דין נדר שהותר מקצתו או מי שנדר על דבר א׳ שני פעמים
Siman 229 — a vow released in part is released entire (יורה דעה רכ״ט)
Nine seifim, and a rule that surprises on first reading: release a part of the vow, and the whole vow falls. The reason lies in the nature of release, which does not lift the prohibition but establishes that it should never have existed. The siman then follows a man who tried to make himself unreleasable, and went about it differently at each seif, seifim 4 to 8. (Shulḥan Arukh, Yoreh De’ah 229 — 9 seifim.)
נדר שהותר מקצתו הותר כולו כיצד נדר להתענות או שלא לאכול בשר זמן ידוע ואירעו בו שבתות וי״ט אומרים לו אלו נתת ללבך שיארעו בו שבתות וי״ט לא היית נודר והותר הכל (רא״ש ורמב״ם
A vow released in part is released entire. How? He vowed to fast, or not to eat meat for a set time, and Shabbatot and festivals fell within it. They say to him: had you taken to heart that Shabbatot and festivals would fall in it, you would not have vowed — and the whole is released. This is a פתח, an opening: he is not asked to regret, he is shown that he had not thought of everything.
Shulḥan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 229:1
The 4 levels of study
LEVEL 01
רמת המתחיל
Level 1 — Foundation & Intermediate
The nine seifim in Hebrew, their translation, their clause-by-clause breakdown, the vocabulary (פתח · חרטה · התפסה · תוך כדי דיבור · על דעת רבים), the sources — נדרים כ״ה ע״ב, נדרים ס״ו ע״א, נדרים י״ז ע״א, the Rambam, the Tur — and the fifty-nine apparatus entries quoted one by one.
Four questions: why the part carries the whole and why seif 2 is an exception; the Taz / Shakh split over “שיחליף דבריו”, which the Nekudot HaKesef settle; the siman’s central maḥloket — may the second oath be released before the first?; and the bolts of seifim 4 to 7, seif 8 as counter-test.
The rule in one sentence, the mechanism, the nine seifim in a table, the fifty-nine apparatus entries arranged by work, what remains open, the vocabulary, the golden rules and the standard pitfalls.
The practical halakha: when the part carries the whole and when it does not, the vow uttered twice, the order of releases, a community ḥerem, and the formula “אינו יהודי” with the Radbaz’s warning. Note: the Admur HaZaken wrote no Shulḥan Arukh on Yoreh De’ah — this is a psak level, not “Daat HaRav”.
What does “a vow released in part is released entire” mean?
That releasing one part brings down the whole, without anyone touching it. The Shulḥan Arukh opens the siman with it: “ נדר שהותר מקצתו הותר כולו ” (שו״ע יו״ד רכ״ט:א). The reason is that release does not lift the prohibition: it establishes that it should never have existed, and a vow made on a false assumption falls entire.
Does this hold for an undertaking made to someone else?
No, and this is a common trap. The end of seif 1 is explicit: “ ואין דברים אלו אמורים אלא בנודר לעצמו אבל אם נדר או נשבע לחבירו לפרעו או לעשות לו מלאכה והתיר לו חבירו מקצתו לא הותרו לו השאר והוא הדין אם היו שנים והותר האחד ” (שו״ע יו״ד רכ״ט:א).
I vowed to fast and had one day released. Has everything fallen?
That depends on what was done. Seif 1 reports two opinions: “ וי״א דלא אמרינן נדר שהותר מקצתו הותר כולו אלא כשניתר על ידי פתח אבל על ידי חרטה לא וי״א דאפילו ניתר בחרטה נמי ” (שו״ע יו״ד רכ״ט:א). The Pitḥei Teshuva at ס״ק ב brings the Ḥavot Yair on this very case, and concludes that in practice one should take the undertaking on again going forward. A question for a Rav.
I forbade the same thing twice. Does one release suffice?
No: “ אסר עליו ככר ב׳ פעמים או שנשבע עליו ב׳ פעמים אף על פי שנשאל עליו והתירו לו אסור עד שישאל עליו ויתירו לו פעם שנית ” (שו״ע יו״ד רכ״ט:ג).
But the Shakh attaches a condition: “ אע״פ שנשאל עליו כו׳. פירוש שאין כוונתו רק לשאול על הראשונה אבל אם נשאל על כולם בבת אחת סגי בהיתר אחד כדלעיל סימן רכ״ח סמ״ו ” (ש״ך יו״ד רכ״ט ס״ק י״ג). The Taz disagrees, and the Nekudot HaKesef conclude “יש להחמיר”.
Can a man make sure a vow will never be released?
The siman returns to it seif after seif, and each time differently — seifim 4, 5, 6 and 7, and again seif 8. At seif 7 the condition achieves nothing at all: “ אם התנה בשעת שבועתו שלא תהא ניתרת לעולם אין תנאו כלום דדברים בעלמא הם ” (שו״ע יו״ד רכ״ט:ז). The difference from seif 4 turns on one point: whether he swore not to ask, or merely decreed that the vow would be unreleasable.
What is the order of releases?
It is not fixed, and that is what confuses. At seif 4 one releases the clause first, then the vow; at seif 9 one releases the vow first, then the clause. The criterion that holds for both is given by seif 9 itself: “ שאין מתירין לא נדר ולא שבועה כל זמן שלא חלו ” (שו״ע יו״ד רכ״ט:ט) — one releases what has taken effect, in the order in which it took effect.
What of the formula “if I ask for release, I am not a Jew”?
The Rama treats it at seif 4: it is forbidden to ask, and one who did must be reproved and needs atonement. And the Pitḥei Teshuva at ס״ק ה brings on this the Radbaz on a neighbouring formula, which he calls “ עון פלילי וקרוב לכפירה ” (פתחי תשובה יו״ד רכ״ט ס״ק ה). A question for a Rav, without delay.