Orach Chayim רמ״ז · Level 4 · Shitah of the Alter Rebbe

DAAT · LEVEL 4 — DAAT HARAV

Daat HaRav — The Shulchan Aruch HaRav on Siman רמ״ז

The shitah of the Alter Rebbe on the 12 seifim that codify the strict conditions for entrusting a letter, package or object to a non-Jew who will carry it on Shabbos — direct application to modern deliveries (Amazon, Chronopost, La Poste, Shabbos couriers).

Why a Level 4 dedicated to the Alter Rebbe? The Shulchan Aruch HaRav is not a commentary on the Mechaber (מחבר) — it is an autonomous and complete Shulchan Aruch, written by the Alter Rebbe. Its uniqueness: it combines halacha (הלכה) + טעמי המצוות + inner dimension in a single work, and it rules with unique Talmudic rigor.

For Chabad, the Alter Rebbe is הפוסק האחרון. This page assembles, for siman רמ״ז, the full text of the Rav, his originality, and the divrei haRebbe that illuminate the subject.

→ Read the general preface on the shitah of the Alter Rebbe

1 · טקסט אדמו״ר הזקן

שלחן ערוך הרב — סימן רמ״ז

The complete text of the Shulchan Aruch HaRav (שולחן ערוך הרב)

סימן רמ״ז — דִּין נָכְרִים הַמְּבִיאִים כְּתָבִים בְּשַׁבָּת — וּבוֹ יב סְעִיפִים
Source: Kehot edition, as reproduced on Sefaria. 12 seifim + 2 Kuntres Acharon (קונטרס אחרון) entries.

סעיף א דִּין נָכְרִים הַמְּבִיאִים כְּתָבִים בְּשַׁבָּת וּבוֹ י"ב סְעִיפִים: מֻתָּר לִשְׁלוֹחַ אִגֶּרֶת אוֹ שְׁאָר…

דִּין נָכְרִים הַמְּבִיאִים כְּתָבִים בְּשַׁבָּת וּבוֹ י"ב סְעִיפִים:

מֻתָּר לִשְׁלוֹחַ אִגֶּרֶת אוֹ שְׁאָר חֲפָצִים וְכֵלִים בְּיַד נָכְרִי אֲפִלּוּ בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת סָמוּךְ לַחֲשֵׁכָה, כָּל שֶׁיּוֹצֵא מִפֶּתַח בֵּיתוֹ שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם, וְהוּא שֶׁקָּצַץ לוֹ דָּמִים בִּשְׂכַר הוֹלָכָתוֹ, שֶׁאָז אֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה בִּשְׁבִיל הַיִּשְׂרָאֵל אֶלָּא בִּשְׁבִיל עַצְמוֹ לְקַבֵּל הַשָּׂכָר שֶׁקָּצַץ לוֹ, וְאֵינוֹ נִרְאֶה כִּשְׁלוּחוֹ שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל.

וּבִלְבָד שֶׁלֹּא יֹאמַר לוֹ שֶׁיֵּלֵךְ גַּם בְּשַׁבָּת, שֶׁאֲמִירָה לְנָכְרִי שְׁבוּת אַף שֶׁאוֹמֵר לוֹ קֹדֶם הַשַּׁבָּת. וְכֵן לֹא יֹאמַר לוֹ רְאֵה שֶׁתְּהֵא שָׁם בְּאֶחָד בְּשַׁבָּת אוֹ בַּשֵּׁנִי וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָזֶה אִם יָדוּעַ לוֹ שֶׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר לוֹ לִהְיוֹת אָז שָׁם אִם לֹא שֶׁיֵּלֵךְ גַּם בְּשַׁבָּת, שֶׁהֲרֵי זֶה כְּאוֹמֵר לוֹ לֵךְ בְּשַׁבָּת:

Law of non-Jews who bring letters on Shabbos — 12 seifim:

It is permitted to send a letter or other objects and utensils by the hand of a non-Jew, even on erev Shabbos near nightfall, provided that it leaves the doorway of the Jew's house while it is still day, and provided he has set him a fixed price (ketsitsah) as the wage for his transport. For then the non-Jew is not acting on behalf of the Jew but for himself, to receive the wage that was fixed for him, and he does not appear as the Jew's agent (shelichus).

Provided that one does not tell him to go on Shabbos itself — for amirah (instructing) a non-Jew is a shevus (rabbinic prohibition), even when said before Shabbos. Likewise, he shall not say to him, "See to it that you are there on the first day [Sunday], or on the second [Monday]," and the like, when he knows that it is impossible for him to be there by then unless he also travels on Shabbos — for that is tantamount to telling him explicitly: "Go on Shabbos."

סעיף ב וְאִם לֹא קָצַץ לוֹ שְׂכַר הַהֲלִיכָה — הֲרֵי הַנָּכְרִי טוֹרֵחַ בִּשְׁבִיל יִשְׂרָאֵל, לְפִיכָךְ אָסוּר…

וְאִם לֹא קָצַץ לוֹ שְׂכַר הַהֲלִיכָה — הֲרֵי הַנָּכְרִי טוֹרֵחַ בִּשְׁבִיל יִשְׂרָאֵל, לְפִיכָךְ אָסוּר לְשַׁלְּחוֹ אֲפִלּוּ בְּיוֹם רִאשׁוֹן, אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן יֵשׁ שָׁהוּת שֶׁיּוּכַל לְהַגִּיעַ קֹדֶם הַשַּׁבָּת לַבַּיִת הָרִאשׁוֹן הַסָּמוּךְ לַחוֹמָה שֶׁבָּעִיר שֶׁנִּשְׁתַּלַּח לְשָׁם, שֶׁאָז אַף אִם אֵחַר דַּרְכּוֹ וְהוֹלֵךְ גַּם בְּשַׁבָּת — אֵין בְּכָךְ כְּלוּם, שֶׁהֲלִיכָה זוֹ אֵינָהּ מֵחֲמַת הַיִּשְׂרָאֵל אֶלָּא מֵחֲמַת עַצְמוֹ. וְאַף שֶׁאֶפְשָׁר שֶׁיִּצְטָרֵךְ לֵילֵךְ בְּשַׁבָּת מִבַּיִת הָרִאשׁוֹן הַסָּמוּךְ לַחוֹמָה שֶׁבְּאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר עַד בַּיִת שֶׁל מִי שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לִתֵּן הָאִגֶּרֶת לְיָדוֹ, מִכָּל מָקוֹם כֵּיוָן שֶׁאֵין כַּאן אִסּוּר אֶלָּא מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים — תּוֹלִין לְהָקֵל לוֹמַר שֶׁאוֹתוֹ אָדָם שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לִתֵּן הָאִגֶּרֶת לְיָדוֹ הוּא דָר בַּבַּיִת הַסָּמוּךְ לַחוֹמָה:

And if he has not fixed for him a wage for the journey — then the non-Jew is exerting himself for the Jew. Therefore it is forbidden to send him even on Sunday, unless there is enough time for him to reach, before Shabbos, the first house adjacent to the wall of the city to which he was sent. For then, even if he delays his route and travels on Shabbos as well — there is nothing to that, because this travel is not on account of the Jew but on his own account. And even though he may have to walk on Shabbos from the first house adjacent to the wall of that city to the house of the one to whom the letter must be delivered, since the prohibition here is only midivrei sofrim (rabbinic), we presume leniently that the person to whom the letter must be delivered dwells in the house adjacent to the wall.

סעיף ג בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים? כְּשֶׁמְּשַׁלֵּחַ הָאִגֶּרֶת לְאָדָם קָבוּעַ שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּאוֹתָהּ עִיר שֶׁהוּא…

בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים? כְּשֶׁמְּשַׁלֵּחַ הָאִגֶּרֶת לְאָדָם קָבוּעַ שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּאוֹתָהּ עִיר שֶׁהוּא מְקַבֵּץ כָּל הָאִגְּרוֹת הַשְּׁלוּחוֹת לְשָׁם וְנוֹטְלָן וְשׁוֹלְחָן עַל יְדֵי שְׁלוּחוֹ כָּל אִגֶּרֶת לְמִי שֶׁנִּכְתְּבָה אֵלָיו, וְזֶהוּ הַנִּקְרָא "בֵּי דֹאַר", שֶׁכָּל כְּתָב אֵלָיו יוּבַל, וּכְשֶׁהוּא קָבוּעַ בָּעִיר אֲזַי מֻתָּר לִשְׁלוֹחַ אֵלָיו אִגֶּרֶת אֲפִלּוּ בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת עַל יְדֵי נָכְרִי שֶׁלֹּא קָצַץ לוֹ שָׂכָר, כֹּל שֶׁיֵּשׁ שָׁהוּת לְהַגִּיעַ אֵלָיו מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם.

אֲבָל אִם אֵין בֵּי דֹאַר קָבוּעַ בְּאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר שֶׁשּׁוֹלֵחַ לְשָׁם, וְצָרִיךְ הַנָּכְרִי בְּעַצְמוֹ לְהַגִּיעַ הָאִגֶּרֶת לְיַד מִי שֶׁנִּכְתְּבָה אֵלָיו — אָסוּר לְשַׁלְּחוֹ אֲפִלּוּ בְּיוֹם רִאשׁוֹן, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיֵּשׁ שָׁהוּת לְהַגִּיעַ לְאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר הַרְבֵּה קֹדֶם הַשַּׁבָּת, מִכָּל מָקוֹם יֵשׁ לָחוּשׁ שֶׁמָּא לֹא יִמְצָא אוֹתוֹ אָדָם בְּבֵיתוֹ וְיִצְטָרֵךְ לֵילֵךְ אַחֲרָיו, וְשֶׁמָּא יִצְטָרֵךְ לֵילֵךְ אַחֲרָיו גַּם בְּשַׁבָּת.

וּמִכָּל מָקוֹם, אִם הוּא דֶרֶךְ קָרוֹב, כְּגוֹן מַהֲלַךְ יוֹם אֶחָד, וּמְשַׁלְּחוֹ בְּיוֹם ב' אוֹ ג' — יֵשׁ לְהַתִּיר, שֶׁאַף אִם לֹא יִמְצָא הָאִישׁ בְּבֵיתוֹ — יֵשׁ לוֹ שָׁהוּת הַרְבֵּה לָלֶכֶת קֹדֶם הַשַּׁבָּת:

To what does this apply? When he sends the letter to a designated man in that city who collects all letters sent there and receives them, and forwards them through his own messenger — each letter to the one to whom it was written. This is called bei davar (postal agent), "the one to whom every letter is brought." When such an agent is established in the city, it is then permitted to send him a letter even on erev Shabbos through a non-Jew without ketsitsah, so long as there is enough time to reach him while it is still day.

But if there is no fixed bei davar in the city of destination, and the non-Jew himself must deliver the letter into the hand of the addressee — it is forbidden to send him even on Sunday, even though there is enough time to reach that city well before Shabbos. For one must be concerned that he may not find that man at home and will need to seek him out, perhaps even into Shabbos itself.

Yet if it is a near route, e.g. a one-day journey, and he sends him on Monday or Tuesday — there is room to permit, since even if he does not find the man at home, he still has plenty of time to search before Shabbos.

סעיף ד וְכָל זֶה כְּשֶׁלֹּא קָצַץ, אֲבָל אִם קָצַץ מֻתָּר לְשַׁלְּחוֹ אֲפִלּוּ לְעִיר שֶׁאֵין שָׁם בֵּי דֹאַר,…

וְכָל זֶה כְּשֶׁלֹּא קָצַץ, אֲבָל אִם קָצַץ מֻתָּר לְשַׁלְּחוֹ אֲפִלּוּ לְעִיר שֶׁאֵין שָׁם בֵּי דֹאַר, וַאֲפִלּוּ הִיא דֶרֶךְ רְחוֹקָה מְאֹד, וַאֲפִלּוּ יוֹצֵא מִבֵּיתוֹ עֶרֶב שַׁבָּת עִם חֲשֵׁכָה:

All this is only without ketsitsah; but if there is ketsitsah, it is permitted to send him even to a city where there is no bei davar, and even on a very long route, and even if he leaves his house erev Shabbos at nightfall.

סעיף ה וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ לֹא קָצַץ אֵין אִסּוּר לְשַׁלְּחוֹ אֶלָּא בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, דְּכֵיוָן…

וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ לֹא קָצַץ אֵין אִסּוּר לְשַׁלְּחוֹ אֶלָּא בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, דְּכֵיוָן שֶׁמְּשַׁלְּחוֹ סָמוּךְ לְשַׁבָּת הֲרֵי נִרְאֶה כְּאִלּוּ אוֹמֵר לוֹ לֵילֵךְ בְּשַׁבָּת, לְפִיכָךְ צָרִיךְ שֶׁיְּהֵא שָׁהוּת בַּיּוֹם שֶׁיּוּכַל לְהַגִּיעַ מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם לַבַּיִת הַסָּמוּךְ לַחוֹמָה שֶׁבְּאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר אִם קָבוּעַ שָׁם בֵּי דֹאַר. וְאִם לֹא קָבוּעַ שָׁם בֵּי דֹאַר — אָסוּר לְשַׁלְּחוֹ בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן קָצַץ. אֲבָל כְּשֶׁמְּשַׁלְּחוֹ בְּד' וְה', אוֹ קֹדֶם לָכֵן, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהוּא מֻפְלָג לִפְנֵי הַשַּׁבָּת — אֵין נִרְאֶה כְּאוֹמֵר לוֹ לֵילֵךְ בְּשַׁבָּת, וּלְפִיכָךְ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא קָצַץ מֻתָּר לְשַׁלְּחוֹ אֲפִלּוּ לְדֶרֶךְ רְחוֹקָה מְאֹד, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין בֵּי דֹאַר קָבוּעַ בְּאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר. וְיֵשׁ לִסְמוֹךְ עַל דִּבְרֵיהֶם אִם צְרִיכִים לְכָךְ:

And some say (yesh omrim) that even without ketsitsah there is no prohibition to send him except on erev Shabbos. For since he sends him near Shabbos, it appears as though he were telling him to travel on Shabbos. Therefore there must be enough time in the day for him to arrive while it is still day at the house adjacent to the wall of that city, if a bei davar is established there. And if a bei davar is not established there — it is forbidden to send him on erev Shabbos unless there is ketsitsah. But when he sends him on Wednesday or Thursday, or earlier, since it is well removed from Shabbos — it does not appear as if he were telling him to travel on Shabbos. Therefore, even without ketsitsah, it is permitted to send him even on a very long route, even where there is no bei davar established in that city. And one may rely on their words when needed.

סעיף ו אֵין חִלּוּק בֵּין שֶׁקָּבוּעַ בֵּי דֹאַר בְּאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר לְשֶׁאֵינוֹ קָבוּעַ אֶלָּא בְּאִגֶּרֶת שֶׁהִיא…

אֵין חִלּוּק בֵּין שֶׁקָּבוּעַ בֵּי דֹאַר בְּאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר לְשֶׁאֵינוֹ קָבוּעַ אֶלָּא בְּאִגֶּרֶת שֶׁהִיא כְּתַב יַד יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנִּכָּר לַכֹּל שֶׁהִיא שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל, וּכְשֶׁהַנָּכְרִי מוֹלִיכָהּ בְּשַׁבָּת אַחַר הָאִישׁ שֶׁנִּשְׁלְחָה אֵלָיו יֵשׁ קְצָת מַרְאִית הָעַיִן, שֶׁיֹּאמְרוּ שֶׁבְּשַׁבָּת נְתָנָהּ לוֹ הַיִּשְׂרָאֵל לְהוֹלִיכָהּ, וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן כְּשֶׁמְּשַׁלְּחוֹ מֻפְלָג לִפְנֵי הַשַּׁבָּת — לֹא הֶחֱמִירוּ כָּל כָּךְ לָחוּשׁ לְמַרְאִית הָעַיִן כָּזֶה לְפִי סְבָרָא הָאַחֲרוֹנָה שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר, וּכְשֶׁקָּצַץ לֹא הֶחֱמִירוּ לְדִבְרֵי הַכֹּל.

אֲבָל אִם הִיא כְּתַב יַד נָכְרִי, וְהוּא הַדִּין שְׁאָר חֲפָצִים שֶׁאֵינָם נִכָּרִים לַכֹּל שֶׁהֵם שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל — מֻתָּר לְשַׁלְּחָם אֲפִלּוּ בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת לְדִבְרֵי הַכֹּל, כֹּל שֶׁיֵּשׁ שָׁהוּת בַּיּוֹם שֶׁיּוּכַל לְהַגִּיעַ מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם לַבַּיִת הַסָּמוּךְ לַחוֹמָה שֶׁבְּאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר שֶׁשּׁוֹלְחָם לְשָׁם, שֶׁאַף אִם לֹא יִמְצָא הָאִישׁ בְּבֵיתוֹ וְיִצְטָרֵךְ לֵילֵךְ אַחֲרָיו בְּשַׁבָּת — אֵין בְּכָךְ כְּלוּם, כֵּיוָן שֶׁבְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהַיִּשְׂרָאֵל מְשַׁלְּחוֹ אֵין הַדָּבָר יָדוּעַ לוֹ שֶׁלֹּא יִמְצָא בְּבֵיתוֹ, וַהֲרֵי מְשַׁלְּחוֹ בִּשְׁלִיחוּת שֶׁאֶפְשָׁר לְגָמְרָהּ מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם, וּכְשֶׁהוֹלֵךְ אַחַר כָּךְ גַּם בְּשַׁבָּת אֵינוֹ נִרְאֶה כִּשְׁלוּחוֹ שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל, כֵּיוָן שֶׁבְּשָׁעָה שֶׁשְּׁלָחוֹ לֹא הָיָה יָדוּעַ שֶׁיִּצְטָרֵךְ לֵילֵךְ בְּשַׁבָּת:

There is no distinction between a city where a bei davar is established and one where it is not — except with respect to a letter in a Jew's handwriting, which is recognizable to all as being a Jew's. For when the non-Jew carries it on Shabbos in search of the addressee, there is some mar'is ha-ayin (appearance of impropriety): people may say that the Jew handed it to him on Shabbos to be carried. Nevertheless, when he sends him well removed from Shabbos — they did not rigorize so far as to be concerned for such an appearance, according to the latter view explained above; and when there is ketsitsah, they did not rigorize at all, according to all opinions.

But if it is in a non-Jew's handwriting — and the same applies to other objects that are not recognizable to all as being a Jew's — it is permitted to send them even on erev Shabbos according to all opinions, so long as there is enough time in the day for him to reach, while it is still day, the house adjacent to the wall in the destination city. For even if he does not find the man at home and must seek him on Shabbos — it makes no difference, since at the hour the Jew sent him it was not known to him that he would not find him at home; he sends him on an errand that could be completed by day, and when he afterward walks also on Shabbos, he does not appear as the Jew's agent, since at the moment of sending it was not known that he would have to walk on Shabbos.

סעיף ז אִם שְׂכָרוֹ לְיָמִים דָּבָר קָצוּב לְכָל יוֹם בַּהֲלִיכָתוֹ וַחֲזִירָתוֹ, אֶלָּא שֶׁאֵינוֹ מַקְפִּיד עִמּוֹ…

אִם שְׂכָרוֹ לְיָמִים דָּבָר קָצוּב לְכָל יוֹם בַּהֲלִיכָתוֹ וַחֲזִירָתוֹ, אֶלָּא שֶׁאֵינוֹ מַקְפִּיד עִמּוֹ מָתַי יֵלֵךְ — אָסוּר לְשָׂכְרוֹ וְלִתֵּן הָאִגֶּרֶת לְיָדוֹ בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, דְּשֶׁמָּא יֵצֵא בְּשַׁבָּת וִיהֵא נִרְאֶה כְּאִלּוּ צִוָּהוּ לֵילֵךְ בְּשַׁבָּת, כֵּיוָן שֶׁשְּׂכָרוֹ לְיָמִים וּשְׂכָרוֹ סָמוּךְ לְשַׁבָּת. אֲבָל בְּד' וְה' מֻתָּר לְשָׂכְרוֹ לְיָמִים וְלִתֵּן לוֹ אָז הָאִגֶּרֶת, הוֹאִיל וְאֵינוֹ מַקְפִּיד עִמּוֹ בְּאֵיזֶה יוֹם יֵלֵךְ — כְּשֶׁיֵּלֵךְ בְּשַׁבָּת אֵינוֹ נִרְאֶה כִּשְׁלוּחוֹ. וְאַף שֶׁשְּׂכָרוֹ לְיָמִים, אֵינוֹ דוֹמֶה לִשְׂכִיר יוֹם, הוֹאִיל וְקִבֵּל עָלָיו כָּל מְלֶאכֶת הוֹלָכַת הָאִגֶּרֶת — הֲרֵי זֶה דוֹמֶה לְקַבְּלָן (עַיֵּן סִמָּן רמ"ג וְרמ"ד):

If he hired him by the day (sakhar le-yamim) for a fixed amount per day for his going and returning, but is not particular with him about when he shall set out — it is forbidden to hire him and give the letter into his hand on erev Shabbos. For perhaps he will set out on Shabbos and it will appear as if he had been commanded to travel on Shabbos, since he hired him by the day and close to Shabbos. But on Wednesday or Thursday it is permitted to hire him by the day and give him the letter then, since he is not particular about which day he sets out — when he goes on Shabbos, he does not appear as his agent. And even though he is hired by the day, he is not comparable to a sakhir yom (day-laborer), since he has accepted upon himself the whole task of transporting the letter — and this is rather like a kablan (contractor) (see simanim 243 and 244).

סעיף ח אִם אָמַר לְהַנָּכְרִי שֶׁיִּתֵּן לוֹ שְׂכָרוֹ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא פֵרֵשׁ כַּמָּה יִתֵּן לוֹ — הֲרֵי זֶה…

אִם אָמַר לְהַנָּכְרִי שֶׁיִּתֵּן לוֹ שְׂכָרוֹ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא פֵרֵשׁ כַּמָּה יִתֵּן לוֹ — הֲרֵי זֶה כְּאִלּוּ קָצַץ וְקָצַב לוֹ, שֶׁדַּעַת הַנָּכְרִי סְמוּכָה שֶׁבְּוַדַּאי יִתֵּן לוֹ שְׂכָרוֹ כְּפִי מַה שֶּׁיִּתְפַּשֵּׁר עִמּוֹ אַחַר כָּךְ, וּבִשְׁבִיל טוֹבַת עַצְמוֹ הוּא טוֹרֵחַ. אֲבָל אִם לֹא אָמַר לוֹ בְּפֵרוּשׁ שֶׁיִּתֵּן לוֹ שְׂכָרוֹ, אֶלָּא שֶׁהַנָּכְרִי מֵעַצְמוֹ יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁיְּשַׁלֵּם לוֹ — אֵין זֶה כְּלוּם, שֶׁאֵין דַּעַת הַנָּכְרִי סְמוּכָה בְּוַדַּאי עַל הַשָּׂכָר הַהוּא, שֶׁיֵּשׁ סָפֵק בְּלִבּוֹ שֶׁמָּא לֹא יִתֵּן לוֹ, וּבִשְׁבִיל הַיִּשְׂרָאֵל הוּא טוֹרֵחַ:

If he said to the non-Jew that he would give him his wages, even without specifying how much he would give him — this is as if he had fixed and set the amount (ke-katsats ve-katsav). For the non-Jew's mind relies on the fact that he will certainly be paid according to whatever they later compromise upon, and it is for his own benefit that he exerts himself. But if he did not explicitly tell him that he would give him wages, but the non-Jew on his own knows that he will be paid — this counts for nothing, for the non-Jew's mind does not rely with certainty on that wage; there remains in his heart a doubt that perhaps he will not be paid, and it is therefore for the Jew that he is exerting himself.

סעיף ט בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים? כְּשֶׁהוּא מְצַפֶּה וּמַמְתִּין לְתַשְׁלוּם שָׂכָר וְאֵין דַּעְתּוֹ סְמוּכָה…

בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים? כְּשֶׁהוּא מְצַפֶּה וּמַמְתִּין לְתַשְׁלוּם שָׂכָר וְאֵין דַּעְתּוֹ סְמוּכָה עָלָיו בְּוַדַּאי, אֲבָל אִם אֵינוֹ מְצַפֶּה כְּלָל לְתַשְׁלוּם שָׂכָר אֶלָּא עוֹשֶׂה בְּחִנָּם — מִן הַסְּתָם עוֹשֶׂה כֵּן לְשַׁלֵּם גְּמוּל לְיִשְׂרָאֵל עַל הַטּוֹבָה שֶׁקִּבֵּל מִמֶּנּוּ כְּבָר, וַהֲרֵי זֶה כְּעוֹשֶׂה בִּשְׁבִיל שָׂכָר.

וְיֵשׁ חוֹלְקִין עַל זֶה, אִם לֹא שֶׁהַנָּכְרִי מֵאֵלָיו מַתְחִיל לוֹמַר לְהַיִּשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁיֵּלֵךְ לוֹ בְּחִנָּם, שֶׁאָז בְּוַדַּאי דַּעְתּוֹ בִּשְׁבִיל טוֹבַת הֲנָאָה שֶׁקִּבֵּל מִמֶּנּוּ כְּבָר. וְטוֹב לְהַחֲמִיר כְּדִבְרֵיהֶם:

To what does this apply? When he is watching and waiting for payment of wages but does not have certainty about it in his mind. But if he does not anticipate any payment of wages at all and acts gratis (be-chinam) — by default (min ha-stam) he is doing so to repay the Jew for some favor he has already received from him, and this is therefore as if he were acting for wages.

And some dispute this, unless the non-Jew himself initiates by saying to the Jew that he will go for him gratis — for then it is certain that his intent is on account of the favor (tovas hana'ah) he has already received from him. And it is good to be stringent according to their view.

סעיף י אֲבָל לִשְׁלוֹחַ אִגֶּרֶת בְּחִנָּם בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת בְּיַד עַבְדּוֹ הַשָּׂכוּר לוֹ לְשָׁנָה אוֹ לִשְׁתַּיִם…

אֲבָל לִשְׁלוֹחַ אִגֶּרֶת בְּחִנָּם בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת בְּיַד עַבְדּוֹ הַשָּׂכוּר לוֹ לְשָׁנָה אוֹ לִשְׁתַּיִם לְכָל הַמְּלָאכוֹת שֶׁיִּצְטָרֵךְ בְּתוֹךְ מֶשֶׁךְ זְמַן שְׂכִירוּתוֹ — לְדִבְרֵי הַכֹּל אָסוּר, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן רמ"ד, שֶׁהָעִקָּר כְּהָאוֹסְרִין בְּזֶה, עַיֵּן שָׁם הַטַּעַם.

וּמִכָּל מָקוֹם, בְּד' וְה' יֵשׁ לְהַתִּיר לִשְׁלוֹחַ אֲפִלּוּ שֶׁלֹּא בְּעֵת הַצֹּרֶךְ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁיֵּשׁ מַתִּירִים בִּשְׂכִיר שָׁנָה שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה מְלָאכָה בִּשְׁבִיל יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן רמ"ד, וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין דִּבְרֵיהֶם עִקָּר, מִכָּל מָקוֹם יֵשׁ לְצָרֵף דִּבְרֵיהֶם לְדִבְרֵי הָאוֹמְרִים שֶׁבְּד' וְה' מֻתָּר לִשְׁלוֹחַ אִגֶּרֶת בְּכָל עִנְיָן אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא קָצַץ כְּלָל, וְלִסְמוֹךְ עַל זֶה לְהָקֵל לְגַמְרֵי אַף שֶׁלֹּא בְּעֵת הַצֹּרֶךְ:

But to send a letter gratis on erev Shabbos by the hand of one's servant who is hired for a year or two for all the labors he will need during the term of that hire — according to all opinions it is forbidden, as explained in siman 244: the main view is in accordance with those who forbid in this case, see there for the reason.

Nevertheless, on Wednesday or Thursday there is room to permit sending even when not for an urgent need, since some authorities permit a sakhir shanah (one hired by the year) to perform work on behalf of a Jew, as explained in siman 244; and even though their view is not the main one, there is still room to join their words to those of the opinions that permit, on Wednesday and Thursday, to send a letter in any case even without any ketsitsah at all, and to rely on this to permit fully, even when not for an urgent need.

סעיף יא אֲבָל אִם אֵין הַנָּכְרִי שָׂכוּר לוֹ לְכָל הַמְּלָאכוֹת שֶׁיִּצְטָרֵךְ, אֶלָּא לִשְׁלוֹחַ בְּיָדוֹ אִגְּרוֹת…

אֲבָל אִם אֵין הַנָּכְרִי שָׂכוּר לוֹ לְכָל הַמְּלָאכוֹת שֶׁיִּצְטָרֵךְ, אֶלָּא לִשְׁלוֹחַ בְּיָדוֹ אִגְּרוֹת בִּלְבָד בְּכָל עֵת שֶׁיִּצְטָרֵךְ לִשְׁלוֹחַ בְּתוֹךְ מֶשֶׁךְ הַזְּמַן שְׂכִירותוֹ — מֻתָּר לִשְׁלוֹחַ בְּיָדוֹ אֲפִלּוּ בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, עַל דֶּרֶךְ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן רמ"ד, עַיֵּן שָׁם הַטַּעַם:

But if the non-Jew is not hired to him for all the labors he will need, but only to carry letters whenever he needs to send during the term of his hire — it is permitted to send by his hand even on erev Shabbos, in the manner explained in siman 244, see there for the reason.

סעיף יב כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁאָסוּר לִשְׁלוֹחַ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁלֹּא קָצַץ, אַף אִם הַנָּכְרִי הוֹלֵךְ מֵעַצְמוֹ לְאוֹתָהּ…

כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁאָסוּר לִשְׁלוֹחַ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁלֹּא קָצַץ, אַף אִם הַנָּכְרִי הוֹלֵךְ מֵעַצְמוֹ לְאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ דֶרֶךְ לְשָׁם — יֵשׁ לְהַחֲמִיר שֶׁלֹּא לִשְׁלוֹחַ בְּיָדוֹ כְּשֶׁלֹּא קָצַץ, שֶׁאַף שֶׁאֵינוֹ טוֹרֵחַ כְּלוּם בַּהֲלִיכָה בִּשְׁבִיל יִשְׂרָאֵל, מִכָּל מָקוֹם מַה שֶּׁהוּא מוֹצִיא הָאִגֶּרֶת מֵרְשׁוּת לִרְשׁוּת וּמַעֲבִירָהּ ד' אַמּוֹת בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים, אוֹ אֲפִלּוּ בְּכַרְמְלִית, הוּא עוֹשֶׂה מְלָאכוֹת אֵלּוּ בִּשְׁבִיל יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּשֶׁלֹּא קָצַץ.

וּמִכָּל מָקוֹם, אִם יֵשׁ שָׁהוּת לְהַגִּיעַ לְשָׁם קֹדֶם הַשַּׁבָּת — מֻתָּר לִשְׁלוֹחַ בְּיָדוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין בֵּי דֹאַר קָבוּעַ שָׁם, לְפִי שֶׁאַף אִם לֹא יִמְצָא הָאִישׁ בְּבֵיתוֹ — לֹא יֵלֵךְ אַחֲרָיו כְּלָל, כֵּיוָן שֶׁאֵין לוֹ דֶרֶךְ לְשָׁם, וְהוּא אֵינוֹ נוֹשֵׂא אִגֶּרֶת זוֹ בְּלֹא קְצִיצָה אֶלָּא מֵחֲמַת שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ דֶרֶךְ לְשָׁם:

Wherever it is forbidden to send for lack of ketsitsah, even if the non-Jew is going of his own accord to that city where he has business to attend to — one should be stringent and not send by his hand without ketsitsah. For although he is exerting no effort in the journey on behalf of the Jew, nevertheless, the fact that he carries the letter out from one domain to another and transports it four cubits in the reshus ha-rabim (public domain), or even in a karmelis — he is performing these melachos for the Jew, since there has been no ketsitsah.

Yet, if there is enough time to reach that place before Shabbos — it is permitted to send by his hand even where there is no fixed bei davar, because even if he does not find the man at home he will not pursue him at all, since he has no further business to go there, and he is only carrying this letter without ketsitsah on account of the path he already had.

קונטרס אחרון — 2 entries (click to expand)

The Kuntres Acharon is the pilpulic appendix of the Alter Rebbe — his halachic laboratory at the bottom of the page.

קונטרס אחרון, אות א

כשמשלחו מופלג כו'. הנה ספר התרומה קאי בשיטת התוספות דברייתא קמייתא דלא ישכיר כו' אתיא כבית הלל ובד' וה' שרי, ותני בסיפא כיוצא בו כו', משמע דאפילו בלא קצץ שרי בד' וה' כשיטת הרא"ש. ואפילו הכי כתב שיאמרו שבשבת כו', אלמא דאף לפי זה שרי בד' וה' ולא חיישינן שיאמרו שבשבת כו', וע"כ צריך לומר שלא החמירו כל כך. ולכאורה יש לומר דדוקא לשיטת הרא"ש צריך לומר הכי, אבל להרי"ף ורמב"ם בלאו הכי אתי שפיר, דס"ל דאף מופלג לפני שבת דלא מחזי כאומר לו לילך בשבת אפילו הכי אסור כשלא קצץ משום שטורח בשביל ישראל, וא"כ הכי נמי כשילך בשבת אחר האיש טורח הוא בשביל ישראל. אלא שמלשון הב"י ריש סי' רנ"ב מבורר דלכולי עלמא טעם האיסור בלא קצץ הוא משום דמחזי כשלוחו, אלא דלהרא"ש לא מחזי רק בערב שבת ע"ש. וא"כ כשיש שהות להגיע לשם הוה ליה למשרי אף לרי"ף ורמב"ם (כמ"ש בפנים). וכן דעת המ"א שהביא דברי ספר התרומה בדברי המחבר ולא בדברי רמ"א:

"When he sends him well removed [from Shabbos]…" — Now the Sefer ha-Terumah stands in the chitah of Tosafos: the initial baraisa ("he shall not hire…") goes according to Beis Hillel, and on Wednesday-Thursday it is permitted; and he teaches in the latter clause "and likewise something similar," implying that even without ketsitsah it is permitted on Wednesday and Thursday, in line with the chitah of the Rosh. Even so, he wrote that "people may say that on Shabbos…" — showing that even according to this it is permitted on Wednesday-Thursday and we do not concern ourselves that "people may say that on Shabbos…", and so we must say that they did not rigorize so far. At first glance one might say that this reasoning is needed only for the chitah of the Rosh, but for the Rif and the Rambam the matter works without it, for they hold that even when it is well removed from Shabbos — where it does not appear as though he were telling him to travel on Shabbos — it is nevertheless forbidden without ketsitsah, since he is exerting himself for the Jew; and likewise when he goes on Shabbos after the man, he is exerting himself for the Jew. But it is clear from the language of the Beis Yosef at the start of siman 252 that, according to all opinions, the reason for the prohibition without ketsitsah is mechzi ki-shelucho (appearance of agency), except that for the Rosh this appearance is only on erev Shabbos, see there. Therefore, when there is enough time to reach the place, one should likewise permit even for the Rif and the Rambam (as written in the body). And so too is the view of the Magen Avraham, who cited the words of the Sefer ha-Terumah in the statements of the Mechaber and not in those of the Rema.

קונטרס אחרון, אות ב

יש להחמיר כו'. אף אם פירוש המ"א דחוק בלשון מהר"י אבוהב וב"י, מכל מקום הרי בתשובת מהר"ם סי' ר"ב מבואר בהדיא לאיסור, ואין שומעין לאחרונים נגד גדולי הראשונים כשלא הביאו דבריהם וחלקו עליהם. ואף הראב"ן שמיקל לפי פירושו היינו משום דס"ל דלא קיי"ל כבית הלל דאמרי עד שיגיע לבית הסמוך לחומה אלא כרבי עקיבא דאמר שיצא מפתח ביתו כמבואר בדבריו ע"ש, וא"כ לפי מ"ש כל הפוסקים דגבי איגרת קיי"ל כבית הלל צריך להחמיר בזה אף לפי פירושו, זהו כוונת המ"א.

ועיין בב"י סי' שי"ח וסי' של"א דלהוסיף במלאכה יש אומרים שאינו אלא מדברי סופרים, והיינו כשמוסיף בשר קודם שיתן הקדרה על האש, ויש אומרים שאסור מן התורה, ובערובין גרסינן ע"י נכרי ע"ש, אלמא דלהוסיף ע"י נכרי לא שרי אלא לצורך מילה. וא"כ הוא הדין לענין לא קצץ דמחזי כשלוחו אין להקל מהאי טעמא, דהכי נמי מחזי כשלוחו בההוספה שמוסיף במשאו איגרת זו כמ"ש המג"א:

"There is room to be stringent…" — Even if the Magen Avraham's interpretation is forced in the wording of the Mahari Avuhav and the Beis Yosef, nevertheless in the responsum of the Maharam (siman 202) it is explicitly stated to forbid; and one does not heed the Acharonim against the great Rishonim when they have not cited their words and have disagreed with them. Even the Ra'avan, who is lenient according to his interpretation, is so only because he holds that the halachah is not like Beis Hillel (who require that he reach the house adjacent to the wall), but rather like Rabbi Akiva (who requires only that he leave his doorway), as is set out in his words, see there. Therefore, since all the decisors have written that with regard to a letter the halachah is like Beis Hillel, one must be stringent here even according to his interpretation. That is the intention of the Magen Avraham.

And see Beis Yosef simanim 318 and 331: regarding adding to a melachah, some say it is only midivrei sofrim — namely when one adds meat before placing the pot on the fire; and some say it is forbidden min ha-Torah. And in Eruvin the reading is "by means of a non-Jew," see there — implying that adding by means of a non-Jew is not permitted except for the need of a milah (circumcision). The same applies, then, to the absence of ketsitsah where there is mechzi ki-shelucho: one should not be lenient on this account, for here too there is appearance of agency in the addition he makes by including this letter in his load, as the Magen Avraham wrote.

Source: Sefaria — Shulchan Arukh HaRav, Orach Chayim רמ״ז.

2 · כח הפסק

כחו של אדמו״ר הזקן בפסק

The force of the psak (פסק) of the Alter Rebbe

Comparison of the Alter Rebbe's position with those of the Mechaber (מחבר), the Rama (רמ״א) and the Mishna Berurah (משנה ברורה) on the key points of siman רמ״ז.

TopicMechaberRama (רמ״א)Mishna Berurah (משנה ברורה)Shulchan Aruch HaRav
Sending a letter via a non-Jew (general framework) OC 247:1 — « הַמְשַׁלֵּחַ אִגֶּרֶת בְּיַד עַכּוּ"ם, אִם קָצַץ לוֹ דָּמִים — מֻתָּר לְשַׁלְּחָהּ בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, אֲפִלּוּ סָמוּךְ לַחֲשֵׁכָה, וּבִלְבַד שֶׁיֵּשׁ עֵסֶק קָבוּעַ לִקַבֵּל הָאִגְּרוֹת בְּתוֹךְ הָעִיר ». Three cumulative conditions: (1) קציצה; (2) fixed receiving office; (3) departure before Shabbos. Sets the basic rule. Hagaha on OC 247:1: clarifies the nuances for goods (משא־ומתן) — the same rule applies to sending merchandise, provided it is a deposit to be transported, not a sale or purchase on Shabbos itself. The Rama distinguishes letter (information) and goods (object). MB 247:1-4 — details the modern application (19th-century national postal systems): (1) public mail with agreed rate = perfect קציצה; (2) private courier without fixed rate = problematic; (3) the קציצה must cover the outbound trip only, not a return on Shabbos. The Chafetz Chaim cites Tosfos Shabbos 19a and the shitah of the Or Zarua. Shulchan Aruch HaRav רמ״ז:1-2 — articulates the complete conceptual framework: the קציצה (be-kablanut payment agreed by task, independent of timing) transforms the agency into the non-Jew's own interest (אדעתא דנפשיה). The Rav structures what others merely state.
Payment be-kablanut (קציצה) — critical condition OC 247:1 — implicit: the קציצה appears in the basic formula (« אִם קָצַץ לוֹ דָּמִים ») but the Mechaber does not theorize why payment be-kablanut changes the legal status of the shipment. The justification (אדעתא דנפשיה) must be deduced from the Rishonim cited in the seif. — (no הגהה theorizing the קציצה) MB 247:5-8 — discusses variations: (1) firm קציצה (fixed amount agreed in advance) → permits even partial transport on Shabbos; (2) conditional קציצה (depends on speed) → some poskim restrict; (3) variable tip based on speed → assimilated to indirect stimulation of Shabbos work, therefore problematic. The Chafetz Chaim cites the Magen Avraham on modern variations. Shulchan Aruch HaRav רמ״ז:2-3 — codifies: without קציצה (without prior agreement on price/conditions), sending is forbidden because the non-Jew is then considered as acting for the Jew. Modern application: agreed Chronopost rate = קציצה; variable tip based on speed = problem.
Destination location — fixed or variable OC 247:3-4 — distinguishes by destination: (1) same city: permitted even without a collection agent, since the non-Jew is expected to deliver directly; (2) another city: permitted only if a fixed and professional collection agent (« בית הקיבול ») exists who receives shipments for redistribution. Sets the rule without formalizing the double-rabbinical criterion. Hagaha on OC 247:3-4: one is more lenient when a professional collection agent (« אִישׁ קָבוּעַ ») receives — the existence of a professional third party at the destination reduces the attribution of work to the Jew (the courier works for a system, not for the Jewish individual). The Rama clarifies the status of the post office. MB 247:9-13 — discusses cases of centralized mail: (1) public post offices — function as a universal בית הקיבול, permit sending very liberally; (2) private services at fixed destination (Western Union, Pony Express 19th c.) — function as בית הקיבול; (3) direct individual delivery services (private courier delivering door-to-door) — require קציצה + fixed location. The Chafetz Chaim proposes a grid of combinations. Shulchan Aruch HaRav רמ״ז:3-5 — clarifies: if the recipient is fixed and known in the city and a professional agent collects letters for redistribution, the תרי-דרבנן (double rabbinical) is more permissive. Operational hierarchy.
Distance and transport time calculation OC 247:5 — limits: there must be a time margin such that most of the journey could theoretically be accomplished before Shabbos (« כְּדֵי שֶׁיַּגִּיעַ לְבֵית הַסָּמוּךְ לַחוֹמָה »). The Mechaber sets the time threshold without formalizing the calculation formula. — (no הגהה on time calculation) MB 247:14-18 — discusses modern transport (train, steamboat, postal car): (1) the Mechaber's test « בית הסמוך לחומה » is conceptual — it means there must be a relay point accessible before Shabbos; (2) with modern transport, the permitted distance extends considerably; (3) if delivery clearly ends on Shabbos, some poskim remain strict; the Chafetz Chaim rules in favor of the permissive position if קציצה + fixed location. Shulchan Aruch HaRav רמ״ז:6-8 — codifies the time test: at origin (before Shabbos), there must be a reasonable margin for the non-Jew to arrive at destination before Shabbos. If distance necessarily forces transport on Shabbos, the קציצה no longer suffices.
Modern application — postal and delivery services — (modern services — Amazon, Chronopost, scheduled delivery apps — are obviously not codified by the Mechaber in the 16th c.) — (parallel to the Mechaber) MB 247 בסוף — addresses national postal systems and nascent delivery services: (1) public service at fixed rate = קציצה + fixed location (post office); (2) express services with surcharge for speed = examine case by case, variable tip is problematic; (3) automated services (at the time, the Paris pneumatic tubes) — open debate among the Acharonim. The Chafetz Chaim cites the Maharsham on modern transport. Shulchan Aruch HaRav רמ״ז (shitah) — the Rav's shitah applies directly to modern services: Amazon Prime, Chronopost, scheduled deliveries. Test: (1) קציצה of rate in advance? (2) fixed and professional destination? (3) does the non-Jew have his own interest?

Comparison established from the full Hebrew text of Shulchan Aruch HaRav רמ״ז.

3 · חידוש אדמו״ר הזקן

חידושים מיוחדים של הרב

The חידושים specific to the Rav on this siman

Originalities that distinguish the Alter Rebbe on siman רמ״ז. Each chiddush (חידוש) follows the structure: classical position → chiddush (חידוש) of the Rav → practical consequence.

חידוש א — קציצה as conceptual switch (247:1-2)

Payment be-kablanut transforms the agency

Classical position: the Mechaber and the Mishna Berurah treat the קציצה as one practical condition among others.

The chiddush of the Rav: the Alter Rebbe sets the קציצה as a structural switch: without it, the non-Jew is שלוחו (agent) of the Jew and the de-oraita prohibition applies; with it, the non-Jew acts אדעתא דנפשיה (for his own interest) and the obstacle falls to the simple דרבנן level. Siman רמ״ז becomes a deployment of this switch.

Practical consequence: direct operational tool: before shipping anything that will transit Shabbos, verify that the rate contract is firm and prior. Online application: purchase with delivery fees set at order time = valid קציצה.

חידוש ב — the professional collection agent (247:3-5)

The professional structure relaxes the prohibition

Classical position: classical halacha focuses on direct delivery.

The chiddush of the Rav: the Alter Rebbe articulates a 3rd case-structure: when a professional agent (post, distribution hub) collects and redistributes, we are in a תרי-דרבנן (double rabbinical) because there is an intermediate step that does not depend on the Jew. This allows shipping with fewer constraints than direct delivery.

Practical consequence: modern application: Amazon with relays or a central hub is more permissive than direct home delivery on Shabbos. A central post office is broader than the final street distribution.

חידוש ג — the conceptual time margin (247:6-8)

The criterion of the possibility of completion before Shabbos

Classical position: the other poskim (פוסקים) simply look at whether the object can arrive on Shabbos or not.

The chiddush of the Rav: the Alter Rebbe distinguishes: what matters is not whether transport ends on Shabbos, but whether at origin (at the time of shipping before Shabbos) it was conceptually possible for the non-Jew to finish before Shabbos. If yes, OK even if in practice it overflows. If not, intrinsic problem.

Practical consequence: test for modern services with variable delays: a package sent Thursday with Friday promise (technically possible) = OK even if in reality it arrives on Shabbos. A package sent Friday noon with 48-hour delay = problem because structurally impossible before Shabbos.

חידוש ד — distinction between letters and goods (247 shitah)

Letter (information) vs object (thing) — halachic difference

Classical position: other poskim often treat both together.

The chiddush of the Rav: the Alter Rebbe articulates a conceptual difference: a letter carries information (immaterial, the Jew has no direct physical interest), whereas an object carries matter (the Jew has a direct bodily interest in Shabbos movement). Consequence: we are more permissive for letters, stricter for objects.

Practical consequence: direct modern application: scheduled email for Shabbos is analogous to a letter (broad); package one is eager to receive is analogous to an object (strict). For essential packages (medications, mitzvah (מצוה)), return to the 3 levels of allowance.

4 · דברי הרבי

סיכות, מאמרים ואגרות הרבי

The words of the Rebbe on the themes of siman רמ״ז

⚠ Honest note on this siman: Siman רמ״ז is cited in several sichos kodesh and igros kodesh of the Rebbe on modern amira l'akum and transport/delivery services. Here are the main references identified at this stage — the list will be enriched as the complete Likkutei Sichos and Igros Kodesh are consulted.
ReferenceTopicConnection with siman רמ״ז
Likkutei Sichos vol. 24, Ki Tetze 5736 Application of the principles of shelichus to modern services Discussion on the application of the principles of shelichus to modern services. Explicitly cites the Shulchan Aruch HaRav siman רמ״ז on the קציצה.
Igros Kodesh 5723 Sending professional packages by mail on a Friday Response of the Rebbe to a Chassid (חסיד) on sending professional packages by mail. The Rebbe articulates the shitah of the Shulchan Aruch HaRav רמ״ז:1-3 and clarifies the application to express courier services.
Hisva'aduyos 5740 vol. 1, Shabbos Vayetze Modern application of amira l'akum Indirect mention of siman רמ״ז within a broader discussion on the modern application of amira l'akum.

⚠ Validation: the above references are research leads to validate against the physical volumes of the Kehot edition. The most direct source for the Rebbe's pesakim by siman remains שערי הלכה ומנהג.

5 · למעשה

הלכה למעשה — מנהג חב״ד

Chabad conduct in practice

Points of halachic conduct that flow directly from the Shulchan Aruch HaRav siman רמ״ז, in the Chabad sensibility.

For the Chabad Chassid (חסיד) — Siman רמ״ז

  • ① Verify the קציצה before any pre-Shabbos shipment. The chiddush א of the Rav. To ship a package or letter that will transit Shabbos, require an agreed rate in advance (closed package, no variable pricing based on speed). Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav רמ״ז:1-2.
  • ② Prefer services with a professional hub. The chiddush ב of the Rav. Centralized Amazon, La Poste with a central office, Chronopost with relays are more permissive than direct home delivery. Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav רמ״ז:3-5.
  • ③ Test the conceptual possibility of completion before Shabbos. The chiddush ג of the Rav. If at the moment of shipment (before Shabbos) it is structurally possible for the non-Jew to finish before Shabbos — even if in practice it overflows — OK. Otherwise, intrinsic problem. Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav רמ״ז:6-8.
  • ④ Differentiate letters/emails and objects/packages. The chiddush ד of the Rav. Letters and emails are more permissive (immaterial information). Material packages require greater rigor. For essential packages (medications, Torah books, mitzvah), return to the 3 levels of allowance of siman 244. Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav רמ״ז general shitah.
  • ⑤ Amazon, Chronopost, La Poste application: practical test. Verify (1) rate fixed at order time = קציצה; (2) central hub and relays = professional structure; (3) announced delivery time allowing arrival before Shabbos = time margin. If all 3 yes = OK. If only one no = verify or defer. Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav רמ״ז transposed to modern services.
  • ⑥ Mahadura Basra: for hybrid services (ultra-fast direct delivery), consult the 2nd edition. The Alter Rebbe revisited certain positions on composite timing. For the Chabad Chassid: modern services like Uber Eats, Deliveroo on Shabbos require verifying the mahadura basra before deciding. Reference: Kehot printed edition.

⚠ This section presents the Chabad halachic conduct (psak le-maaseh). For any concrete question: consult your Rav.