Why a Level 4 dedicated to the Alter Rebbe? The Shulchan Aruch HaRav is not a commentary on the Mechaber: it is a Shulchan Aruch in its own right, written by the Alter Rebbe, with its own division and numbering of the seifim. Here the Shulchan Aruch HaRav announces 7 seifim at the head of the siman, and the Shulchan Aruch of the Mechaber has 7 as well. Sefaria serves the Rav's text in 7 blocks, which this page reproduces and numbers as they stand (section 1). In the text of the Shulchan Aruch HaRav given by the online Chabad Library (chabadlibrary.org), the siman is divided into eight paragraphs, numbered א, ב, ג, ד, ה, ה*, ו and ז: two of them bear the letter ה. The first opens with « אֲבָל אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְהַכְנִיס מִבֵּית חֲבֵרוֹ לְבֵיתוֹ » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ה), the second, ה*, with « הַבִּטּוּל הוּא בִּמְקוֹם עֵרוּב שֶׁמִּבְּעוֹד יוֹם » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ה). Sefaria serves both paragraphs in its block 5; the mark “ה.” found in its middle, reproduced as it stands in its place, opens the second. This page's references “381:5” therefore designate block 5: seif 5 (the Chabad Library's ה), or, for what follows the mark, seif 5* (the ה*). Divided thus, the Rav's seifim do not correspond one to one to the Mechaber's: what the Mechaber's seif ד writes, the Rema's gloss included, is carried by the Rav's seifim 4 and 5 — carrying out into the other's house in seif 4; bringing in, the room and the view the Rema reports in seif 5 —, seif 5* (the Chabad Library's ה*) corresponds to the Mechaber's seif ה, and the Rav's seifim 6 and 7 to the Mechaber's seifim ו and ז. In the English text of this page, the Rav's seifim are designated by their number (381:5, seif 5), the Mechaber's by their Hebrew letter (the Mechaber's seif ה); in the Hebrew addresses in parentheses, both numberings are in letters, and the address always names the work (שו״ע או״ח for the Mechaber, שו״ע הרב for the Rav); the Hebrew titles of the blocks in section 1, which are the Rav's text, carry the letter of his seif.
This page gathers, for Siman 381, the full text of the Rav with its translation, where his text differs from that of the Mechaber, and the practical conduct that follows from it.
שלחן ערוך הרב — סימן שפ״א
The full text of the Shulchan Aruch HaRav of the Alter Rebbe
סימן שפ״א — דִּינֵי הַמְבַטֵּל רְשׁוּתוֹ וְעָבַר וְהוֹצִיא — וּבוֹ ז׳ סְעִיפִים
Source: Kehot edition, as reproduced on Sefaria. The heading announces 7 seifim; Sefaria serves the text in 7 blocks (the Mechaber's Shulchan Aruch has 7 seifim, under its own numbering). Block 5 carries the two seifim that the online Chabad Library's text numbers ה and ה*; the mark “ה.”, reproduced as it stands in its place, opens the second (see the introduction).
סעיף א דִּינֵי הַמְבַטֵּל רְשׁוּתוֹ וְעָבַר וְהוֹצִיא וּבוֹ ז' סְעִיפִים: הַמְבַטֵּל רְשׁוּתוֹ וְעָבַר…
דִּינֵי הַמְבַטֵּל רְשׁוּתוֹ וְעָבַר וְהוֹצִיא וּבוֹ ז' סְעִיפִים:
הַמְבַטֵּל רְשׁוּתוֹ וְעָבַר וְהוֹצִיא אַחַר כָּךְ מִבֵּיתוֹ לֶחָצֵר, בְּשׁוֹגֵג — אֵינוֹ אוֹסֵר, בְּמֵזִיד — אוֹסֵר, שֶׁהֲרֵי חוֹזֵר בּוֹ מִבִּטּוּלוֹ שֶׁבִּטֵּל לָהֶם חֶלְקוֹ שֶׁבֶּחָצֵר. וְאֵין אוֹמְרִים כַּאן "שַׁבָּת כֵּיוָן שֶׁהֻתְּרָה הֻתְּרָה", שֶׁכֵּיוָן שֶׁחוֹזֵר בּוֹ, אִם כֵּן בְּוַדַּאי לֹא הִסִּיחַ לִבּוֹ לְגַמְרֵי מִתְּחִלָּה, וְלֹא הֻתְּרָה שַׁבָּת מֵעוֹלָם.
וְאֵינָהּ נִקְרֵאת חֲזָרָה אֶלָּא כְּשֶׁמּוֹצִיא מִבֵּיתוֹ לֶחָצֵר. אֲבָל אִם מַכְנִיס מֵחָצֵר לְבֵיתוֹ — אֵין זוֹ חֲזָרָה, שֶׁכֵּיוָן שֶׁבִּטֵּל לָהֶם הֶחָצֵר, מְפַנֶּה הוּא אֶת חֲפָצָיו מִמֶּנָּה לַבַּיִת, וְאֵינוֹ אוֹסֵר עֲלֵיהֶם בְּהַכְנָסָה זוֹ (אֲבָל מִכָּל מָקוֹם אָסוּר לוֹ לְהַכְנִיס מֵחָצֵר לַבַּיִת, שֶׁהֲרֵי בֵּיתוֹ מְיֻחָד לוֹ וְהֶחָצֵר לָהֶם, וְנִמְצָא מוֹצִיא מֵרְשׁוּת לִרְשׁוּת).
בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים? כְּשֶׁלֹּא בִטֵּל לָהֶם אֶלָּא רְשׁוּתוֹ שֶׁבֶּחָצֵר בִּלְבָד. אֲבָל אִם בִּטֵּל לָהֶם גַּם רְשׁוּת בֵּיתוֹ וְהִכְנִיס מֵחָצֵר לַבַּיִת — הֲרֵי זוֹ חֲזָרָה מִבִּטּוּל הַבַּיִת, וְאוֹסְרוֹ עֲלֵיהֶם.
וְכָל זֶה כְּשֶׁמּוֹצִיא אוֹ מַכְנִיס קֹדֶם שֶׁהֶחֱזִיקוּ הֵם בִּרְשׁוּת שֶׁבִּטֵּל, כְּגוֹן קֹדֶם שֶׁהוֹצִיאוּ מִבָּתֵּיהֶם לֶחָצֵר אוֹ הִכְנִיסוּ מֵחָצֵר לְבָתֵּיהֶם כְּשֶׁבִּטֵּל לָהֶם רְשׁוּתוֹ שֶׁבֶּחָצֵר, אוֹ קֹדֶם שֶׁהוֹצִיאוּ מִבֵּיתוֹ לֶחָצֵר אוֹ מֵחָצֵר לְבֵיתוֹ כְּשֶׁבִּטֵּל לָהֶם גַּם רְשׁוּת בֵּיתוֹ. אֲבָל לְאַחַר שֶׁהֶחֱזִיקוּ בִּרְשׁוּתוֹ, בֵּין בְּהוֹצָאָה לְבַדָּהּ בֵּין בְּהַכְנָסָה לְבַדָּהּ — שׁוּב אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לַחֲזוֹר בּוֹ. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהַכְנָסָה אֵינָהּ נִקְרֵאת חֲזָקָה לְעִנְיַן חֲזָרָה, שֶׁאֵין זֶה חוֹזֵר וּמַחֲזִיק בִּרְשׁוּתוֹ כְּשֶׁמַּכְנִיס מִמֶּנּוּ חֲפָצָיו לְבֵיתוֹ, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן נִקְרֵאת חֲזָקָה לְעִנְיָן שֶׁלֹּא יוּכַל לַחֲזוֹר בּוֹ, שֶׁכֹּל שֶׁעָשׂוּ דָבָר בִּרְשׁוּתוֹ שֶׁהָיוּ אֲסוּרִים לַעֲשׂוֹתוֹ אִם לֹא בִטְּלָהּ לָהֶם — הֲרֵי זוֹ חֲזָקָה, וְאֵינוֹ אוֹסֵר עֲלֵיהֶם כְּשֶׁחוֹזֵר בּוֹ.
אֲבָל הוּא אָסוּר לְהַכְנִיס וּלְהוֹצִיא בֶּחָצֵר אַף לְאַחַר שֶׁהֶחֱזִיקוּ בָּהּ, אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן בִּטֵּל לָהֶם גַּם רְשׁוּת בֵּיתוֹ, שֶׁאָז נַעֲשֶׂה כְּאוֹרֵחַ גָּמוּר אֶצְלָם, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן ש״פ.
וְאֵין חֲזָקָה מוֹעֶלֶת אֶלָּא כְּשֶׁהֶחֱזִיקוּ מִשֶּׁחָשֵׁכָה. אֲבָל מַה שֶּׁמּוֹצִיאִים וּמַכְנִיסִים מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם — אֵין זוֹ הוֹכָחָה שֶׁהִיא רְשׁוּת שֶׁלָּהֶם, שֶׁהֲרֵי אַף אִם לֹא בִטְּלָהּ לָהֶם הָיוּ רַשָּׁאִים לְהוֹצִיא וּלְהַכְנִיס מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁאַף חֲזָקָה שֶׁמִּבְּעוֹד יוֹם מוֹעֶלֶת, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינָהּ מוֹכַחַת, וּבִלְבָד שֶׁתְּהֵא אַחַר הַבִּטּוּל (וְיֵשׁ לְהַחֲמִיר כִּסְבָרָא הָרִאשׁוֹנָה לְכַתְּחִלָּה, וּבְדִיעֲבַד יֵשׁ לְהָקֵל בְּדִבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים):
Laws of one who renounced his domain and transgressed and carried out; it contains 7 seifim:
One who renounced his domain (hamevatel reshuso) and transgressed and afterwards carried [an object] out of his house into the courtyard: if inadvertently (b'shogeg), he does not prohibit; if deliberately (b'meizid), he prohibits, for he is retracting his renunciation, by which he had renounced to them his share in the courtyard. And we do not say here “Shabbos, once it has been permitted, remains permitted”, for since he retracts, then certainly he had not entirely put it out of his mind from the start, and Shabbos was never permitted.
And it is called a retraction (chazarah) only when he carries out from his house into the courtyard. But if he brings in from the courtyard into his house, this is not a retraction, for since he renounced the courtyard to them, he is clearing his belongings out of it into the house, and he does not prohibit them by this bringing in (but in any case it is forbidden for him to bring in from the courtyard into the house, since his house is his own and the courtyard is theirs, and he would be carrying from one domain to another).
When does this apply? When he renounced to them only his domain in the courtyard. But if he renounced to them also the domain of his house, and brought in from the courtyard into the house, this is a retraction of the renunciation of the house, and he prohibits it to them.
And all this is when he carries out or brings in before they took possession of the domain he renounced — for example, before they carried out from their houses into the courtyard or brought in from the courtyard into their houses, when he renounced to them his domain in the courtyard; or before they carried out from his house into the courtyard or from the courtyard into his house, when he renounced to them also the domain of his house. But after they took possession of his domain, whether by carrying out alone or by bringing in alone, he can no longer retract. And although bringing in is not called taking possession (chazakah) with regard to retraction — for it is not retracting and retaking possession of his domain when he brings his belongings out of it into his house — it is nevertheless called taking possession with regard to his being unable to retract: for whatever they did in his domain that they would have been forbidden to do had he not renounced it to them is taking possession, and he does not prohibit them when he retracts.
But he himself is forbidden to bring in and carry out in the courtyard even after they took possession of it, unless he renounced to them also the domain of his house, for then he becomes like a complete guest with them, as was explained in Siman 380.
And taking possession is effective only when they took possession after nightfall (mishe'chasheichah). But what they carry out and bring in while it is still day is no proof that it is their domain, for even had he not renounced it to them they would have been permitted to carry out and bring in while it was still day. And some say (yesh omrim) that even taking possession while it is still day is effective, although it proves nothing, provided it is after the renunciation (and one should be stringent according to the first view l'chatchilah, and b'dieved one may be lenient in a matter of rabbinic law [b'divrei soferim]):
סעיף ב יֵשׁ בִּטּוּל רְשׁוּת מֵחָצֵר לְחָצֵר אֲפִלּוּ אֵינָן אוֹסְרוֹת…
יֵשׁ בִּטּוּל רְשׁוּת מֵחָצֵר לְחָצֵר אֲפִלּוּ אֵינָן אוֹסְרוֹת זוֹ עַל זוֹ, כְּגוֹן ב' חֲצֵרוֹת וּפֶתַח בֵּינֵיהֶן, וְעֵרְבָה כָּל אַחַת לְעַצְמָהּ וְלֹא עֵרְבוּ יַחַד — יְכוֹלָה כָּל אַחַת לְבַטֵּל רְשׁוּתָהּ לַחֲבֶרְתָּהּ, שֶׁתְּהֵא חֲבֶרְתָּהּ מֻתֶּרֶת לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהּ וְלֹא הִיא.
וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר אִם אוֹסְרוֹת זוֹ עַל זוֹ, כְּגוֹן ב' חֲצֵרוֹת זוֹ לִפְנִים מִזּוֹ וְעֵרְבָה הַחִיצוֹנָה לְבַדָּהּ וְהַפְּנִימִית לֹא עֵרְבָה כְּלָל, שֶׁאוֹסֶרֶת הִיא עַל הַחִיצוֹנָה, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן שע״ח — יְכוֹלָה הִיא לְבַטֵּל לָהּ רְשׁוּת שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהּ בָּהּ לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ וְלִדְרוֹס בָּהּ, שֶׁלֹּא תִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ וְלֹא תַעֲבוֹר עָלֶיהָ אֶלָּא בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁצְּרִיכָה לָצֵאת וְלָבֹא, וְתִהְיֶה הַחִיצוֹנָה מֻתֶּרֶת לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בַּחֲצֵרָהּ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהַפְּנִימִים עוֹבְרִים עָלֶיהָ כְּשֶׁצְּרִיכִים לָצֵאת וְלָבֹא, (וְ)הַעֲבָרָה לְבַדָּהּ אֵינָהּ אוֹסֶרֶת אֶלָּא כְּשֶׁמִּשְׁתַּמְּשִׁים שָׁם לַעֲשׂוֹת צָרְכֵיהֶם. שֶׁזֶּה שֶׁאָמְרוּ שֶׁהַפְּנִימִית אוֹסֶרֶת בִּדְרִיסַת רַגְלָהּ עַל חִיצוֹנָה — אֵין הַכַּוָּנָה שֶׁדְּרִיסַת וְהַעֲבָרַת הָרֶגֶל בִּלְבַדָּהּ תֶּאֱסוֹר, אֶלָּא דְּרִיסַת הָרֶגֶל כְּשֶׁדּוֹרֶסֶת שָׁם וּמִשְׁתַּמֶּשֶׁת בִּצְרָכֶיהָ בְּדֶרֶךְ תַּשְׁמִישׁ הֶחָצֵר לְבָתִּים הִיא אוֹסֶרֶת אוֹתָהּ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאוֹסְרִים אוֹתָהּ הַבָּתִּים שֶׁבָּהּ אִם לֹא עֵרְבוּ בָּהּ. וְלָכֵן כְּשֶׁבִּטְּלָה לָהּ זְכוּת זֶה וְאֵינָהּ מִשְׁתַּמֶּשֶׁת בָּהּ בְּשַׁבָּת — אֵינָהּ אוֹסֶרֶת אוֹתָהּ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁעוֹבֶרֶת עָלֶיהָ.
וְכֵן אִם עֵרְבוּ הַפְּנִימִית וְהַחִיצוֹנָה בְּיַחַד, וְשָׁכַח אֶחָד מֵהַפְּנִימִית וְלֹא עֵרֵב, שֶׁשְׁתֵּיהֶן אֲסוּרוֹת, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר שָׁם — יָכוֹל הוּא לְבַטֵּל לָהֶם רְשׁוּתוֹ, וְצָרִיךְ שֶׁיְּבַטֵּל לְכָל אֶחָד מֵהַפְּנִימִית וּלְכָל אֶחָד מֵהַחִיצוֹנָה, וְאָז הוּא לְבַדּוֹ אָסוּר וְכֻלָּם מֻתָּרִים. אֲבָל אִם לֹא בִטֵּל אֶלָּא לְהַפְּנִימִית — אַף הַפְּנִימִית אֲסוּרָה, שֶׁהַחִיצוֹנָה אוֹסַרְתָּהּ. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין לְהַחִיצוֹנָה דְּרִיסַת הָרֶגֶל עָלֶיהָ, מִכָּל מָקוֹם הָעֵרוּב שֶׁעֵרְבָה עִמָּה מַרְגִּילָהּ לְתוֹכָהּ וּכְאִלּוּ הִיא דָרָה בָּהּ, שֶׁעֵרוּב מִשּׁוּם דִּירָה.
אֲבָל אִם שָׁכַח אֶחָד מִן הַחִיצוֹנָה וְלֹא עֵרֵב — אֵין צָרִיךְ לְבַטֵּל לְהַפְּנִימִית, שֶׁאַף אִם לֹא עֵרְבָה הַחִיצוֹנָה כְּלָל אֶלָּא הַפְּנִימִית לְבַדָּהּ, אֵין הַחִיצוֹנָה אוֹסֶרֶת אֶת הַפְּנִימִית, הוֹאִיל וְאֵין לָהּ דְּרִיסַת הָרֶגֶל עָלֶיהָ, וְאֵין הָעֵרוּב מַרְגִּילָהּ לְתוֹכָהּ, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁיְּכוֹלָה לוֹמַר לָהּ "לְתִקּוּנֵי שִׁתַּפְתִּיךָ עִמִּי וְלֹא לְעִוּוּתֵי". מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן כְּשֶׁשָּׁכַח אֶחָד מִן הַפְּנִימִית וְלֹא עֵרֵב, אֵינָהּ יְכוֹלָה לוֹמַר כֵּן כֵּיוָן שֶׁהָעִוּוּת הוּא מִמֶּנָּה:
There is renunciation of domain from courtyard to courtyard, even if they do not prohibit each other — for example, two courtyards with an opening between them, each of which made an eruv for itself, and they did not make an eruv together: each may renounce its domain to the other, so that the other is permitted to use it, and not itself.
And all the more so if they prohibit each other — for example, two courtyards one inside the other, where the outer one alone made an eruv and the inner one made no eruv at all, so that it prohibits the outer one, as was explained in Siman 378: it may renounce to it the right it has in it to use it and to tread there, so that it will not use it and will not pass through it except when it needs to go out and come in; and the outer one will be permitted to use its courtyard, even though the inner residents pass through it when they need to go out and come in — (and) passing alone prohibits only when they use it there for their needs. For what they said, that the inner one prohibits the outer by its right of way (drisas haregel), does not mean that treading and passing of the foot alone prohibits; rather, the right of way, when it treads there and uses it for its needs in the way a courtyard is used for houses — that is what prohibits it, just as the houses in it prohibit it if they did not make an eruv in it. Therefore, when it renounced this right to it and does not use it on Shabbos, it does not prohibit it, even though it passes through it.
And likewise, if the inner and the outer made an eruv together, and one of the inner forgot and did not make the eruv, so that both are forbidden, as was explained there: he may renounce his domain to them, and he must renounce to each one of the inner and to each one of the outer, and then he alone is forbidden and all are permitted. But if he renounced only to the inner, even the inner is forbidden, for the outer prohibits it. And although the outer has no right of way through it, nevertheless the eruv it made with it makes it a regular presence there (margilah l'sochah), and it is as though it lived there, for the eruv is on account of residence.
But if one of the outer forgot and did not make the eruv, he need not renounce to the inner: for even if the outer had made no eruv at all, but only the inner, the outer does not prohibit the inner, since it has no right of way through it; and the eruv does not make it a regular presence there, because it [the inner] can say to it: “I joined you with me to improve my situation, not to impair it” (l'sikunei shitaftich imi v'lo l'ivusei). Which is not so when one of the inner forgot and did not make the eruv: it cannot say this, since the impairment comes from it:
סעיף ג יֵשׁ בִּטּוּל רְשׁוּת בְּחֻרְבָּה. שֶׁאִם הָיוּ…
יֵשׁ בִּטּוּל רְשׁוּת בְּחֻרְבָּה. שֶׁאִם הָיוּ ב' בָּתִּים וְחֻרְבָּה בֵּינֵיהֶם שֶׁהִיא שֶׁל שְׁנֵיהֶם (אוֹ שֶׁאֵינָהּ שֶׁל שְׁנֵיהֶם אֲבָל שְׁנֵיהֶם מִשְׁתַּמְּשִׁים בָּהּ בְּתַשְׁמִישׁ נוֹחַ, שֶׁהֵם אוֹסְרִים זֶה עַל זֶה כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן שע״ו), וְשָׁכְחוּ וְלֹא עֵרְבוּ — יָכוֹל אֶחָד לְבַטֵּל לַחֲבֵרוֹ לִהְיוֹתוֹ מֻתָּר בָּהּ. וְאֵין אוֹמְרִים שֶׁלֹּא הֵקֵלּוּ חֲכָמִים בְּבִטּוּל רְשׁוּת אֶלָּא בֶּחָצֵר שֶׁלִּפְנֵי הַבָּתִּים שֶׁבָּהּ הוּא עִקַּר תַּשְׁמִישָׁם:
There is renunciation of domain in a ruin (churvah). For if there were two houses and between them a ruin belonging to both (or not belonging to both, but both make convenient use of it [tashmish no'ach], so that they prohibit each other, as was explained in Siman 376), and they forgot and did not make an eruv, one may renounce to the other so that he is permitted in it. And we do not say that the Sages were lenient with renunciation of domain only in the courtyard in front of the houses, where their main use is:
סעיף ד יֵשׁ בִּטּוּל רְשׁוּת מִבַּיִת לְבַיִת. שֶׁאִם הָיוּ ב'…
יֵשׁ בִּטּוּל רְשׁוּת מִבַּיִת לְבַיִת. שֶׁאִם הָיוּ ב' בָּתִּים פְּתוּחִים זֶה לְזֶה וְלֹא עֵרְבוּ יַחַד — אֶחָד מְבַטֵּל רְשׁוּת בֵּיתוֹ לַחֲבֵרוֹ. וַאֲפִלּוּ הַמְבַטֵּל מֻתָּר לְהוֹצִיא מִבֵּיתוֹ לְבֵית חֲבֵרוֹ, שֶׁהֲרֵי הַכֹּל שֶׁל חֲבֵרוֹ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁבִּטְּלוֹ לוֹ. וַאֲפִלּוּ קֹדֶם שֶׁהֶחֱזִיק חֲבֵרוֹ בְּבֵיתוֹ יָכוֹל הוּא לְהוֹצִיא מִמֶּנּוּ לְבֵית חֲבֵרוֹ.
וְאֵינוֹ דוֹמֶה לְהַמְבַטֵּל רְשׁוּת חֲצֵרוֹ, שֶׁאֵין לוֹ לְהוֹצִיא מִבֵּיתוֹ לֶחָצֵר, אֲפִלּוּ בִּטֵּל גַּם רְשׁוּת בֵּיתוֹ, עַד שֶׁיַּחֲזִיקוּ הֵם תְּחִלָּה, וַאֲפִלּוּ אִם הֶחֱזִיקוּ אֵינוֹ מוֹעִיל אֶלָּא בְּיָחִיד שֶׁבִּטֵּל לְרַבִּים, אֲבָל לֹא בְּיָחִיד לְיָחִיד, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן ש״פ — לְפִי שֶׁכֵּיוָן שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ חֵלֶק בֶּחָצֵר אֶלָּא שֶׁבִּטְּלוֹ לָהֶם, אִם כֵּן כְּשֶׁמּוֹצִיא מִבֵּיתוֹ לֶחָצֵר נִרְאֶה כְּחוֹזֵר מִבִּטּוּלוֹ וּמַחֲזִיק בְּחֶלְקוֹ שֶׁבֶּחָצֵר, וְלָכֵן צָרִיךְ שֶׁיַּחֲזִיקוּ הֵם תְּחִלָּה, וְאָז נַעֲשֶׂה הוּא כְּאוֹרֵחַ אֶצְלָם אִם הֵם רַבִּים, אֲבָל לֹא יָחִיד אֵצֶל יָחִיד. מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן כְּשֶׁמּוֹצִיא לְבֵית חֲבֵרוֹ שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה לוֹ בּוֹ חֵלֶק מֵעוֹלָם וְלֹא בִטְּלוֹ — אֵינוֹ נִרְאֶה כְּחוֹזֵר וּמַחֲזִיק בִּרְשׁוּתוֹ בְּהוֹצָאָה זוֹ:
There is renunciation of domain from house to house. For if there were two houses open to each other and they did not make an eruv together, one renounces the domain of his house to the other. And even the one who renounces is permitted to carry out from his house into his fellow's house, for everything belongs to his fellow, since he renounced it to him. And even before his fellow took possession of his house, he may carry out from it into his fellow's house.
And this is unlike one who renounces the domain of his courtyard, who may not carry out from his house into the courtyard — even if he also renounced the domain of his house — until they first take possession; and even if they took possession, it helps only for an individual who renounced to many, but not an individual to an individual, as was explained in Siman 380. For since he had a share in the courtyard, but renounced it to them, when he carries out from his house into the courtyard he appears to be retracting his renunciation and retaking possession of his share in the courtyard; therefore they must take possession first, and then he becomes like a guest with them if they are many, but not an individual with an individual. Which is not so when he carries out into his fellow's house, in which he never had a share and which he did not renounce: he does not appear, by this carrying out, to be retracting and retaking possession of his domain:
סעיף ה אֲבָל אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְהַכְנִיס מִבֵּית חֲבֵרוֹ לְבֵיתוֹ, שֶׁכְּשֶׁמַּכְנִיס…
אֲבָל אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְהַכְנִיס מִבֵּית חֲבֵרוֹ לְבֵיתוֹ, שֶׁכְּשֶׁמַּכְנִיס לְבֵיתוֹ נִרְאֶה כְּחוֹזֵר וּמַחֲזִיק בִּרְשׁוּתוֹ. וַאֲפִלּוּ הֶחֱזִיק בּוֹ כְּבָר חֲבֵרוֹ — אֵינוֹ מוֹעִיל לְהַתִּיר גַּם לוֹ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁאֵינוֹ נַעֲשֶׂה כְּאוֹרֵחַ אֵצֶל חֲבֵרוֹ, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא יָחִיד אֵצֶל יָחִיד. וְאִם הוּא יָחִיד אֵצֶל רַבִּים — עַל כָּל פָּנִים לֹא יַכְנִיס לְבֵיתוֹ מִבָּתֵּיהֶם עַד שֶׁיַּחֲזִיקוּ הֵם תְּחִלָּה בְּבֵיתוֹ.
וְאִם יֵשׁ לוֹ חֶדֶר פָּתוּחַ לְבֵיתוֹ, וּבִטֵּל רְשׁוּת בֵּיתוֹ בִּלְבָד בְּלִי הַחֶדֶר — אָסוּר לְהוֹצִיא מֵהַחֶדֶר לְבֵיתוֹ, שֶׁהַחֶדֶר מְיֻחָד לוֹ, וְהַבַּיִת — לַחֲבֵרוֹ, וְנִמְצָא מוֹצִיא מֵרְשׁוּת לִרְשׁוּת. וַאֲפִלּוּ הוּא יָחִיד אֵצֶל רַבִּים — אֵינוֹ נַעֲשֶׂה כְּאוֹרֵחַ אֶצְלָם לְעִנְיַן הוֹצָאָה וְהַכְנָסָה מֵחֶדֶר לְבַיִת, כְּמוֹ שֶׁהַמְבַטֵּל רְשׁוּת חֲצֵרוֹ וְלֹא רְשׁוּת בֵּיתוֹ אֵינוֹ נַעֲשֶׂה כְּאוֹרֵחַ אֶצְלָם לְעִנְיַן הוֹצָאָה וְהַכְנָסָה מִבֵּיתוֹ לֶחָצֵר, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן ש״פ.
אֲבָל יָכוֹל לְהַכְנִיס מִבָּתֵּיהֶם לְבֵיתוֹ אֲפִלּוּ קֹדֶם שֶׁהֶחֱזִיקוּ הֵם בְּבֵיתוֹ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁהַמְבַטֵּל רְשׁוּת חֲצֵרוֹ יָכוֹל לְהוֹצִיא מִבָּתֵּיהֶם לֶחָצֵר קֹדֶם שֶׁיַּחֲזִיקוּ הֵם, שֶׁאֵינָהּ נִקְרֵאת חֲזָרָה אֶלָּא כְּשֶׁמּוֹצִיא מִבֵּיתוֹ, אֲבָל לֹא מִבָּתֵּיהֶם.
וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁאֵין לְבַטֵּל רְשׁוּת מִבַּיִת לְבַיִת אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן יַשְׁאִיר לְעַצְמוֹ חֶדֶר אֶחָד שֶׁלֹּא יְבַטְּלֶנּוּ, לְפִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָחוּשׁ שֶׁלֹּא תִשְׁתַּכַּח תּוֹרַת עֵרוּב מִבָּתִּים אֵלּוּ הַפְּתוּחִים זֶה לְזֶה, שֶׁכֻּלָּם יְבַטְּלוּם בַּעֲלֵיהֶם לְאֶחָד, וְגַם הֵם יִהְיוּ מֻתָּרִים לְהוֹצִיא כָּל אֶחָד מִבֵּיתוֹ לְבֵית חֲבֵרוֹ, הוֹאִיל וְאֵינוֹ נִרְאֶה כְּחוֹזֵר וּמַחֲזִיק בִּרְשׁוּתוֹ בְּהוֹצָאָה זוֹ. מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן כְּשֶׁמַּשְׁאִיר חֶדֶר אֶחָד שֶׁאָסוּר לְהוֹצִיא מִמֶּנּוּ לַבַּיִת, וְאִם הָיָה עֵרוּב הָיָה מֻתָּר — נִמְצָא מִשְׂתַּכֵּר הוּא בָּעֵרוּב, וְשׁוּב אֵין לָחוּשׁ שֶׁיְּבַטְּלוּ הַכֹּל וְתִשְׁתַּכַּח תּוֹרַת עֵרוּב.
וְהָעִקָּר כִּסְבָרָא הָרִאשׁוֹנָה, שֶׁהֲרֵי אַף אִם אֵינוֹ מַשְׁאִיר שׁוּם חֶדֶר — מִשְׂתַּכֵּר הוּא בָּעֵרוּב, שֶׁיְּהֵא מֻתָּר לוֹ לְהַכְנִיס לְבֵיתוֹ מִבֵּית חֲבֵרוֹ שֶׁבִּטֵּל לוֹ בֵּיתוֹ, שֶׁאָסוּר לוֹ עַכְשָׁו אֲפִלּוּ לְאַחַר שֶׁהֶחֱזִיק בּוֹ חֲבֵרוֹ אִם הוּא יָחִיד אֵצֶל יָחִיד, וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר רַבִּים אֵצֶל יָחִיד. וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן טוֹב לְהַחֲמִיר לְכַתְּחִלָּה לְהַשְׁאִיר חֶדֶר אֶחָד:
ה. הַבִּטּוּל הוּא בִּמְקוֹם עֵרוּב שֶׁמִּבְּעוֹד יוֹם. לְפִיכָךְ בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁלֹּא הָיוּ יְכוֹלִים לְעָרֵב מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם, אֵינָם יְכוֹלִים לְבַטֵּל מִשֶּׁתֶּחְשַׁךְ. כְּגוֹן ב' בָּתִּים בב' צִדֵּי רְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים וְהִקִּיפוּם נָכְרִים מְחִצָּה בְּשַׁבָּת, בְּעִנְיָן שֶׁיֵּשׁ בֵּינֵיהֶן כְּמוֹ חָצֵר שֶׁב' בָּתִּים אֵלּוּ פְּתוּחִים לָהּ, וַהֲרֵי הֵם אוֹסְרִים זֶה עַל זֶה — אֵינָם יְכוֹלִים לְבַטֵּל אֶחָד לַחֲבֵרוֹ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁלֹּא הָיוּ יְכוֹלִים לְעָרֵב מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם:
But he may not bring in from his fellow's house into his own house, for when he brings into his house he appears to be retracting and retaking possession of his domain. And even if his fellow has already taken possession of it, this does not help to permit it to him as well, since he does not become like a guest with his fellow, because he is an individual with an individual. And if he is an individual with many, in any case he shall not bring into his house from their houses until they first take possession of his house.
And if he has a room open to his house, and he renounced the domain of his house only, without the room, it is forbidden to carry out from the room into his house, for the room is his own and the house is his fellow's, and he would be carrying from one domain to another. And even if he is an individual with many, he does not become like a guest with them with regard to carrying out and bringing in from room to house, just as one who renounced the domain of his courtyard and not the domain of his house does not become like a guest with them with regard to carrying out and bringing in from his house to the courtyard, as was explained in Siman 380.
But he may bring in from their houses into his house even before they took possession of his house, just as one who renounced the domain of his courtyard may carry out from their houses into the courtyard before they take possession, for it is called a retraction only when he carries out from his house, but not from their houses.
And some say that one may not renounce domain from house to house unless he leaves himself one room that he does not renounce, because there is concern that the law of eruv (toras eruv) would be forgotten from these houses that open onto one another: all their owners would renounce them to one, and they too would be permitted each to carry out from his house into his fellow's house, since he does not appear to be retracting and retaking possession of his domain by this carrying out. Which is not so when he leaves one room, from which it is forbidden to carry out into the house, whereas if there were an eruv it would be permitted: he thus gains from the eruv, and there is no longer concern that they will renounce everything and the law of eruv be forgotten.
And the main view is the first, for even if he leaves no room at all, he gains from the eruv, in that he would be permitted to bring into his house from the house of his fellow, to whom he renounced his house — which is now forbidden to him even after his fellow took possession of it, if he is an individual with an individual, and needless to say many with an individual. And nevertheless it is good to be stringent l'chatchilah and leave one room:
ה. The renunciation takes the place of an eruv made while it is still day. Therefore, where they could not make an eruv while it was still day, they cannot renounce after dark. For example, two houses on the two sides of the public domain (reshus harabim), which non-Jews surrounded with a partition on Shabbos, in such a way that there is between them something like a courtyard onto which these two houses open, so that they prohibit each other: they cannot renounce one to the other, since they could not make an eruv while it was still day:
סעיף ו אֲבָל מִי שֶׁיָּרַשׁ בַּיִת בְּשַׁבָּת וְנִכְנַס לָדוּר…
אֲבָל מִי שֶׁיָּרַשׁ בַּיִת בְּשַׁבָּת וְנִכְנַס לָדוּר בּוֹ, שֶׁאוֹסֵר הוּא עַל בְּנֵי הֶחָצֵר, כְּגוֹן שֶׁלֹּא עֵרֵב עִמָּהֶם הַמּוֹרִישׁ — יָכוֹל לְבַטֵּל לָהֶם רְשׁוּתוֹ. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה יָכוֹל לְעָרֵב עִמָּהֶם מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם, שֶׁהֲרֵי לֹא הָיָה דָר בְּבַיִת זֶה מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם, מִכָּל מָקוֹם, הַיּוֹרֵשׁ — בִּמְקוֹם מוֹרִישׁוֹ הוּא עוֹמֵד, וַהֲרֵי מוֹרִישׁוֹ הָיָה יָכוֹל לְעָרֵב, לָכֵן יָכוֹל הוּא לְבַטֵּל:
But one who inherited a house on Shabbos and entered to live in it, so that he prohibits the residents of the courtyard — for example, where the one from whom he inherits had not made the eruv with them — may renounce his domain to them. And although he could not have made the eruv with them while it was still day, since he did not live in this house while it was still day, nevertheless the heir stands in the place of the one from whom he inherits, and the one from whom he inherits could have made the eruv; therefore he may renounce:
סעיף ז מְבַטְּלִין וְחוֹזְרִין וּמְבַטְּלִין. כְּלוֹמַר שֶׁמְּבַטְּלִין רְשׁוּתָן בְּנֵי…
מְבַטְּלִין וְחוֹזְרִין וּמְבַטְּלִין. כְּלוֹמַר שֶׁמְּבַטְּלִין רְשׁוּתָן בְּנֵי חָצֵר זוֹ לִבְנֵי חָצֵר אַחֶרֶת שֶׁעֵרְבָה לְעַצְמָן, אוֹ לְאֶחָד מִבְּנֵי חָצֵר, עַד שֶׁיּוֹצִיאוּ מַה שֶּׁיִּרְצוּ, וְחוֹזְרִים וּמְבַטְּלִים רְשׁוּתָם לְאוֹתָם שֶׁבִּטְּלוּ לָהֶם עַד שֶׁיּוֹצִיאוּ גַם הֵם מַה שֶּׁיִּרְצוּ. אֲבָל אִם לֹא הָיוּ חוֹזְרִים וּמְבַטְּלִים לָהֶם — לֹא הָיוּ מֻתָּרִים לְהוֹצִיא אֲפִלּוּ בִּטְּלוּ גַּם רְשׁוּת בָּתֵּיהֶם, הוֹאִיל וְהֵם רַבִּים וְאֵינָם נַעֲשִׂים אוֹרְחִים, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן ש״פ:
One renounces, and renounces again in return (mevatlin v'chozrin u'mevatlin). That is, the residents of this courtyard renounce their domain to the residents of another courtyard, who made an eruv for themselves, or to one of the residents of the courtyard, until the latter carry out whatever they wish; and these in turn renounce their domain to those who renounced to them, until those too carry out whatever they wish. But if [these] did not renounce to them in return, [those] would not be permitted to carry out even if they had also renounced the domain of their houses, since they are many and do not become guests, as was explained in Siman 380:
Source: Sefaria — Shulchan Arukh HaRav, Orach Chayim 381. Sefaria gives no Kuntres Acharon entry for this siman.
לשון הרב מול סעיף המחבר והרמ״א
Where the Rav's text differs from the Mechaber's seif and the Rema's
Each point sets side by side a seif of the Mechaber's Shulchan Aruch (its numbering, 7 seifim, designated by their letter), or the Rema's gloss, and the corresponding seif of the Shulchan Aruch HaRav (its own numbering, also 7 seifim, in Sefaria's blocks: see the introduction), in the order of the Rav's seifim, and notes only what the comparison of the two texts shows. A point noted is not thereby peculiar to the Rav: at each point this page names those who already state it — the Tur, and the Mechaber's own Beis Yosef, cited in Level 2; the Magen Avraham and the Taz, before the Rav; the Mishnah Berurah and the Biur Halachah, later than the Rav — and when they read the point into the Mechaber's own words, it says so. The Rishonim and the Gemara are cited in Level 2.
Not listed here as separate points are details in the Rav's words that explain the corresponding seif of the Mechaber and that his commentators also write, or to which they refer. In seif 2, the Rav explains that the inner courtyard's right of way prohibits the outer one only together with its use: « אֵין הַכַּוָּנָה שֶׁדְּרִיסַת וְהַעֲבָרַת הָרֶגֶל בִּלְבַדָּהּ תֶּאֱסוֹר » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ב); the Mishnah Berurah, later than the Rav, writes « דאין דריסת הרגל אוסר אלא עם עשיית תשמיש » (משנה ברורה שפ״א ס״ק י״ג). In seif 3, the Rav writes « וְאֵין אוֹמְרִים שֶׁלֹּא הֵקֵלּוּ חֲכָמִים בְּבִטּוּל רְשׁוּת אֶלָּא בֶּחָצֵר שֶׁלִּפְנֵי הַבָּתִּים » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ג); the Magen Avraham writes it before him, « אף על פי שאין עיקר תשמישתייהו שם » (מגן אברהם שפ״א ס״ק ד). In seif 3 also, the Rav adds in parentheses the case of a ruin that does not belong to both, but which both use conveniently, « אוֹ שֶׁאֵינָהּ שֶׁל שְׁנֵיהֶם אֲבָל שְׁנֵיהֶם מִשְׁתַּמְּשִׁים בָּהּ בְּתַשְׁמִישׁ נוֹחַ » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ג), and refers to siman 376; on the Mechaber's words שהיא של שניהם, the Mishnah Berurah also refers to siman 376 (ס״ק י״ח). In seif 4, the Rav writes that the one who renounces may carry out from his house into his fellow's « וַאֲפִלּוּ קֹדֶם שֶׁהֶחֱזִיק חֲבֵרוֹ בְּבֵיתוֹ » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ד); the Mishnah Berurah writes it too, « ואפילו קודם שהחזיק חבירו בביתו יכול הוא להוציא ממנו לבית חברו » (משנה ברורה שפ״א ס״ק כ).
נקודה א — למה אין אומרים כאן שבת כיון שהותרה הותרה (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:א)
Point א — why one does not say here that Shabbos, permitted when it began, remains permitted (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 381:1)
One who retracts his renunciation
What the Mechaber writes: « המבטל רשותו והוציא אח״כ מביתו לחצר בשוגג אינו אוסר במזיד אוסר שהרי חוזר מביטולו שביטל » (שו״ע או״ח שפ״א:א). He does not ask why one does not say here that Shabbos, permitted when it began, remains permitted.
What the Rav writes: the same rule, and then that we do not say here “Shabbos, once it has been permitted, remains permitted”, for « שֶׁכֵּיוָן שֶׁחוֹזֵר בּוֹ, אִם כֵּן בְּוַדַּאי לֹא הִסִּיחַ לִבּוֹ לְגַמְרֵי מִתְּחִלָּה, וְלֹא הֻתְּרָה שַׁבָּת מֵעוֹלָם » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:א).
The difference: the Mechaber's seif א does not raise the question; the Rav's text raises it and answers it: one who retracts his renunciation shows that he had not entirely put it out of his mind from the start, and so Shabbos was never permitted.
In the Rosh: on one who left his house to spend Shabbos at his daughter's and returns to it on Shabbos, the Rosh reports that some hold that he forbids, and bring a proof, among others, from one who renounced: « ועוד ממבטל רשות שאם חזר והוציא אוסר » (רא״ש עירובין פרק ח׳ סימן ו׳). He himself writes « ה״ל שבת שהותר ושוב לא תיאסר » (רא״ש עירובין פרק ח׳ סימן ו׳) — it is a Shabbos that was permitted, and it does not become forbidden again —, and answers that proof: « ומבטל רשות כיון שחזר והחזיק הוא במבוי קודם שהחזיקו בני מבוי בודאי לא הסיע מלבו » (רא״ש עירובין פרק ח׳ סימן ו׳) — the one who renounced, since he went back and took possession before the others, had certainly not put it out of his mind. He adds: « וכן מצאתי משם הראב״ד ז״ל » (רא״ש עירובין פרק ח׳ סימן ו׳). This is the answer the Rav writes in seif 1.
Among the Mechaber's commentators: the Taz, before the Rav, raises the same question from Siman 371, « וקשה מ״ש מסי׳ שע״א ס״ב בישראל בן חצר זו שהלך לשבות כו׳ דאינו אוסר » (ט״ז או״ח שפ״א ס״ק א), and answers it differently: there the permission depends on the beginning of Shabbos, « דשאני התם דההיתר תלוי בכניסת שבת » (ט״ז או״ח שפ״א ס״ק א), whereas here one may renounce even after nightfall, and « ע״כ צריך להיות ההיתר כל השבת דוקא » (ט״ז או״ח שפ״א ס״ק א). The Rav's answer is not the Taz's; it is the Rosh's (above).
Practical consequence: according to the Rav's text, one who renounced his domain in the courtyard and then deliberately carries [an object] out of his house into the courtyard, before the others have taken possession of what he renounced, retracts his renunciation and prohibits the other residents; if inadvertently, he does not prohibit (381:1). See section 4, point ①.
נקודה ב — הכנסה מחצר לבית אינה חזרה (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:א)
Point ב — bringing [an object] in from the courtyard into his house is not a retraction (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 381:1)
Carrying out or bringing in
What the Mechaber writes: for the one who renounced, he names only carrying out, « והוציא אח״כ מביתו לחצר » (שו״ע או״ח שפ״א:א); for the other residents' taking possession, he names both, « שהוציאו מבתיהם לחצר או שהכניסו מחצר לבתיהם » (שו״ע או״ח שפ״א:א).
What the Rav writes: « וְאֵינָהּ נִקְרֵאת חֲזָרָה אֶלָּא כְּשֶׁמּוֹצִיא מִבֵּיתוֹ לֶחָצֵר » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:א); bringing in from the courtyard into his house is not a retraction, but « אֲבָל מִכָּל מָקוֹם אָסוּר לוֹ לְהַכְנִיס מֵחָצֵר לַבַּיִת » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:א); and if he renounced also the domain of his house and brings in from the courtyard into the house, « הֲרֵי זוֹ חֲזָרָה מִבִּטּוּל הַבַּיִת » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:א). As for bringing in done by the others, « אַף עַל פִּי כֵן נִקְרֵאת חֲזָקָה לְעִנְיָן שֶׁלֹּא יוּכַל לַחֲזוֹר בּוֹ » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:א).
The difference: the Mechaber's seif א does not say whether bringing in by the one who renounced is a retraction; the Rav's text writes that it is not, unless he also renounced the domain of his house, that it remains forbidden to him, and that bringing in done by the others counts as taking possession, although his own does not count as a retraction.
In the Tur and the Beis Yosef: the Tur writes, concerning the house, « שאין נקרא מחזיק אלא כשמכניס לרשות שביטל אבל מה שמוציא ממנו אינו חזרה אבל אינו יכול להוציא מבית חבירו לביתו שאז היה חוזר ומחזיק ברשות שביטל » (טור או״ח שפ״א); its first clause is the principle the Rav applies here to bringing in from the courtyard into his house. The Beis Yosef writes that the Tur's words, which name only carrying out for the others, are not exclusive, and answers the difficulty this principle raises: it holds only for retraction, « דלא אמרן כן אלא דוקא לענין חוזר ומחזיק דכשמוציא מרשות שביטל לא מיקרי חזרה אבל לגבי חזקה כל שעושה דבר שהיה נאסר בלא ביטול הוי חזקה » (בית יוסף או״ח שפ״א). That the others' bringing in counts as taking possession, although the renouncer's own bringing in does not count as retraction, is thus already the Beis Yosef's answer; the Rav writes it in similar terms, « שֶׁכֹּל שֶׁעָשׂוּ דָבָר בִּרְשׁוּתוֹ שֶׁהָיוּ אֲסוּרִים לַעֲשׂוֹתוֹ אִם לֹא בִטְּלָהּ לָהֶם — הֲרֵי זוֹ חֲזָקָה » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:א).
Among the Mechaber's commentators: the Magen Avraham, before the Rav, writes on the Mechaber's word והוציא « אבל להכניס מותר אלא א״כ ביטל גם רשות ביתו דאז אסור להכניס » (מגן אברהם שפ״א ס״ק א); the Rav's text likewise writes that bringing in is not a retraction, but adds, in parentheses, that it remains forbidden to the one who renounced, since he carries from one domain to another; literally, the Magen Avraham writes מותר and the Rav writes אָסוּר לוֹ. The Mishnah Berurah, later than the Rav, reports the Magen Avraham's distinction in these terms, « כתב המג״א דלא אמרינן שהוא כחוזר ומחזיק אלא ע״י הוצאה מבית לחצר אבל אם מכניס מחצר לבית לא נראה כרוצה לחזור מביטולו ולהחזיק בחצר » (משנה ברורה שפ״א ס״ק ג): according to it, he speaks of retraction; this page does not decide whether, according to the Magen Avraham, bringing in remains permitted to the one who renounced (a question for the Rav). It then writes, referring to what it wrote in Siman 380, « שכמה פוסקים חולקים ע״ז וס״ל דאין חילוק בין הוצאה להכנסה » (משנה ברורה שפ״א ס״ק ג). For the others' taking possession, the Biur Halachah writes « בזה מודו כו״ע דשוה הכנסה להוצאה » (ביאור הלכה שפ״א).
Practical consequence: according to the Rav's text, if the one who renounced gave up only his domain in the courtyard, bringing [an object] in from the courtyard into his house does not retract his renunciation and does not prohibit the others, but it is forbidden to him; if he also renounced the domain of his house, it is a retraction, as long as the others have not taken possession of what he renounced (381:1). Once they have taken possession, he can no longer retract, but he himself remains forbidden to bring in and carry out in the courtyard, unless he also renounced his house — he then becomes like a guest among them (381:1) — and only if he renounced to many, not to a single individual (381:4). The Mishnah Berurah reports that several poskim do not distinguish carrying out from bringing in: consult your Rav. See section 4, point ①.
נקודה ג — חזקה שמבעוד יום (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:א)
Point ג — taking possession while it is still day (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 381:1)
Taking possession by day
What the Mechaber writes: « ואם החזיקו בו כבר שהוציאו מבתיהם לחצר או שהכניסו מחצר לבתיהם אינו יכול לחזור מביטולו » (שו״ע או״ח שפ״א:א), and then « ולרש״י אין חזקה מועלת אלא אם כן החזיקו משחשיכה » (שו״ע או״ח שפ״א:א).
What the Rav writes: « וְאֵין חֲזָקָה מוֹעֶלֶת אֶלָּא כְּשֶׁהֶחֱזִיקוּ מִשֶּׁחָשֵׁכָה » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:א), with the reason that what is carried out and brought in by day proves nothing; then « וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁאַף חֲזָקָה שֶׁמִּבְּעוֹד יוֹם מוֹעֶלֶת, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינָהּ מוֹכַחַת, וּבִלְבָד שֶׁתְּהֵא אַחַר הַבִּטּוּל » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:א); and he concludes « וְיֵשׁ לְהַחֲמִיר כִּסְבָרָא הָרִאשׁוֹנָה לְכַתְּחִלָּה, וּבְדִיעֲבַד יֵשׁ לְהָקֵל בְּדִבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:א).
The difference: the Mechaber's seif א first writes the rule of taking possession without a condition of time, then the restriction in the name of Rashi; the Rav's text writes the restriction first, without a name, then the other view as « יֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים », with the condition that the taking of possession come after the renunciation, and decides: stringency l'chatchilah according to the first view, leniency b'dieved.
Among the Mechaber's commentators: the Magen Avraham, before the Rav, gives the reason for the restriction, « דאם הוציא מבע״י ליכא חזקה דבלא ביטול נמי יכולין להוציא » (מגן אברהם שפ״א ס״ק ג); this is also the reason the Rav writes. The Mishnah Berurah, later than the Rav, writes of the view the Mechaber writes first « ולדעה זו מהני חזקה אף אם החזיק בערב שבת אחר הביטול » (משנה ברורה שפ״א ס״ק ה). The Biur Halachah infers from the Mechaber's wording that he holds that view as primary, « משמע מלשון זה דתופס לעיקר כדעה ראשונה » (ביאור הלכה שפ״א), discusses it, and writes « ומה שכתב הב״ח לדחות שיטת רש״י כבר דחו אחרונים דבריו ויש להחמיר » (ביאור הלכה שפ״א); the Mishnah Berurah refers to it, « ועיין בביאור הלכה שיש להחמיר כדעה זו » (משנה ברורה שפ״א ס״ק ו). In this passage, the Biur Halachah does not write, as the Rav does, of leniency b'dieved.
Practical consequence: according to the Rav's text, l'chatchilah one should be stringent like the first view, for which only a taking of possession after nightfall prevents the one who renounced from retracting; b'dieved one may be lenient with a taking of possession by day, after the renunciation (381:1). See section 4, point ①.
נקודה ד — שכח אחד מן הפנימית או מן החיצונה (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ב)
Point ד — one of the inner courtyard, or of the outer, forgot to make the eruv (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 381:2)
Two courtyards that made an eruv together
What the Mechaber writes: « או אם עירבו יחד ונתנו עירובן בחיצונה ושכח א׳ מהפנימי׳ ולא עירב יכול לבטל רשותו » (שו״ע או״ח שפ״א:ב), to each of the residents of both courtyards. In this seif he does not deal with one of the outer who forgot; he writes it in siman 378 (below).
What the Rav writes: « וְכֵן אִם עֵרְבוּ הַפְּנִימִית וְהַחִיצוֹנָה בְּיַחַד, וְשָׁכַח אֶחָד מֵהַפְּנִימִית וְלֹא עֵרֵב » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ב), without saying where the eruv was placed; he adds that if he renounced only to the inner, « אַף הַפְּנִימִית אֲסוּרָה, שֶׁהַחִיצוֹנָה אוֹסַרְתָּהּ » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ב), and writes the reverse case: « אֲבָל אִם שָׁכַח אֶחָד מִן הַחִיצוֹנָה וְלֹא עֵרֵב — אֵין צָרִיךְ לְבַטֵּל לְהַפְּנִימִית » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ב), because the inner can say to the outer « לְתִקּוּנֵי שִׁתַּפְתִּיךָ עִמִּי וְלֹא לְעִוּוּתֵי » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ב).
The difference: the Mechaber's seif ב specifies that the eruv was placed in the outer courtyard and deals only with one of the inner who forgot; the Rav's text does not specify where the eruv was placed, writes why renouncing to the inner alone does not suffice, and also writes the case of one of the outer who forgot, which the Mechaber's seif ב does not write, but which the Mechaber and the Rav themselves write in siman 378, seif 3, as do the Gemara, the Tur and the Beis Yosef (below).
In siman 378, in the Mechaber and in the Rav: the Mechaber distinguishes according to where the eruv is placed: « עירבו ביחד ונתנו עירובן בחיצונה ושכח א׳ בין מן הפנימי׳ בין מן החיצונה ולא עירב שתיהן אסורות עד שיבטל רשותו » (שו״ע או״ח שע״ח:ג); « ואם נתנו עירובן בפנימי׳ ושכח א׳ מן הפנימי׳ ולא עירב שתיהן אסורות אבל אם שכח א׳ מן החיצונה ולא עירב פנימית מותרת » (שו״ע או״ח שע״ח:ג) — the eruv placed in the outer, if one, of the inner or of the outer, forgot, both are forbidden until he renounces; placed in the inner, if one of the inner forgot, both are forbidden, but if one of the outer forgot, the inner is permitted. The Rav, the eruv being placed in the inner: « אֲבָל אִם שָׁכַח אֶחָד מִן הַחִיצוֹנָה וְלֹא עֵרֵב — חִיצוֹנָה אֲסוּרָה וּפְנִימִית מֻתֶּרֶת, דְּכֵיוָן שֶׁעֵרוּבָהּ אֶצְלָהּ » (שו״ע הרב שע״ח:ג), for it may « תְּסַלְּקֶנָּהּ מֵעָלֶיהָ וְתִשָּׁאֵר לְבַדָּהּ בְּעֵרוּבָהּ שֶׁאֶצְלָהּ » (שו״ע הרב שע״ח:ג) — set it aside and remain alone with its eruv, which is with it; the eruv being placed in the outer: « אֲבָל אִם נָתְנוּ עֵרוּבָן בַּחִיצוֹנָה, אֲפִלּוּ שָׁכַח אֶחָד מִן הַחִיצוֹנָה וְלֹא עֵרֵב — שְׁתֵּיהֶן אֲסוּרוֹת, שֶׁאַף אִם הַפְּנִימִית תְּסַלֵּק אֶת הַחִיצוֹנָה מֵעָלֶיהָ, הֲרֵי אֵין עֵרוּבָהּ אֶצְלָהּ » (שו״ע הרב שע״ח:ג) — even if the inner sets the outer aside, its eruv is not with it. In seif 2 of siman 381, the Rav himself refers to siman 378: « כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן שע״ח » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ב), then « כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר שָׁם » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ב). The reason he gives here for one of the outer who forgot — the inner can say to the outer « לְתִקּוּנֵי שִׁתַּפְתִּיךָ עִמִּי וְלֹא לְעִוּוּתֵי » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ב) — is the one he gives in siman 378 for an eruv placed in the inner; for an eruv placed in the outer, he writes there that this setting aside does not suffice.
In the Gemara, the Tur and the Beis Yosef: in the discussion of Shmuel's statement (Level 2, section 5), Rava distinguishes according to where the eruv is placed: « נָתְנוּ עֵירוּבָן בַּחִיצוֹנָה וְשָׁכַח אֶחָד, בֵּין מִן הַפְּנִימִית וּבֵין מִן הַחִיצוֹנָה, וְלֹא עֵירַב — שְׁתֵּיהֶן אֲסוּרוֹת » (עירובין ס״ו ע״ב); and, the eruv being placed in the inner, « שָׁכַח אֶחָד מִן הַחִיצוֹנָה וְלֹא עֵירַב — וַדַּאי פְּנִימִית מוּתֶּרֶת, דְּאָחֲדָא דַּשָּׁא, וּמִשְׁתַּמְּשָׁא, וְחִיצוֹנָה אֲסוּרָה » (עירובין ס״ז ע״א). The Tur: « אבל נתנו עירובן בפנימית ושכח אחד מן החיצונה אף ביטול אין צריכין » (טור או״ח שפ״א). The Beis Yosef, the eruv being placed in the outer: « וה״ה שאם שכח אחד מן החיצונה ולא עירב שהוא מבטל רשותו לכל אחד ואחד מבני החיצונה ומבני הפנימית » (בית יוסף או״ח שפ״א); then, for the eruv placed in the inner, he gives the reason the Rav also writes: « שהרי עירובה בחצירה ואמרה לחיצונה לתקוני שתפתיך ולא לעוותי » (בית יוסף או״ח שפ״א). The reason the Rav gives here is also the one the Beis Yosef writes for the eruv placed in the inner.
Among the Mechaber's commentators: the Mishnah Berurah, later than the Rav, reads the Mechaber's detail as not limiting: « ל״ד דה״ה דאם נתנו עירובן בפנימית ג״כ צריך הפנימי לבטל רשותו לשתי החצרות » (משנה ברורה שפ״א ס״ק י״ד). For one of the outer who forgot, the Biur Halachah writes « וה״ה אם שכח אחד מבני החיצונה ג״כ בעינן שיבטל לשתי החצרות » (ביאור הלכה שפ״א), when the eruv is placed in the outer, and adds « ואם העירוב מונח בפנימית יכולין בני הפנימי להסתלק מהם » (ביאור הלכה שפ״א). The Biur Halachah thus distinguishes according to where the eruv was placed, as do the Gemara and the Beis Yosef, and as do the Mechaber and the Rav in siman 378, who make the inner one's permission depend on it.
Practical consequence: according to the Rav's text, when the two courtyards made an eruv together, one of the inner who forgot renounces to each of the residents of the inner and of the outer, and then he alone is forbidden; one of the outer who forgot need not renounce to the inner (381:2): this is the case of an eruv placed in the inner, where the Rav, in siman 378, holds the inner permitted for the reason he gives here (siman 378, seif 3), as do the Gemara (Rava, within the discussion of Shmuel's statement), the Tur and the Beis Yosef. If the eruv was placed in the outer, the Rav writes in siman 378 that both courtyards are forbidden (siman 378, seif 3); to whom the one of the outer must then renounce, the Rav's seif 2 does not write; the Beis Yosef and the Biur Halachah require him to renounce to both courtyards: consult your Rav. See section 4, point ②.
נקודה ה — דעת היש אומרים שישאיר לעצמו חדר אחד (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ה)
Point ה — the view that requires one to keep a room (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 381:5)
Keeping a room
Before this view, the room of the Mechaber's seif ד: the Mechaber writes « וכן אם יש לו חדר פתוח לביתו וביטל רשו׳ ביתו אסור להוציא מהחדר לביתו » (שו״ע או״ח שפ״א:ד), without saying until when. The Beis Yosef writes « ויותר נראה דלא אסר להוציא מהחדר אלא עד שיחזיקו בני החצר להוציא מבתיהם לחצר אבל אחר שהחזיקו יכול להוציא אפילו מחדרו » (בית יוסף או״ח שפ״א) — it seems to him rather that the prohibition lasts only until the people of the courtyard have taken possession; once they have taken possession, he may carry out even from his room. The Rav writes « וַאֲפִלּוּ הוּא יָחִיד אֵצֶל רַבִּים — אֵינוֹ נַעֲשֶׂה כְּאוֹרֵחַ אֶצְלָם לְעִנְיַן הוֹצָאָה וְהַכְנָסָה מֵחֶדֶר לְבַיִת » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ה); yet it is by becoming like a guest among them, after they have taken possession, that one who renounced in favour of several is permitted, « וְאָז נַעֲשֶׂה הוּא כְּאוֹרֵחַ אֶצְלָם אִם הֵם רַבִּים » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ד). The difference: the Beis Yosef limits the prohibition of the room to the time before the taking of possession; according to the Rav's text, even one who renounced in favour of several does not become, as regards the room, like a guest among them, and the text does not limit the prohibition to that time. The Magen Avraham and the Mishnah Berurah (ס״ק כ״ב), on these words of the Mechaber, do not write this point. A difference, without a ruling: consult your Rav.
What the Rema writes: in his gloss on the Mechaber's seif ד, he writes « וי״א דאין לבטל מבית לבית אלא אם כן ישאיר לעצמו חדר אחד שלא ביטל ואז מותר להכניס אפילו מבית חבירו לביתו וטוב להחמיר לכתחילה » (רמ״א או״ח שפ״א:ד).
What the Rav writes: he reports the view, « וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁאֵין לְבַטֵּל רְשׁוּת מִבַּיִת לְבַיִת אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן יַשְׁאִיר לְעַצְמוֹ חֶדֶר אֶחָד שֶׁלֹּא יְבַטְּלֶנּוּ » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ה), with its reason, the concern that the law of eruv be forgotten; then he decides, « וְהָעִקָּר כִּסְבָרָא הָרִאשׁוֹנָה » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ה), gives the reason, and concludes « וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן טוֹב לְהַחֲמִיר לְכַתְּחִלָּה לְהַשְׁאִיר חֶדֶר אֶחָד » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ה).
The difference: the Rema reports the view and concludes with stringency l'chatchilah, without writing which of the two views is primary; the Rav's text writes that the first is primary, gives the reason, and concludes, like the Rema, with stringency l'chatchilah; that the first view is primary, and its reason, are already in the Beis Yosef (below). The view as the Rema writes it says that then one may bring in even from his fellow's house into his own. In reporting the view, the Rav does not repeat these words; but just before, following the case of one who renounced his house without the room, he writes himself, without attribution, « אֲבָל יָכוֹל לְהַכְנִיס מִבָּתֵּיהֶם לְבֵיתוֹ אֲפִלּוּ קֹדֶם שֶׁהֶחֱזִיקוּ הֵם בְּבֵיתוֹ » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ה) — in the plural, from their houses —, comparing it to one who renounces the domain of his courtyard: « כְּמוֹ שֶׁהַמְבַטֵּל רְשׁוּת חֲצֵרוֹ יָכוֹל לְהוֹצִיא מִבָּתֵּיהֶם לֶחָצֵר קֹדֶם שֶׁיַּחֲזִיקוּ הֵם » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ה). The Mishnah Berurah reports from the Chemed Moshe another reading of the Rema's gloss: it would speak of an individual with many, but of many who lived in one house and did not need an eruv, « ועיין בחמד משה שתירץ דדין זה דרמ״א מיירי ביחיד לגבי רבים אלא שאותן רבים היו דרים בבית אחד ולא היו צריכין לעירוב » (משנה ברורה שפ״א ס״ק כ״ד); he is then a guest among them, « ולכן מותר לו להכניס מביתם לביתו ואפילו קודם שהחזיקו » (משנה ברורה שפ״א ס״ק כ״ד) — from their house, in the singular, where the Rav writes מִבָּתֵּיהֶם.
In the Beis Yosef: he reports from Rabbeinu Yerucham that the view of the Rosh — who allows renouncing from house to house even without a room — is primary: « וכ״כ רבינו ירוחם בחי״ו שדעת הרא״ש כר״ש ושכן נראה עיקר » (בית יוסף או״ח שפ״א); explaining the Tur, he gives for this first view the reason the Rav also writes: « ומשום דאינו יכול להוציא מבית חבירו לביתו נמצא שנשתכר בעירוב מבביטול » (בית יוסף או״ח שפ״א); and he reports from the Hagahos Maimonios « וכתבו דטוב לשייר חדר אחד שלא יבטל וכדברי ר״י » (בית יוסף או״ח שפ״א).
Among the Mechaber's commentators: the Magen Avraham, before the Rav, writes on these words of the Rema « כ״כ הרב״י ודבריהם תמוהים » (מגן אברהם שפ״א ס״ק ז), since « דיחיד לגבי יחיד לא הוי אורח » (מגן אברהם שפ״א ס״ק ז); and he continues: « ואי מיירי ביחיד המבטל לרבים שעירבו א״כ אפי׳ לא שייר חדר נמי שרי דלא שייך לומר שתשתכח תורת עירוב » (מגן אברהם שפ״א ס״ק ז) — if it speaks of an individual renouncing in favor of many who made an eruv, then even if he did not keep a room it is permitted too, since one cannot say that the law of eruv will be forgotten. For an individual who renounced in favor of many who made an eruv, the Magen Avraham, before the Rav, thus permits it even without a room; this page does not thereby decide the scope of the Rav's sentence (section 4, point ⑤). The Mishnah Berurah, later than the Rav, gives the reason for the view in words very close to the Rav's, « לפי שיש לחוש שלא תשתכח תורת עירוב מבתים אלו הפתוחים זה לזה » (משנה ברורה שפ״א ס״ק כ״ג), and reports in the next ס״ק the Magen Avraham's question and an answer of the Chemed Moshe.
Practical consequence: according to the Rav's text, renouncing from house to house is effective even without keeping a room, but it is good, l'chatchilah, to keep one (381:5). See section 4, point ⑤.
נקודה ו — הביטול במקום עירוב שמבעוד יום (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ה)
Point ו — the renunciation takes the place of an eruv made by day (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 381:5)
The renunciation takes the place of the eruv
What the Mechaber writes: in seif ה, « אינם יכולים לבטל א׳ לחבירו » (שו״ע או״ח שפ״א:ה), without writing the reason; and in seif ו, « יורש מבטל רשות שאם לא עירב מורישו ומת בשבת והיורש בא לדור בחצר ואוסר יכול לבטל רשותו » (שו״ע או״ח שפ״א:ו).
What the Rav writes: he first states the principle, « הַבִּטּוּל הוּא בִּמְקוֹם עֵרוּב שֶׁמִּבְּעוֹד יוֹם » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ה), and draws from it « לְפִיכָךְ בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁלֹּא הָיוּ יְכוֹלִים לְעָרֵב מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם, אֵינָם יְכוֹלִים לְבַטֵּל מִשֶּׁתֶּחְשַׁךְ » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ה), before the case of the two houses. In seif 6, he opens the heir's case with « אֲבָל », and writes why he may renounce: « הַיּוֹרֵשׁ — בִּמְקוֹם מוֹרִישׁוֹ הוּא עוֹמֵד, וַהֲרֵי מוֹרִישׁוֹ הָיָה יָכוֹל לְעָרֵב » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ו).
The difference: the Mechaber's seifim ה and ו give the two cases without the principle that links them; the Rav's text writes that principle, and explains by it why the heir may renounce. This principle is not peculiar to the Rav: the Gemara already frames its questions on these two cases by it, and the Beis Yosef writes it for seif ה (below).
In the Gemara and the Beis Yosef: the Gemara frames the question of the two houses surrounded by a partition on Shabbos thus, « הָתָם, דְּאִי בָּעוּ לְעָרוֹבֵי מֵאֶתְמוֹל מָצוּ מְעָרְבִי — בַּטּוֹלֵי נָמֵי מָצֵי מְבַטֵּל — אֲבָל הָכָא, דְּלָא מָצוּ מְעָרְבִי מֵאֶתְמוֹל — בַּטּוֹלֵי נָמֵי לָא מָצֵי מְבַטֵּל. אוֹ דִילְמָא לָא שְׁנָא » (עירובין ס״ז ע״א) — there, they could have made an eruv the day before, so one may renounce; here, they could not: can one not renounce either, or is there no difference? (Rav Sheshes answers that one does not renounce); and that of the heir, « הֵיכָא דְּאִי בָּעֵי לְעָרוֹבֵי מֵאֶתְמוֹל מָצֵי מְעָרֵב — בַּטּוֹלֵי נָמֵי מָצֵי מְבַטֵּל, אֲבָל הַאי כֵּיוָן דְּאִי בָּעֵי לְעָרוֹבֵי מֵאֶתְמוֹל — לָא מָצֵי מְעָרֵב, לָא מָצֵי מְבַטֵּל. אוֹ דִּלְמָא: יוֹרֵשׁ כַּרְעֵיהּ דַּאֲבוּהּ הוּא » (עירובין ע׳ ע״ב) — this one could not make an eruv the day before: can he then not renounce, or is the heir his father's leg? (Rav Nachman answers that he renounces) (Level 2, sections 8 and 9). The Beis Yosef writes, for seif ה: « וטעמא דמילתא משום שלא היו יכולין לערב מאתמול » (בית יוסף או״ח שפ״א).
Among the Mechaber's commentators: the reason for seif ה is already in the Taz, « הטעם לפי שלא היו יכולים לערב מאתמול » (ט״ז או״ח שפ״א ס״ק ד), and in the Magen Avraham, « כיון שלא היו יכולים לערב יחד מבע״י » (מגן אברהם שפ״א ס״ק ח). For the heir, the Mishnah Berurah, later than the Rav, writes « אף דאי בעי לערובי מאתמול לא מצי מערב אפ״ה מהני ביטולו משום דיורש כרעיה דאבוה הוא » (משנה ברורה שפ״א ס״ק כ״ז).
Practical consequence: according to the Rav's text, where they could not make an eruv while it was still day, they cannot renounce after nightfall (381:5); but the heir who entered on Shabbos to live in the house he inherited may renounce, since the one from whom he inherits could have made the eruv (381:6). See section 4, points ⑤ and ⑥.
נקודה ז — מבטלין וחוזרין ומבטלין (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ז)
Point ז — one renounces, and renounces in return (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 381:7)
Why one must renounce in return
What the Mechaber writes: « מבטלין וחוזרין ומבטלין כלומר שמבטלין רשותם בני חצר זו לבני חצר אחרת או לאחד מבני חצר עד שיוציאו מה שירצו » (שו״ע או״ח שפ״א:ז), and then these renounce in return. He does not say what the law would be without this second renunciation.
What the Rav writes: the same rule, specifying that the other courtyard is one « שֶׁעֵרְבָה לְעַצְמָן » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ז), and adds « אֲבָל אִם לֹא הָיוּ חוֹזְרִים וּמְבַטְּלִים לָהֶם — לֹא הָיוּ מֻתָּרִים לְהוֹצִיא אֲפִלּוּ בִּטְּלוּ גַּם רְשׁוּת בָּתֵּיהֶם, הוֹאִיל וְהֵם רַבִּים וְאֵינָם נַעֲשִׂים אוֹרְחִים » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ז).
The difference: the Mechaber's seif ז does not say why one must renounce in return; the Rav's text writes it: without that, those who renounced could not carry out, even if they had also renounced the domain of their houses, since they are many and do not become guests.
Among the Mechaber's commentators: the Magen Avraham writes it before the Rav, « כיון דרבים הם אפי׳ ביטלו ביתם אסורים להוציא לחצר » (מגן אברהם שפ״א ס״ק ט), adding that this is not the view of the Beis Yosef; the Mishnah Berurah, later than the Rav, writes the same, « לא היו מותרים המבטלים להוציא אפי׳ ביטלו גם רשות בתיהם הואיל והם רבים ואינם נעשים אורחים » (משנה ברורה שפ״א ס״ק כ״ח).
Practical consequence: according to the Rav's text, when the residents of a courtyard renounced their domain to another courtyard, or to one of the residents, those who benefited renounce in turn to them, so that they too may carry out whatever they wish (381:7). See section 4, point ⑦.
שיחות, מאמרים ואגרות הרבי
The words of the Rebbe on the themes of Siman 381
We attribute to the Rebbe only verifiable primary sources (a letter, sicha, or identifiable pesak, with a link). At this stage, no statement of the Rebbe directly tied to this siman could be confirmed against Sefaria or Chabad.org — we prefer to show nothing rather than an unsourced reference.
הלכה למעשה — מנהג חב״ד
The practical Chabad conduct
Points of halachic conduct that flow directly from the Shulchan Aruch HaRav Siman 381, in the Chabad sensibility. Each point refers to its seif of the Rav, in the order of the text.
For the Chabad Chassid — Siman 381
- ① One who retracts his renunciation: one who renounced his domain in the courtyard and then deliberately carries [an object] out of his house into the courtyard, before the others have taken possession of what he renounced, retracts his renunciation and prohibits the other residents; if inadvertently, he does not prohibit. If he renounced only his domain in the courtyard, bringing [an object] in from the courtyard into his house is not a retraction, but it is forbidden to him; if he also renounced the domain of his house, it is a retraction. Once the others have taken possession of what he renounced — by carrying out or by bringing in — he can no longer retract; he himself remains forbidden to bring in and carry out in the courtyard, unless he also renounced the domain of his house: he then becomes like a guest among them (the Rav refers to Siman 380); and this holds only if he renounced to many, not if he renounced to a single individual (381:4). L'chatchilah, one should be stringent like the first view, which counts only a taking of possession after nightfall; b'dieved one may be lenient with a taking of possession by day, after the renunciation (381:1). On bringing in, the Mishnah Berurah reports that several poskim do not distinguish it from carrying out: consult your Rav (section 2, points ב and ג). Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav 381:1, 4.
- ② From courtyard to courtyard: two courtyards with an opening between them, that each made an eruv for itself, and not together: one may renounce its domain to the other, which may then use it, and not itself. An inner courtyard that made no eruv, when the outer one alone made one, and that prohibits the outer one, may renounce to it its right to use it and to pass through it, except when it needs to go out and come in; the outer one is then permitted. When the two courtyards made an eruv together and one of the inner forgot, he renounces to each of the residents of the inner and of the outer, and he alone is forbidden; if he renounces only to the inner, it too remains forbidden. If one of the outer forgot and the eruv was placed in the inner, he need not renounce to the inner (381:2; siman 378, seif 3). If the eruv was placed in the outer, both courtyards are forbidden (siman 378, seif 3); to whom he must then renounce, the seif does not write, and the Beis Yosef and the Biur Halachah require him to renounce to both courtyards: consult your Rav (section 2, point ד). Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav 381:2.
- ③ A ruin: two houses with a ruin between them belonging to both — or not belonging to them, but both make convenient use of it (the Rav refers to Siman 376) — that forgot to make an eruv: one may renounce to the other, who is then permitted in it (381:3). Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav 381:3.
- ④ From house to house: two houses open to each other that did not make an eruv together: one renounces the domain of his house to the other; the one who renounces may then carry [an object] out of his house into the other's, even before the other took possession of it (381:4). Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav 381:4.
- ⑤ Bringing into one's own house, the room, renouncing after nightfall: the one who renounced may not bring [an object] in from his fellow's house into his own: if he is an individual with an individual, even his fellow's taking possession does not permit it to him; if he is an individual with many, he shall not do so until they have taken possession of his house. If he renounced his house without the room that opens onto it, it is forbidden to carry out from the room into the house. Following the case of the room, the seif writes that he « יָכוֹל לְהַכְנִיס מִבָּתֵּיהֶם לְבֵיתוֹ אֲפִלּוּ קֹדֶם שֶׁהֶחֱזִיקוּ הֵם בְּבֵיתוֹ » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ה), as one who renounces the domain of his courtyard may carry out [objects] from their houses into the courtyard before they take possession, « שֶׁאֵינָהּ נִקְרֵאת חֲזָרָה אֶלָּא כְּשֶׁמּוֹצִיא מִבֵּיתוֹ, אֲבָל לֹא מִבָּתֵּיהֶם » (שו״ע הרב שפ״א:ה) — it is called a retraction only when he carries out of his own house, not out of theirs. This sentence follows the case of the room; the rule of an individual with many comes earlier in the seif, before the room is mentioned. This page does not decide the exact scope of this sentence and draws no practice from it — consult your Rav (section 2, point ה). Then the Rav writes that the main view is that renouncing from house to house is effective even without keeping a room, and that it is good, l'chatchilah, to keep one. Where they could not make an eruv while it was still day — for example, two houses on the two sides of the public domain that non-Jews surrounded with a partition on Shabbos — they cannot renounce after nightfall (381:5). Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav 381:5.
- ⑥ The heir: one who inherited a house on Shabbos and entered to live in it, and who prohibits the residents of the courtyard — for example, where the one from whom he inherits had not made the eruv with them — may renounce his domain to them, although he could not have made the eruv by day (381:6). Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav 381:6.
- ⑦ Renouncing in return: the residents of a courtyard may renounce their domain to the residents of another courtyard, who made an eruv for themselves, or to one of the residents of the courtyard, until these have carried out whatever they wish; then these renounce in turn to them. Without this second renunciation, the first could not carry out, even if they had also renounced the domain of their houses, since they are many and do not become guests (381:7; the Rav refers to Siman 380). Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav 381:7.
⚠ This section presents the Chabad halachic conduct. For any concrete question: consult your Rav.