּ — מוּתָּרִין » (עירובין פ״ט ע״א) — this was taught only where they did not make an eruv; but if they made one, they are permitted. Then the reason for the prohibition: « וְכִי לֹא עֵירְבוּ, מַאי טַעְמָא לָא? אָמַר רַב אָשֵׁי: גְּזֵירָה דִּילְמָא אָתֵי לְאַפּוֹקֵי מִמָּאנֵי דְבָתִּים לְהָתָם » (עירובין פ״ט ע״א) — and if they did not make an eruv, why not? Rav Ashi said: it is a decree, lest one come to carry out [the water] in the utensils of the houses, over there. Rashi reads the text thus: « הכי גרסינן דלמא אתי לאפוקי מיא במאני דבתים להכא - לשפת העוקה לשפוך לתוכה » (רש״י עירובין פ״ט ע״א) — this is how we read: lest one come to take out the water in the vessels of the houses, here: to the edge of the pit, to pour into it (the readings are compared in Level 2).

Tosafos, whom the Beis Yosef copies together with the Rosh, ask: « וא״ת אי דלא עירבו תרוייהו ליתסרו » (תוספות עירובין פ״ט ע״א) — if they did not make an eruv, let both be forbidden! And they answer: « וי״ל דאינם שופכין ממש בתוך העוקה שבחצר אלא שופכין על הדיוטא והן יורדין על העוקה הסמוכה לה » (תוספות עירובין פ״ט ע״א) — they do not pour directly into the pit in the courtyard, but pour onto the storey, and [the water] runs down to the pit that is near it; « ואע״ג דהוי חצר שאינה מעורבת מ״מ לא אסרו חכמים כאן אלא בכרמלית כעין שפירשנו לעיל אבל בחצר שאינה מעורבת לא אסרו כלל » (תוספות עירובין פ״ט ע״א) — although it is a courtyard without an eruv, the Sages prohibited here only toward a karmelis, but in a courtyard without an eruv they prohibited nothing at all. And those who made no pit: « ואותם שלא עשו עוקה אסורים כדאמר דילמא אתו לאפוקי מיא במנא דבתים להכא שיורידו מן הדיוטא בכלים מלאים מים לשפת העוקה שרחוקה מהן דאין רוצין שיפלו המים למטה ויקלקל החצר » (תוספות עירובין פ״ט ע״א) — they are forbidden, lest they come down from the storey with vessels full of water to the edge of the pit, which is far from them, because they do not want the water to fall down and spoil the courtyard. This passage is found in the Tosafos, not in the Rosh as Sefaria serves it, which has the question and the answer. The Biur Halachah notes that the Rambam explains this mishnah differently: « הנה בב״י העתיק פירוש התוספות על סוגיא זו ויש עוד לרמב״ם בפירוש המשנה פירוש אחר על המשנה זו ובדרך זה דרך ג״כ בהלכותיו אבל כפי פירוש התוספות כתב ג״כ הרשב״א והריטב״א וכתבו שכן כתבו רוב המפרשים » (ביאור הלכה שע״ז) — the Beis Yosef copied the explanation of Tosafos; the Rambam has another explanation in his commentary on the Mishnah, and follows it in his Halachos; but the explanation of Tosafos is also that of the Rashba and the Ritva, who write that it is that of most commentators.

The Mechaber's seif takes up the words of the Tur, and the Taz writes that he did not succeed in explaining them: « בסעיף זה העתיק לשון הטור ובאמת הסכנתי נפשי מאוד לישב זה ולא עלתה בידי » (ט״ז או״ח שע״ז ס״ק א) — in this seif he copied the wording of the Tur; I went to great lengths to explain it, and did not succeed. In the Gemara and in Tosafos, he explains, the difference between the two storeys lies in the pit, near the one and far from the other; whereas the Tur « והנה הטור הולך בשיטת התו׳ והכניס דברי׳ אחרים לכאן מה שאין להם ענין » (ט״ז או״ח שע״ז ס״ק א) — follows the approach of Tosafos, and brought in here other words that have no connection: the eruv of the storey for itself. The explanation of his father-in-law, a gallery in front of the storey, does not satisfy him: « ולמו״ח ז״ל ראיתי שפי׳ בזה שיש שם מרפסת להעליי׳ וכל רוא׳ דבריו בזה לא ימצא ישוב ותי׳ כלל על התימהון שיש כאן » (ט״ז או״ח שע״ז ס״ק א) — I saw that my father-in-law, of blessed memory, explains it by a gallery of the storey; whoever sees his words will find in them no explanation or answer at all to the wonder that is here. And: « ואולי יש ט״ס וחסרון איזה בבא בדברי הטור והתימא הגדולה שהב״י לא הרגיש בתימה זו והעתיק כאן בש״ע הנחנו הדבר למי שלבו שלם בדבר אולי יכול ליישבו » (ט״ז או״ח שע״ז ס״ק א) — perhaps there is a copyist's error, and a missing clause, in the words of the Tur; the great wonder is that the Beis Yosef did not notice this, and copied it here into the Shulchan Aruch; we leave the matter to one whose heart is whole in it, perhaps he can explain it. He also reports the answer of the Levush, who had been asked about this — the matter would depend on the pit and the eruv, not on the distance —, and rejects it in the name of Tosafos. The Eliyah Rabbah, for his part, holds the Tur and the Levush's answer to be the main view, against the Taz: « לכן נראה לי עיקר בטור וביישוב הלבוש אף שהט״ז כתב דמאן דמותיב שפיר מותיב ולבוש לא תירץ כלום » (אליה רבה שע״ז ס״ק ג) — therefore it seems to me that the main view is [that of] the Tur and the Levush's resolution, although the Taz wrote that the one who objects objects well, and that the Levush resolved nothing. This page reports these readings without deciding (Level 2, section 5). The Magen Avraham and the Mishnah Berurah, for their part, read the seif with a gallery in front of the storeys (section 3).

The fundamental question: two upper storeys facing each other open to a courtyard that does not have four amos, into which one does not pour water without a pit; one of them made a pit. Who may pour water there? The seif answers notably according to the eruv — made together, or by one for itself, the other having made none —, according to the pit, and according to the manner of pouring: directly into the pit, or in the storey, the water running down to the pit; the Rema's gloss adds the reason, and the case of a courtyard of more than four amos.

Place in Hilchos Eruvin

In Sefaria's index, the section הלכות עירובין of the Shulchan Aruch begins at siman 345. Siman שע״ז rests on siman 357, seif 1 — the courtyard of less than four amos, into which one does not pour water without a pit when it is near the public domain, in summer: the Tur refers to it, « כדי לשפוך בחצר שאין בה ד״א מימיה כדפרישית לעיל » (טור או״ח שע״ז), as does the Mishnah Berurah (ס״ק ב); and a parenthesis at the end of seif 1 of siman 357, in small type in the text served by Sefaria, refers to siman 377: « וע״ל סי׳ שע״ז » (שו״ע או״ח שנ״ז:א). The Magen Avraham refers, among others, to siman 375 (ס״ק ב).

3. Key halachic concepts

A few notions structure this siman, in the order of the seif:

The essential notions of siman שע״ז:

4. Detail of the seifim — one by one

SeifContent
אTwo upper storeys facing each other, open to a courtyard; one made a pit in the courtyard, in order to pour its water in the courtyard, which does not have four amos; the other did not. If they made the eruv together, both may pour their water. If they did not make it together — one made it for itself, the other none at all —, the one that did not make an eruv is forbidden, the one that made it is permitted, provided it does not pour directly into the pit, but in the storey, the water running down to the pit. Rema: for his force in a courtyard without an eruv is permitted (Tur); likewise, if the courtyard is more than four amos, both are permitted in such a case, and do not need a pit (Beis Yosef).
The heart of the siman: who may pour water into a small courtyard — one that does not have four amos, into which one does not pour without a pit (siman 357, seif 1: when it is near the public domain, in summer; Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ב) — when two upper storeys facing each other open onto it, and one of them made the pit. The eruv made together allows both to pour (seif א) — even directly into the pit, the Mishnah Berurah specifies (ס״ק ג). Without a common eruv, when one made it for itself and the other none at all, the first pours in its storey, the water running down to the pit, and not directly into the pit; the second is forbidden (seif א). The Mishnah Berurah reads the case with a gallery in front of each storey, and limits the permission to the one that made the pit (ס״ק ד; ס״ק ה; ס״ק ו); the Taz writes that he did not succeed in explaining this seif (section 2). The Rema's gloss gives the reason — his force, in a courtyard without an eruv, is permitted — and adds that, in a courtyard of more than four amos, both are permitted in such a case (בכה״ג), without a pit (seif א) — according to the Beis Yosef, if they did not make an eruv [together], each pours in its own domain, the water flowing by his force (מכחו) to the courtyard, not directly into the courtyard; according to the Mishnah Berurah (ס״ק ט), also onto the gallery, when each made an eruv for itself; the Taz questions this distinction, and the Biur Halachah reports that many Acharonim rejected his proof (section 6).

5. The Mishnah Berurah — first entries

The Mishnah Berurah of Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan (the Chafetz Chaim) has 10 entries on this siman. Here they all are, in order — to better understand the meaning of the seif:

משנה ברורה (א) — (א) ואחת עשתה גומא וכו' - סמוך לה נגד עליתה:
משנה ברורה (ב) — (ב) כדי לשפוך בחצר שאין בה וכו' - דבחצר כזה אסור לשפוך מים כשאין בה גומא לזה וכנ״ל בסימן שנ״ז ס״א עי״ש. וביש בהחצר ד״א עיין בסוף הסעיף בהג״ה ובמה שכתבנו שם:
משנה ברורה (ג) — (ג) לשפוך מימיהן - אפילו תוך הגומא להדיא:
משנה ברורה (ד) — (ד) והאחת עירבה וכו' - אותה שעשתה הגומא עם כל שכניה הדרים אצלה בעליתה ומיירי בשיש מרפסת לפני כל עליה ועליה ונכנסין הכל להמרפסת דרך פתח העליה וממנה יורדין לחצר:
משנה ברורה (ה) — (ה) אסורה - אפילו אם עשתה ג״כ גומא [וכ״ש לפי מה דאיירי המחבר בשלא עשתה גומא] ולא מיבעי שאסורה להוציא הכלי עם השופכין דרך החצר עד גומתה או להוציא להמרפסת דהא לא עירבה אלא אפילו לשפוך בביתה שילך המים מעצמו למרפסת ומשם ירד למטה ג״כ אסור דחיישינן שמא יחוס על קלקול ביתו שלא יטנף מפני השופכין ויטלטל הכלי עם השופכין להמרפסת להדיא והלא היא משותפת לכל דיירי העליה ולא עירבו ביניהם:
משנה ברורה (ו) — (ו) ושעירבה מותרת - ובלבד שעשתה גומא וכנ״ל אבל בלא גומא אסורה לשפוך בביתה או למרפסת שירדו המים לחצר דבודאי ירדו מהחצר לר״ה וכנ״ל בסימן שנ״ז ואפילו אם חברתה עשתה גומא והמים ירדו מהחצר לאותה גומא ג״כ אסור דחיישינן שיחוש לקלקול החצר שלא יטנף מהשופכין דרך הליכתן לגומא כיון שהגומא רחוקה ממנה ויוציא כלי הבית עם השופכין לחצר כדי לשפוך להדיא לגומא והם הלא לא עירבו יחד:
משנה ברורה (ז) — (ז) שלא תשפוך להדיא בגומא - דהא החצר משותף לשניהם והם לא עירבו ביחד:
משנה ברורה (ח) — (ח) דכמו בחצר וכו' - ר״ל אע״ג דהחצר שהגומא ביה שייך לשניהם והמים יורדים שם בגומא מכחו:
משנה ברורה (ט) — (ט) דשתיהם מותרים וכו' - היינו לשפוך גם על המרפסת ושירד לחצר ומיירי בשעירבו כ״א לעצמו ולא חיישינן שיוציא הכלי עם המים לחצר לשפוך בתוך הגומא שעשה חבירו דכיון שיש בהחצר שיעור ד״א בשיעור שהוא רחב כזה ראוי שיבלע המים במקומו ולא יתקלקל החצר:
משנה ברורה (י) — (י) ואין צריכים לגומא - ר״ל וע״כ אפילו אם אחד עשה גומא לצד עליתו לא חיישינן שהשני יוליך הכלי עם השופכין לשם:

In the text served by Sefaria, entry (ח) begins with "דכמו", where the seif, in the Maginei Eretz edition, reads "דכחו"; copied as is. For the text on Sefaria: Mishnah Berurah 377.

6. Position of the Rema

The Rema (Rabbi Moshe Isserles) adds a gloss (הגה) to this seif. In the text served by Sefaria (Maginei Eretz edition), it comes at the end of the seif, after the words אלא תשפוך בעלייה והם יורדים לגומא, and cites the Tur, then the Beis Yosef.

The Rema's gloss and its limits:

7. Modern practical cases

The situations below are applications by the site: the seif does not name them, and each is tied to the part of the seif it involves.

SituationQuick analysis
Two upstairs dwellings facing each other, above a small shared courtyard, that made the eruv togetherApplication by the site, seif א: in the case of the seif — a courtyard that does not have four amos, and a pit made by one of them —, « אם עירבו יחד שתיהן מותרו׳ לשפוך מימיהן » (שו״ע או״ח שע״ז:א); even directly into the pit, according to the Mishnah Berurah (ס״ק ג). Whether a present-day courtyard and drainage match the case of the seif: consult your Rav.
Two storeys facing each other, each of several dwellings opening onto a shared gallery; those of one storey made an eruv among themselves, those of the other noneApplication by the site, seif א, read as the Mishnah Berurah reads it (ס״ק ד: the eruv for itself is the one the storey makes with all the neighbours living in it, a gallery being in front of each storey): in the case of the seif — a courtyard that does not have four amos, and a pit made by the storey that made the eruv —, the one that did not make an eruv is forbidden, the one that made it is permitted, provided it does not pour directly into the pit, but in the storey, the water running down to the pit (seif א); the Mishnah Berurah limits the permission to the one that made the pit (ס״ק ו), and forbids the other even to pour in its house so that the water flows by itself to the gallery (ס״ק ה). The Taz writes that he did not succeed in explaining this seif (ס״ק א). Consult your Rav.
The shared courtyard has four amos or moreApplication by the site, seif א, gloss of the Rema: both are permitted in such a case, and do not need a pit (following the Beis Yosef); according to the Beis Yosef, if they did not make an eruv [together], each pours in its own domain and the water flows by his force (מכחו) to the courtyard: one does not pour directly into it; according to the Mishnah Berurah, pouring also onto the gallery, the water running down to the courtyard, when each made an eruv for itself (ס״ק ט); the Biur Halachah writes that "more than four" is not exact: the same holds at four amos. The Taz questions this distinction (ס״ק א), and the Biur Halachah reports that many Acharonim rejected his proof. Consult your Rav.
For precise practical cases: the seif makes the permission depend, among other things, on the eruv — made together, or by one for itself —, on the pit and the manner of pouring; the Rema's gloss, on the size of the courtyard; and the commentators set conditions on it, or discuss how to read it. For halachah lema'aseh, consult your Rav.

8. Practical synthesis of the Siman

The teachings of Siman שע״ז:
  1. The case: two upper storeys facing each other, open to a courtyard that does not have four amos; one made a pit in the courtyard in order to pour its water in the courtyard, the other did not (seif א); in such a courtyard one does not pour without a pit (Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ב; in siman 357, seif 1, when the courtyard is near the public domain, in summer).
  2. If they made the eruv together, both may pour their water (seif א) — even directly into the pit, according to the Mishnah Berurah (ס״ק ג).
  3. If one made an eruv for itself, and the other none at all, the one that did not make an eruv is forbidden, the one that made it is permitted (seif א); according to the Mishnah Berurah, the one that did not make an eruv is forbidden even if it made a pit (ס״ק ה), and the one that made it is permitted only if it made the pit (ס״ק ו).
  4. The condition: not to pour directly into the pit, but in the storey, the water running down to the pit (seif א) — the courtyard is shared by both, and they did not make the eruv together (Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ז).
  5. Gloss of the Rema: for his force, in a courtyard without an eruv, is permitted (seif א, following the Tur).
  6. Gloss of the Rema: likewise, if the courtyard is more than four amos, both are permitted in such a case, and do not need a pit (seif א, following the Beis Yosef); the Taz questions this distinction (ס״ק א), and the Biur Halachah reports that many Acharonim rejected his proof.
  7. For halachah lema'aseh, consult your Rav.

9. Comprehension questions

Check your understanding:
  1. Why does one not pour water, without a pit, into a courtyard that does not have four amos, and when is no pit needed (siman 357, seif 1)?
  2. What does the mishnah say about two upper storeys facing each other (עירובין פ״ח ע״א), and how does Rava's statement limit it (עירובין פ״ט ע״א)?
  3. What is Rav Ashi's concern, and how do Tosafos explain it for the storey that made no pit?
  4. Why does the one that made an eruv not pour directly into the pit (seif א; Mishnah Berurah, ס״ק ז)?
  5. How does the Mishnah Berurah read "one made an eruv for itself" (ס״ק ד), and what difficulty does the Taz find in this seif (ס״ק א)?
  6. What does the Rema's gloss permit in a courtyard of more than four amos, and why does the Taz doubt it (ס״ק א; Biur Halachah)?

To go further

If you want to deepen this siman:
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