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DAAT · LEVEL 1 — FOUNDATION

Siman 225 — the text, the translation and the apparatus (יורה דעה רכ״ה)

The text, its translation, and the three apparatus entries
יורה דעה · סימן רכ״ה
האוסר על חבירו דבר שאינו שלו
🌱 Foundation Level · מתחילים
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A siman of a single seif, a line and a half, and yet one of the sharpest in the tractate: one cannot forbid another man something that is not one’s own. This is not a leniency, it is an impossibility — אינו כלום, nothing happened. And it all turns over on one word: אמן.

Subject: Forbidding another what is not yours
Source: שולחן ערוך יורה דעה סימן רכ״ה (א seif)

Compilation: הרב יוסף חיים סממה
DAAT · daattorah.com

Plan of the study

1. The principle, and why this siman has no heading
2. The seif, clause by clause
3. Five words to set down: הנאסר · אינו כלום · עניית אמן · קבלת דברים · חרם
4. Where it comes from: נדרים מ״ז ע״א, שבועות כ״ט ע״ב, the Rambam, the Tur
5. The three apparatus entries
6. The revision table
7. Three real situations
8. Check yourself

1. The principle — and an editorial note

An editorial note, before anything else. This siman is the only one in this block that carries no heading at all: where the other simanim open with a formula of the type “דין … ובו … סעיפים”, this one begins directly with « ובו סעיף אחד: » (שו״ע יו״ד רכ״ה:א). The header copied into the source-text block below is exactly what the edition gives, to the letter. The English title of this page, and the Hebrew descriptor beside it, are our own: they describe the content of the seif, and must never be read as the heading of the Shulḥan Arukh. The Tur, by contrast, does have a text for this siman, and it is quoted below.

The siman lays down a single rule, and it is disarmingly simple: my word has purchase only on what is mine. I may forbid myself my neighbour’s produce — the vow then falls on me, and that is within my power. I may forbid my produce to my neighbour — the vow then falls on my thing, and that too is within my power. But forbidding Shimon the produce of Levi is speaking of what is mine on neither count: neither the object nor the man. So the Shulḥan Arukh does not say it is permitted; it says that nothing took place.

And then comes the word. If the man they meant to bind — הנאסר — answers amen, everything changes, because the amen is no polite assent: it counts, according to the gemara, as though the man had uttered the formula himself. And a man can perfectly well forbid himself a third party’s produce. What was impossible from his neighbour’s mouth becomes ordinary from his own.

The two blocks of the seif. (1) A third party’s word claiming to forbid another man’s property: אינו כלום, it is void. (2) The exception, and it comes not from the speaker but from the target: אלא אם כן ענה הנאסר אמן.

2. The text of the Shulḥan Arukh

The siman has only one seif. Here it is in full, with its header exactly as the edition gives it — without a heading — and then clause by clause.

The single seif — a third party’s word, and the amen of the one it targets

The seif holds two propositions. The first describes a speech act: a man tells his fellow that a third party’s produce is forbidden to him. The second reduces it to nothing — and then reopens the door with a single word.

ובו סעיף אחד:
האומר לחבירו פירותיו של פלוני אסורין עליך אינו כלום אלא אם כן ענה הנאסר אמן:
« האומר לחבירו פירותיו של פלוני אסורין עליך » (שו״ע יו״ד רכ״ה:א)
One who says to his fellow: so-and-so’s produce is forbidden to you —
Three people are involved: the speaker, the man he addresses, and a third party whose produce is at stake. The decisive point is that the speaker owns nothing of what he speaks about.
« אינו כלום אלא אם כן ענה הנאסר אמן: » (שו״ע יו״ד רכ״ה:א)
— it is nothing at all, unless the one targeted answered amen.
אינו כלום: not “it is permitted” but “nothing happened”. No prohibition took hold. And the exception does not turn on the speaker’s words: it turns on the reply of הנאסר, the man they meant to bind.
Remember. A man cannot forbid his fellow something that does not belong to him. His words are void — not weak, void. But if the man they target answers amen, he becomes the author of the vow himself, and he is bound.

3. The vocabulary of the siman

הנאסר — “the one made forbidden”, that is, the man the vow targets. The Shulḥan Arukh uses the word here with remarkable precision: it is not the נודר (the one who vows) who must answer amen, it is the נאסר.
אינו כלום — literally “it is nothing”. In the law of vows the formula is stronger than “it is permitted”: it says the speech act produced no effect at all, and so there is nothing to undo.
עניית אמן — answering amen. The gemara in שבועות כ״ט ע״ב makes it the equivalent of the utterance itself: כמוציא בפיו דמי. The whole reversal of the siman rests on that equivalence.
קבלת דברים — acceptance. Siman 209 makes clear that amen is not alone of its kind: any word “whose sense is like answering amen”, that is, an acceptance, does the same.
חרם ונידוי — the ban and the excommunication. The Pitḥei Teshuva resorts to them to explain a public adjuration that appears to have received no amen from anyone: though cast in the form of an oath, it would not be one.

4. The sources — gemara, Rambam, Tur, Beit Yosef

The gemara — נדרים מ״ז ע״א: the reason given in passing

A striking fact: the gemara never states our rule as a ruling. It uses it as an already-settled premise, inside a question of Rami bar Ḥama on a quite different subject — what is exchanged for forbidden produce. To distinguish forbidding oneself from forbidding another, it recalls in an aside that no man forbids another’s produce to another.

« מִי אָמְרִינַן גַּבֵּי דִילֵיהּ, הוֹאִיל וְאָדָם אוֹסֵר פֵּירוֹת חֲבֵירוֹ עַל עַצְמו » (נדרים מ״ז ע״א)
« גַּבֵּי חֲבֵירוֹ, הוֹאִיל וְאֵין אָדָם אוֹסֵר פֵּירוֹת חֲבֵירוֹ עַל חֲבֵירו » (נדרים מ״ז ע״א)
« דאי אמר לחבירו קונם פירות של פלוני עליך לא הוי כלום » (רש״י על נדרים מ״ז ע״א)

The rule of amen — שבועות כ״ט ע״ב

The second half of the seif comes from an altogether different tractate. The mishna there teaches that one adjured by others who answers amen is liable; and Shmuel gives the general reason, from the verse of the sota, where the woman answers אמן אמן.

« מַשְׁבִּיעֲךָ אֲנִי״, וְאָמַר ״אָמֵן״ – חַיָּיב » (שבועות כ״ט ע״ב)
« אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: כׇּל הָעוֹנֶה ״אָמֵן״ אַחַר שְׁבוּעָה – כְּמוֹצִיא שְׁבוּעָה בְּפִיו דָּמֵי » (שבועות כ״ט ע״ב)

The Rambam — הלכות נדרים פרק ה׳

The Rambam places this case immediately after the formulas of siman 224, and he frames it in a way that is not quite the Tur’s: for him, what one cannot do is make one’s fellow forbidden by something that is not one’s own. Level 2 returns to that difference.

« רְאוּבֵן שֶׁאָמַר לְשִׁמְעוֹן הֲרֵי פֵּרוֹת פְּלוֹנִי אֲסוּרִין עָלֶיך » (רמב״ם הלכות נדרים פרק ה׳ הלכה ג)
« שֶׁאֵין אָדָם אוֹסֵר חֲבֵרוֹ בְּדָבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ שֶׁלּוֹ אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן עָנָה שִׁמְעוֹן אָמֵן » (רמב״ם הלכות נדרים פרק ה׳ הלכה ג)

The Tur and the Beit Yosef

The Tur does have a text for this siman — and it is word for word what the Shulḥan Arukh will adopt. The Beit Yosef then does what he always does: he names the source of each half. The first comes from נדרים; the second he goes and fetches from שבועות.

« ראובן שאומר לשמעון הרי פירותיו של פלוני אסורין עליך אינו כלום שאין אדם אוסר דבר שאינו שלו על חבירו » (טור יורה דעה רכ״ה)
« אא״כ יענה הנאסר אמן » (טור יורה דעה רכ״ה)
« פשוט בפ׳ השותפין שנדרו » (בית יוסף יורה דעה רכ״ה)
« הוא נלמד ממימרא דשמואל פ׳ שבועות שתים » (בית יוסף יורה דעה רכ״ה)

Siman 209, its exact counterpart

Siman 209 treats the reverse case, and the two must be read together. There, the man who hears his fellow impose a vow on him and answers amen is bound — the amen is an acceptance. But siman 209 adds a decisive clause: when the fellow forbids him from what is his own, no acceptance is required. Siman 225 is the other half of that sentence: when the thing is not the speaker’s, the acceptance is everything.

« אחד הנודר מעצמו או שהדירו חבירו ואמר אמן או דבר שעניינו כענית אמן שהוא קבלת דברים אסור » (שו״ע יו״ד ר״ט:א)
« אבל כשחבירו מדירו משלו אין צריך לקבל דבריו » (שו״ע יו״ד ר״ט:א)

5. The apparatus, entry by entry

This siman carries three apparatus entries, and two works wrote nothing on it. All three are quoted below in full, each with its reference. Note that the Ba’er Hetev here does no more than report the Shakh — he says so himself, closing with « עכ״ל הש״ך » (באר היטב יו״ד רכ״ה ס״ק א).

The Shakh — one entry

The Shakh gives the reason in six words, and refers to siman 209.

ס״ק א — “ אינו כלום ” — no man forbids what is not his

« אינו כלום. שאין אדם אוסר דבר שאינו שלו על חבירו וע״ל סימן ר״ט: » (ש״ך יו״ד רכ״ה ס״ק א)

The Ba’er Hetev — one entry

He repeats the Shakh word for word and names him.

ס״ק א — “ כלום ” — the Shakh, reported and named

« כלום. שאין אדם אוסר דבר שאינו שלו על חבירו וע״ל סימן ר״ט עכ״ל הש״ך: » (באר היטב יו״ד רכ״ה ס״ק א)

The Pitḥei Teshuva — one entry

The only entry that opens a question, and a far-reaching one: it concerns the adjuration the Rambam placed at the head of the Moreh Nevukhim, and a similar adjuration by Rabbi Ḥayyim Vital. It is quoted here in two blocks — the question, then the answer — under the same ס״ק reference.

ס״ק א — “ אמן ” — the Rambam’s adjuration at the head of the Moreh Nevukhim

« אמן. עיין בתשובת שתי הלחם סימן ל״ה שנשאל על דבר שבועת הרמב״ם ז״ל הכתובה בתחלת ספר המורה וז״ל ואני משביע באלקי ישראל כל מי שיקרא במאמרי זה וכו׳ איך תחול השבועה כשאין המושבע עונה אמן וכן הוקשה לו בדברי ה״ה הרח״ו ז״ל שגם הוא השביע כעין שבועה זו ע״ש » (פתחי תשובה יו״ד רכ״ה ס״ק א)
« מ״ש בזה דאף שהוציאו בלשון שבועה מ״מ אינה אלא גזירת חרם ונידוי וכמ״ש הרא״ש ז״ל כלל ה׳ סימן ד׳ על שבועה דפלגש בגבעה ולכן אסור לזלזל בשבועות אלו ע״ש » (פתחי תשובה יו״ד רכ״ה ס״ק א)

Two works with no entry on this siman

The Taz and the Nekudot HaKesef have no entry on this siman. This is not a gap in the edition: the siman runs to a line and a half, and the Shakh has already said everything there was to say. Both are found in the immediate neighbourhood — the Taz at simanim 223 and 224, with five and three entries, and the Nekudot HaKesef at siman 223, where they answer the Taz himself. Not one line has been manufactured here to fill a column.

6. Table — each clause and its meaning

The two clauses of the seif, each against its meaning. It is the shortest table of the project — and it suffices.

SeifTextMeaning
א « האומר לחבירו פירותיו של פלוני אסורין עליך » (שו״ע יו״ד רכ״ה:א) One who says to his fellow: so-and-so’s produce is forbidden to you —
א « אינו כלום אלא אם כן ענה הנאסר אמן: » (שו״ע יו״ד רכ״ה:א) — it is nothing at all, unless the one targeted answered amen.

7. Practical cases

Three situations in which the siman’s rule is recognisable — and one in which it does not apply.

A neighbour declares: “so-and-so’s wine is forbidden to you”

If he made no reply, nothing occurred and there is nothing to undo: the wine is not the speaker’s, and the man targeted accepted nothing. If he said amen, or merely “agreed”, the question must go to the Rav: siman 209 equates with amen any word whose sense is an acceptance.

The same neighbour declares: “my wine is forbidden to you”

This is no longer our siman, and the answer is the reverse. The thing is his: he has the power to forbid it, and siman 209 says expressly that no acceptance is then required. Confusing the two cases is the most common error in this matter.

A book opens with a solemn adjuration

This is the Pitḥei Teshuva’s case. An author adjures “by the God of Israel” all who will read his work — and no one, obviously, answers amen. The answer the Pitḥei Teshuva reports in the name of the Shtei HaLeḥem is that this is not technically an oath but a decree of חרם ונידוי, and he concludes that it is forbidden to make light of such adjurations.

8. Comprehension questions

  1. Why does the Shulḥan Arukh write “אינו כלום” rather than “מותר”? What does that nuance change in practice?
  2. Who must answer amen: the man who spoke, or the man targeted? Find the exact word of the seif that says so.
  3. Does the gemara in נדרים מ״ז ע״א state our rule as a ruling, or as something else? And on what occasion?
  4. Where does the second half of the seif — the amen half — come from? Name the tractate, and say why the Beit Yosef had to go and fetch it elsewhere.
  5. Siman 209 says that “he need not accept his words” in one particular case. Which, and why does our siman say the opposite?
  6. The Taz has no entry here. Is that a gap in the edition, or something else?

To go further

Continue with siman 224, which sets out the formulas of חרם and the asymmetry they create, and with siman 226, on partners who have forbidden one another. For the exact counterpart of our rule, go back to siman 209. And when a vow has in fact taken hold, it is siman 228 that says how it is undone.
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