Home Issur ve-Heter Siman 130
סימן ק״לSiman 130

Yoreh De'ah · Issur ve-Heter

Siman 130 — Sealing the wine — one seal, two seals

Wine that leaves unwatched, and the seal that stands in for watching: one seal or two according to what is dreaded, what counts as a seal and what does not, the vessel that empties a seal of meaning, a seal found undone, and then wine left standing in a house or a courtyard, where שייכות and נתפס עליו כגנב take over from counting seals (Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 130 — 10 seifim)

מותר להפקיד ולשלוח יין ביד עובד כוכבים אם הוא חתום בחותם בתוך חותם או מפתח וחותם

It is permitted to deposit and to ship wine by the hand of a non-Jew — if it is sealed with a seal within a seal, or with a key and a seal. An object stands in for the missing eye.

Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 130:1

The 4 levels of study

LEVEL 01

רמת המתחיל

Base — Beginner & Intermediate

The Hebrew text of all 10 seifim with a fluent English translation. How many seals, what counts as one, the vessel, the broken seal and wine left in a courtyard — explained step by step with concrete examples.

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LEVEL 02

רמת הלמדן

Lamdan — Talmid Chacham

In-depth pilpul: the definition of חותם — לא טרח ומזייף or מרתת, the meaning and measure of שינוי, the reason for the single seal on cooked wine, and how sealing relates to שייכות over a place.

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LEVEL 03

חזרה וסיכום

Synthesis — Review

Two master grids (one seal or two, and what counts as a seal), the regime of place, מרתת, practical cases, golden rules, the « חותם » mnemonic, classic pitfalls and a line-by-line recap of all 10 seifim.

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LEVEL 04

הלכה למעשה

Halacha le-ma'aseh — Psak

The practical ruling according to the ש״ך, the ט״ז and the פתחי תשובה, then the poskim. Note: the Admur HaZaken wrote no Shulchan Aruch on Yoreh De'ah — this is a level of psak, not “Daat HaRav”.

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Frequently asked questions — Siman 130

How many seals are needed to entrust wine to a non-Jew?

Two. The Mehaber opens the siman thus: « מותר להפקיד ולשלוח יין ביד עובד כוכבים אם הוא חתום בחותם בתוך חותם או מפתח וחותם » (שו״ע יו״ד ק״ל:א). The number follows from the nature of the fear: with ordinary wine one dreads touching, and two seals are called for; with whatever touching no longer forbids — cooked wine, wine mixed with honey or oil, vinegar — only the fear of a swap is left, and one seal is enough (שו״ע יו״ד ק״ל:ג). The Shach puts the division in a single line: « דאי משום איסוכי לא מנסכי ליה אי משום איחלופי כיון דאיכא חותם אחד לא טרח ומזייף » (ש״ך יו״ד ק״ל ס״ק ז). For how this applies to your own case, ask your Rav.

Only one seal was put on: is the wine lost?

Not entirely. The Mehaber rules: « אם הפקיד ביד עובד כוכבים בחותם א׳ אסור בשתיה ומותר בהנאה והוא שייחד לו קרן זוית » (שו״ע יו״ד ק״ל:ב) — forbidden to drink, permitted for benefit, provided a corner had been set aside for the deposit. The Rama then reports a wider leniency: « ויש שכתבו דבדיעבד יש להתיר אפילו בחותם אחד » (רמ״א יו״ד ק״ל:ב), adding that one need not even recognise one's own seal unless one sees it damaged. The Shach at once narrows this: a genuine seal is required, a merely bunged barrel serving only where the loss would be great (ש״ך יו״ד ק״ל ס״ק ד). For how this applies to your own case, ask your Rav.

What exactly counts as a seal?

Seif 4 gives the definition: a loose cover with clay counts as one seal, a tight cover with clay over it counts as two, and « וכן כל שינוי שמשנה מדברים שאין דרך כל אדם הרי הם כחותם א׳ והטיחה או הקשירה חותם שני » (שו״ע יו״ד ק״ל:ד). The seifim that follow apply it: two unusual knots count as two seals (שו״ע יו״ד ק״ל:ה), and so do two letters, whereas a stamped die, however many letters it bears, counts as one only (שו״ע יו״ד ק״ל:ו), and a key with a seal counts as two (שו״ע יו״ד ק״ל:ז). The test is single: a seal is whatever cannot be remade without trouble — « דקשר שעושין בעלמא ודאי אין טורח כלל להתירה אלא ודאי קשר משונה בעינן » (ט״ז יו״ד ק״ל ס״ק ח). For how this applies to your own case, ask your Rav.

The seal arrived broken: what then?

The Mehaber is blunt: « חתמו בשני חותמות וחזר עליו ולא הכירו או שמצאו סתור אסור » (שו״ע יו״ד ק״ל:ח). The Rama, however, distinguishes by the cause: « ודוקא אם רואים שנסתר בכוונה ע״י אדם אבל במקום שיכולים לתלות שנסתר ונתקלקל מעצמו או ע״י בהמה או תינוקת שלא בכוונה מותר בדיעבד » (רמ״א יו״ד ק״ל:ח), and he adds that even a deliberate breaking can be salvaged if a Jew was constantly going in and out. The Pitchei Teshuva sets the boundary of that leniency: it holds where one may assume the non-Jew noticed nothing (פתחי תשובה יו״ד ק״ל ס״ק ב). For how this applies to your own case, ask your Rav.

And when the wine is not entrusted but simply left standing somewhere?

In the last two seifim the siman switches grids: the seal no longer decides, the non-Jew's tie to the place does. In a house rented or bought on his premises, if the Jew lives there it is permitted even with no seal and no key (שו״ע יו״ד ק״ל:ט); if he does not live there, he needs the key and the seal. In a courtyard genuinely belonging to the Jew the permission is far wider: « לפי שאין לו בה שום שייכות ואפילו נמצא עומד בצד היין שהרי מכ״מ נתפס עליו כגנב » (שו״ע יו״ד ק״ל:י) — but by day only. The Rama notes that this difference between day and night belongs to our case alone: where dread of being caught is what operates, at simanim 128 and 129, no such difference exists (רמ״א יו״ד ק״ל:י). For how this applies to your own case, ask your Rav.