DAAT · LEVEL 4 — DAAT HARAV · Shitah of the Alter Rebbe

דעת הרב

Daat HaRav — The Shulchan Aruch HaRav on Siman 382

When does a non-Jew's dwelling in the courtyard prohibit the Jews from carrying, and how does one rent his domain so that their eruv is effective? Who prohibits, renting without specification, for less than a perutah and on Shabbos, the duration and the non-Jew's retracting, from whom one may rent, two courtyards, windows and a doorway, the ship. The 23 seifim of the Shulchan Aruch HaRav, compared with the 20 seifim of the Mechaber.

Why a Level 4 dedicated to the Alter Rebbe? The Shulchan Aruch HaRav is not a commentary on the Mechaber: it is a Shulchan Aruch in its own right, written by the Alter Rebbe, with its own division and numbering of the seifim. Here the Shulchan Aruch HaRav announces 23 seifim at the head of the siman, and Sefaria serves its text in 23 blocks, which this page reproduces and numbers as they stand (section 1); the Shulchan Aruch of the Mechaber has 20. The two divisions do not correspond one to one. As a guide: the Rav's seif 1 corresponds to the Mechaber's seif א, and his seifim 2 and 3 to the Rema's gloss on that seif; seifim 4 to 7 to seifim ב to ה, and seif 8 to the passage in small print, without the word הגה, in seif ה; seifim 9 to 15 to seifim ו to יב; seif 16 to seifim יג and טו; seif 17 to seif יד; seif 18 to seif טז; seif 19 to seif יח; seif 20 to seif יז; seifim 21 and 22 to seifim יט and כ; seif 23 to the Rema's gloss on seif כ. Elsewhere, a seif of the Mechaber is meant here together with the Rema's gloss that follows it. The Rav thus presents the Mechaber's seif טו before seif יד, and seif יח before seif יז. In the English text of this page, the Rav's seifim are designated by their numeral (382:9, seif 9), the Mechaber's by their Hebrew letter (the Mechaber's seif ו); in the Hebrew references in parentheses, both numberings are in letters, and the reference always names the work (שו״ע או״ח for the Mechaber, רמ״א או״ח for the Rema, שו״ע הרב for the Rav).

This page gathers, for Siman 382, the full text of the Rav with its translation, where his text differs from that of the Mechaber, and the practical conduct that follows from it.

→ Read the general preface on the shitah of the Alter Rebbe

1 · Text of the Alter Rebbe

שלחן ערוך הרב — סימן שפ״ב

The full text of the Shulchan Aruch HaRav of the Alter Rebbe

סימן שפ״ב — אִם דִּירַת גּוֹי מְעַכֶּבֶת בְּעֵרוּבוֹ — וּבוֹ כ״ג סְעִיפִים
Source: Kehot edition, as reproduced on Sefaria. 23 seifim (the Mechaber's Shulchan Aruch has 20, under its own numbering).

סעיף א אִם דִּירַת גּוֹי מְעַכֶּבֶת בְּעֵרוּבוֹ וּבוֹ כ״ג סְעִיפִים: דִּירַת נָכְרִי כְּדִירַת בְּהֵמָה…

אִם דִּירַת גּוֹי מְעַכֶּבֶת בְּעֵרוּבוֹ וּבוֹ כ״ג סְעִיפִים:

דִּירַת נָכְרִי כְּדִירַת בְּהֵמָה. לְפִיכָךְ הַדָּר עִם הַנָּכְרִי בֶּחָצֵר אֵינוֹ אוֹסֵר עָלָיו, עַד שֶׁיִּהְיוּ ב' יִשְׂרְאֵלִים דָּרִים בִּשְׁנֵי בָתִּים וְאוֹסְרִים זֶה עַל זֶה, וּצְרִיכִים לְעָרֵב יַחַד — אֲזַי גַּם הַנָּכְרִי אוֹסֵר עֲלֵיהֶם, וְאֵין עֵרוּבָם מוֹעִיל עַד שֶׁהַנָּכְרִי יַשְׂכִּיר לָהֶם רְשׁוּתוֹ שֶׁבֶּחָצֵר. וְלֹא מִשּׁוּם שֶׁדִּירָתוֹ דִּירָה, אֶלָּא מִפְּנֵי שֶׁחָשְׁשׁוּ חֲכָמִים שֶׁמָּא יִלְמְדוּ הַיִּשְׂרְאֵלִים מִמַּעֲשֵׂה הַנָּכְרִי כְּשֶׁיָּדוּרוּ בְּחָצֵר אַחַת, וּבִקְשׁוּ עִלָּה לִמְנוֹעַ דִּירַת הַיִּשְׂרָאֵל עִם הַנָּכְרִי, וְלָכֵן אָמְרוּ שֶׁאֵין עֵרוּב מוֹעִיל בִּמְקוֹם נָכְרִי וְאֵין בִּטּוּל רְשׁוּת מוֹעִיל בְּנָכְרִי עַד שֶׁיַּשְׂכִּיר, וְהַנָּכְרִי לֹא יִרְצֶה לְהַשְׂכִּיר מִפְּנֵי שֶׁיָּחוּשׁ לִכְשָׁפִים, וְיִקְשֶׁה בְּעֵינֵי הַיִּשְׂרָאֵל דִּירָתוֹ עִמּוֹ מִפְּנֵי אִסּוּר טִלְטוּל, וְיֵצֵא מִשָּׁם. וּלְפִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מָצוּי שֶׁיָּדוּר יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶחָד עִם נָכְרִי בֶּחָצֵר, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁיָּחוּשׁ לְעַצְמוֹ שֶׁמָּא יַהַרְגֶנּוּ, כִּי הַנָּכְרִים חֲשׁוּדִים עַל שְׁפִיכַת דָּמִים — לָכֵן לֹא הֻצְרְכוּ לֶאֱסוֹר עָלָיו הַטִּלְטוּל מִשּׁוּם דִּירַת הַנָּכְרִי כְּדֵי שֶׁיֵּצֵא מִשָּׁם. אֲבָל ב' יִשְׂרְאֵלִים אֵינָם יְרֵאִים מִמֶּנּוּ וְדָרִים עִמּוֹ, וְיִלְמְדוּ מִמַּעֲשָׂיו.
וּמִכָּל מָקוֹם אִם יִשְׂרְאֵלִים רַבִּים דָּרִים בְּבַיִת אֶחָד — אֵינוֹ אוֹסֵר עֲלֵיהֶם, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינָם יְרֵאִים מִמֶּנּוּ, כִּי לֹא רָצוּ חֲכָמִים לַחֲלוֹק בֵּין בַּיִת שֶׁדָּר בּוֹ אֶחָד לְבַיִת שֶׁדָּרִים בּוֹ הַרְבֵּה, וְהִתִּירוּ בְּבַיִת אֶחָד בְּכָל עִנְיָן. וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא אֲפִלּוּ בָּתִּים הַרְבֵּה שֶׁבֶּחָצֵר וְהֵם כְּבַיִת אֶחָד, שֶׁאֵינָם אוֹסְרִים זֶה עַל זֶה, כְּגוֹן הָאַחִין שֶׁדָּרִים כָּל אֶחָד בְּבַיִת בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ וּמְקַבְּלִים פְּרָס מֵאֲבִיהֶם הַדָּרִים עִם הַנָּכְרִי בֶּחָצֵר, וְכָל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָהֶם מִמַּה שֶּׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן ש״ע שֶׁאֵין צְרִיכִים לְעָרֵב בֵּינֵיהֶם — אֵין צְרִיכִים גַּם כֵּן לִשְׂכּוֹר רְשׁוּת מִנָּכְרִי הַדָּר עִמָּהֶם בֶּחָצֵר:

Whether the dwelling of a non-Jew hinders one's eruv; it contains 23 seifim:

The dwelling of a non-Jew is like the dwelling of an animal. Therefore one who lives with the non-Jew in a courtyard — [the non-Jew] does not prohibit him [from carrying], until there are two Jews living in two houses, who prohibit each other and need to make an eruv together; then the non-Jew too prohibits them, and their eruv is not effective until the non-Jew rents them his domain in the courtyard. And this is not because his dwelling is a dwelling, but because the Sages feared that the Jews might learn from the non-Jew's deeds when they live in one courtyard, and they sought a device to keep a Jew from living with a non-Jew; therefore they said that an eruv is not effective in the place of a non-Jew, and that renunciation of domain (bittul reshus) is not effective for a non-Jew, until he rents [out his domain]; and the non-Jew will not want to rent it out, for he will fear sorcery, and the Jew will find living with him burdensome because of the prohibition of carrying, and will leave. And since it is not common for a single Jew to live with a non-Jew in a courtyard, for he will fear for himself lest he kill him, since the non-Jews are suspect of bloodshed — they did not need to forbid him carrying because of the non-Jew's dwelling so that he leave. But two Jews are not afraid of him and do live with him, and they would learn from his deeds.
Nevertheless, if many Jews live in one house, he does not prohibit them, even though they are not afraid of him, for the Sages did not want to distinguish between a house in which one lives and a house in which many live, and they permitted in one house in every case. Moreover, even many houses in the courtyard that are like one house, which do not prohibit each other — for example brothers, each living in a house of his own and receiving their sustenance (peras) from their father, who live with the non-Jew in the courtyard, and every similar case among those explained in Siman 370, where they need not make an eruv among themselves — also need not rent the domain of the non-Jew who lives with them in the courtyard.

סעיף ב יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁהִשְׂכִּיר אוֹ הִשְׁאִיל בַּיִת לְנָכְרִי בֶּחָצֵר…

יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁהִשְׂכִּיר אוֹ הִשְׁאִיל בַּיִת לְנָכְרִי בֶּחָצֵר — אֵינוֹ אוֹסֵר עָלָיו, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיֵּשׁ עוֹד יִשְׂרָאֵל דָּר עִמּוֹ בֶּחָצֵר, לְפִי שֶׁלֹּא הִשְׂכִּיר אוֹ הִשְׁאִיל לוֹ בֵּיתוֹ עַל דַּעַת שֶׁיֶּאֱסוֹר עָלָיו (וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁבְּמַשְׂכִּיר אוֹ מַשְׁאִיל לְיִשְׂרָאֵל אֵין אוֹמְרִים כֵּן, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן ש״ע — גַּבֵּי נָכְרִי הֵקֵלּוּ).
אֲבָל אִם הַבַּיִת שֶׁל נָכְרִי וּשְׂכָרוֹ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמֶּנּוּ, וְהַנָּכְרִי דָּר עִמּוֹ בְּחֶדֶר בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ בְּעִנְיָן שֶׁאוֹסֵר עָלָיו כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר — אֵין שְׂכִירַת הַבַּיִת מוֹעֶלֶת לְעִנְיַן שְׂכִירוּת לְהַתִּיר טִלְטוּל, אֶלָּא צָרִיךְ לַחֲזוֹר וְלִשְׂכּוֹר מִמֶּנּוּ כְּדֵי לְהַתִּיר טִלְטוּל (שֶׁאִם לֹא כֵן לֹא יִקְשֶׁה בְּעֵינָיו דִּירָתוֹ עִמּוֹ וְלֹא יֵצֵא מִשָּׁם):

A Jew who rented out or lent a house in the courtyard to a non-Jew — [the non-Jew] does not prohibit him, even if another Jew also lives with him in the courtyard, because he did not rent out or lend him his house with the intent that he prohibit him (and even though, regarding one who rents out or lends to a Jew, we do not say so, as explained in Siman 370 — with a non-Jew they were lenient).
But if the house belongs to a non-Jew and a Jew rented it from him, and the non-Jew lives with him in a room of his own, in a manner in which he prohibits him, as will be explained — the rental of the house does not count as the rental that permits carrying; rather one must rent from him again in order to permit carrying (for otherwise living with him would not be burdensome to him, and he would not leave).

סעיף ג יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ ב' בָּתִּים בְּחָצֵר שֶׁנָּכְרִי…

יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ ב' בָּתִּים בְּחָצֵר שֶׁנָּכְרִי דָּר בָּהּ, וְהוּא דָר בְּאֶחָד מֵהֶם, וְהַשֵּׁנִי הִשְׁאִיל אוֹ הִשְׂכִּיר לְיִשְׂרָאֵל אַחֵר, וְיֵשׁ לוֹ בּוֹ תְּפִיסַת יָד, דְּהַיְנוּ כֵּלִים שֶׁאֵינָם נִטָּלִים בְּשַׁבָּת — אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵם אֵינָם צְרִיכִים לְעָרֵב בֵּינֵיהֶם, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן ש״ע, צְרִיכִים לִשְׂכּוֹר מֵהַנָּכְרִי, לְפִי שֶׁתְּפִיסַת יָד אֵין לָהּ לְהוֹעִיל יוֹתֵר מִשֶּׁאִלּוּ עֵרְבוּ בֵּינֵיהֶם, שֶׁאֵינוֹ מוֹעִיל לְעָרְבָם וּלְשַׁתְּפָם שֶׁיִּהְיוּ כְּיָחִיד בִּמְקוֹם נָכְרִי, שֶׁאֵין הַנָּכְרִי אוֹסֵר עָלָיו:

A Jew who has two houses in a courtyard in which a non-Jew lives, who lives in one of them and lent or rented out the second to another Jew, and keeps a hold (tefisas yad) in it, that is, utensils that may not be moved on Shabbos — even though they need not make an eruv between them, as explained in Siman 370, they must rent from the non-Jew, because a hold should not be more effective than if they had made an eruv between them, which does not serve to join and partner them so that they be like a single individual in the place of a non-Jew, whom the non-Jew does not prohibit.

סעיף ד אִם בִּטְּלוּ הַיִּשְׂרְאֵלִים רְשׁוּתָם לְאֶחָד מֵהֶם כְּדֵי…

אִם בִּטְּלוּ הַיִּשְׂרְאֵלִים רְשׁוּתָם לְאֶחָד מֵהֶם כְּדֵי שֶׁיֵּחָשֵׁב כְּיָחִיד בִּמְקוֹם נָכְרִי — אֵינוֹ מוֹעִיל לוֹ, שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָחוּשׁ שֶׁבְּכָל שַׁבָּת יַעֲשׂוּ כָּךְ וְתִתְבַּטֵּל תּוֹרַת עֵרוּב מֵאוֹתָהּ חָצֵר. וְאִם יְעָרְבוּ, יֵשׁ לָחוּשׁ שֶׁיִּטְעוּ לוֹמַר עֵרוּב מוֹעִיל בִּמְקוֹם נָכְרִי:

If the Jews renounced their domain to one of them, so that he be considered a single individual in the place of a non-Jew — it does not help him, for one must fear that every Shabbos they will do so, and the law of eruv will disappear from that courtyard. And if they make an eruv, one must fear that they will err and say that an eruv is effective in the place of a non-Jew.

סעיף ה אִם אֵין לַנָּכְרִי דְּרִיסַת הָרֶגֶל עַל הַיִּשְׂרְאֵלִים…

אִם אֵין לַנָּכְרִי דְּרִיסַת הָרֶגֶל עַל הַיִּשְׂרְאֵלִים — אֵינוֹ אוֹסֵר. כְּגוֹן ב' חֲצֵרוֹת הַפְּתוּחוֹת זוֹ לְזוֹ וְאֵין לָהֶן דְּרִיסַת הָרֶגֶל זוֹ עַל זוֹ, דְּהַיְנוּ שֶׁאֵין זוֹ לִפְנִים מִזּוֹ אֶלָּא זוֹ בְּצַד זוֹ, וּשְׁתֵּיהֶן פְּתוּחוֹת לְמָבוֹי, וּבְאַחַת מֵהֶן דָּר נָכְרִי וּבַשְּׁנִיָּה דָּרִים ב' יִשְׂרְאֵלִים אוֹ יוֹתֵר — מַכְנִיסִים וּמוֹצִיאִים מִזּוֹ לְזוֹ דֶּרֶךְ פְּתָחִים וְחַלּוֹנוֹת שֶׁבֵּינֵיהֶן, וְאֵינָם צְרִיכִים לִשְׂכּוֹר מֵהַנָּכְרִי אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן רוֹצִים לְהִשְׁתַּתֵּף בַּמָּבוֹי, שֶׁאָז הוּא אוֹסֵר עֲלֵיהֶם בַּמָּבוֹי, כֵּיוָן שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ בּוֹ דְּרִיסַת הָרֶגֶל:

If the non-Jew has no right of passage (derisas haregel) over the Jews, he does not prohibit. For example, two courtyards open to each other that have no right of passage over each other — that is, one is not inside the other, but they are side by side, and both open onto an alley (mavoy) — and in one of them a non-Jew lives and in the second two Jews or more live: they bring in and carry out from one to the other through the doorways and windows between them, and they need not rent from the non-Jew, unless they wish to partner in the alley, for then he prohibits the alley to them, since he has a right of passage in it.

סעיף ו הַשּׂוֹכֵר מִן הַנָּכְרִי סְתָם — מוֹעִיל, וְאֵינוֹ…

הַשּׂוֹכֵר מִן הַנָּכְרִי סְתָם — מוֹעִיל, וְאֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לְפָרֵשׁ לוֹ שֶׁהוּא לְהַתִּיר הַטִּלְטוּל, וְאֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לִכְתּוֹב שׁוּם כְּתִיבָה עַל הַשְּׂכִירוּת:

One who rents from the non-Jew without specification — it is effective; he need not explain to him that it is to permit carrying, and he need not write anything about the rental.

סעיף ז שׂוֹכְרִים מִן הַנָּכְרִי אֲפִלּוּ בְּפָחוֹת מִשָּׁוֶה פְּרוּטָה…

שׂוֹכְרִים מִן הַנָּכְרִי אֲפִלּוּ בְּפָחוֹת מִשָּׁוֶה פְּרוּטָה, לְפִי שֶׁלְּגַבֵּי בֶּן נֹחַ אֲפִלּוּ פָּחוֹת מִשָּׁוֶה פְּרוּטָה נֶחְשָׁב לוֹ מָמוֹן. אֲבָל יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁאֵינוֹ רוֹצֶה לְבַטֵּל רְשׁוּתוֹ אֶלָּא לְהַשְׂכִּיר — אֵין פָּחוֹת מִשָּׁוֶה פְּרוּטָה נֶחְשָׁב לוֹ מָמוֹן כְּלָל, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא מִתְרַצֶּה בּוֹ. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאִם הָיָה מְבַטֵּל בְּחִנָּם הָיָה מוֹעִיל, מִכָּל מָקוֹם כֵּיוָן שֶׁאֵינוֹ רוֹצֶה אֶלָּא לְהַשְׂכִּיר, וּשְׂכִירוּת אֵין כַּאן וּבִטּוּל אֵין כַּאן, שֶׁהַבִּטּוּל הוּא שֶׁמְּסַלֵּק עַצְמוֹ מֵרְשׁוּת, וְזֶה לֹא סִלֵּק עַצְמוֹ אֶלָּא לְהַשְׂכִּיר:

One may rent from the non-Jew even for less than the value of a perutah, because for a descendant of Noach even less than the value of a perutah is considered money. But a Jew who does not want to renounce his domain but only to rent it out — less than the value of a perutah is not considered money for him at all, even though he is content with it. And even though, had he renounced for nothing, it would have been effective — nevertheless, since he wants only to rent it out, there is here neither rental nor renunciation, for renunciation means that he removes himself from the domain, and this one removed himself only in order to rent it out.

סעיף ח מֻתָּר לִשְׂכּוֹר מִן הַנָּכְרִי אֲפִלּוּ בְּשַׁבָּת, וְאֵין…

מֻתָּר לִשְׂכּוֹר מִן הַנָּכְרִי אֲפִלּוּ בְּשַׁבָּת, וְאֵין בְּזֶה מִשּׁוּם מִקָּח וּמִמְכָּר, שֶׁהֲרֵי אֵינוֹ קוֹנֶה רְשׁוּת מִן הַנָּכְרִי אֶלָּא שׂוֹכְרָהּ. וְאַף שֶׁשְּׂכִירוּת גַּם כֵּן אֲסוּרִים בְּשַׁבָּת מִשּׁוּם שֶׁדּוֹמֶה לְמִקָּח וּמִמְכָּר, שֶׁנּוֹתֵן לוֹ דָּמִים בְּעַד הַחֵפֶץ שֶׁשּׂוֹכֵר כְּמוֹ שֶׁהַלּוֹקֵחַ נוֹתֵן בְּעַד הַמֶּכֶר — מִכָּל מָקוֹם כַּאן, כֵּיוָן שֶׁאֵינוֹ שׂוֹכֵר רְשׁוּתוֹ כְּדֵי לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהּ אֶלָּא לְהַתִּיר הַטִּלְטוּל בִּלְבָד, אִם כֵּן הַדָּמִים שֶׁנּוֹתֵן לוֹ אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא מַתָּנָה בְּעָלְמָא, וְאֵינוֹ דוֹמֶה לְמִקָּח וּמִמְכָּר, שֶׁנּוֹתֵן לוֹ בְּעַד הַמֶּכֶר הַנִּקְנֶה לוֹ לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בּוֹ.
אֲבָל לִקְנוֹת רְשׁוּת בְּשַׁבָּת — אָסוּר, אַף שֶׁאֵינוֹ קוֹנֶה אֶלָּא לְהַתִּיר טִלְטוּל, וַאֲפִלּוּ בְּמַתְּנַת חִנָּם, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן ש״פ וּכְמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן תקכ״ח:

It is permitted to rent from the non-Jew even on Shabbos, and there is no issue of buying and selling in this, for he does not acquire the domain from the non-Jew but only rents it. And even though rentals too are forbidden on Shabbos because they resemble buying and selling — he gives him money for the object he rents just as the buyer gives for the thing sold — nevertheless here, since he does not rent his domain in order to use it but only to permit carrying, the money he gives him is merely a gift, and it does not resemble buying and selling, where he gives him [money] for the thing sold that is acquired by him for his use.
But to acquire a domain on Shabbos is forbidden, even though he acquires it only to permit carrying, and even as an outright gift, as explained in Siman 380 and as will be explained in Siman 528.

סעיף ט כָּל זְמַן שֶׁאֵין הַנָּכְרִי חוֹזֵר בּוֹ…

כָּל זְמַן שֶׁאֵין הַנָּכְרִי חוֹזֵר בּוֹ — מוֹעֶלֶת הַשְּׂכִירוּת, וַאֲפִלּוּ לִזְמַן מְרֻבֶּה. וְאֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לַחֲזוֹר בּוֹ מִשְּׂכִירוּתוֹ עַד שֶׁיַּחֲזִיר הַדָּמִים אִם חוֹזֵר בּוֹ קֹדֶם שַׁבָּת רִאשׁוֹנָה.
וְאִם הֶחֱזִיקוּ בֶּחָצֵר קֹדֶם שֶׁחָזַר בּוֹ — שׁוּב אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לַחֲזוֹר בּוֹ לְשַׁבָּת זוֹ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמַּחֲזִיר הַדָּמִים. וְהוּא שֶׁהֶחֱזִיקוּ אַחַר כְּנִיסַת שַׁבָּת, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן שפ״א.
אֲבָל לְשַׁבָּת הָאַחֶרֶת יָכוֹל לַחֲזוֹר בּוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מַחֲזִיר הַדָּמִים, כֵּיוָן שֶׁכְּבָר הוֹעִילָה שְׂכִירוּתוֹ לְשַׁבָּת אַחַת.
בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים? כְּשֶׁשָּׂכְרוּ מִמֶּנּוּ סְתָם וְלֹא פֵרְשׁוּ לוֹ זְמַן. אֲבָל אִם שָׂכְרוּ מִמֶּנּוּ לִזְמַן, אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לַחֲזוֹר בּוֹ בְּתוֹךְ הַזְּמַן, עַד שֶׁיַּחֲזִיר הַדָּמִים לְפִי עֶרֶךְ אֹרֶךְ הַזְּמַן הַנִּשְׁאָר (וְכֵן אִם שָׂכְרוּ מִמֶּנּוּ לְעוֹלָם בְּפֵרוּשׁ):

As long as the non-Jew does not retract, the rental is effective, even for a long time. And he cannot retract from his rental unless he returns the money, if he retracts before the first Shabbos.
And if they took possession (hechezeku) of the courtyard before he retracted, he can no longer retract for this Shabbos, even though he returns the money. This is provided they took possession after Shabbos began, as explained in Siman 381.
But for another Shabbos he can retract even without returning the money, since his rental has already been effective for one Shabbos.
When does this apply? When they rented from him without specification and did not state a period to him. But if they rented from him for a period, he cannot retract within the period unless he returns the money in proportion to the length of the remaining period (and likewise if they rented from him explicitly forever).

סעיף י אִם שָׂכְרוּ מֵהַנָּכְרִי לִזְמַן יָדוּעַ — כְּשֶׁיִּכְלֶה…

אִם שָׂכְרוּ מֵהַנָּכְרִי לִזְמַן יָדוּעַ — כְּשֶׁיִּכְלֶה הַזְּמַן צָרִיךְ לַחֲזוֹר וְלִשְׂכּוֹר מִמֶּנּוּ שֵׁנִית, וְצָרִיךְ לַחֲזוֹר וּלְעָרֵב, שֶׁאֵין עֵרוּב הָרִאשׁוֹן חוֹזֵר וְנֵעוֹר, שֶׁכְּבָר נִתְבַּטֵּל בִּכְלוֹת הַזְּמַן (וְאֵינוֹ דוֹמֶה לְעֵרֵב לְשָׁנָה וְנִסְתַּם הַפֶּתַח בְּחֹל וְנִפְתַּח בְּשַׁבָּת, שֶׁהָעֵרוּב חוֹזֵר וְנֵעוֹר כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן שע״ד, לְפִי שֶׁבִּשְׁעַת עֲשִׂיָּתוֹ נַעֲשָׂה אַף לְשַׁבָּת זוֹ, וְלֹא הָיָה עוֹמֵד לְהִתְבַּטֵּל בִּתְחִלַּת שַׁבָּת זוֹ, שֶׁהֲרֵי הַפֶּתַח שֶׁהָיָה פָּתוּחַ אָז לֹא הָיָה עוֹמֵד לִהְיוֹת נִסְתָּם בִּתְחִלַּת שַׁבָּת זוֹ. מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן כַּאן, שֶׁבִּשְׁעַת עֲשִׂיַּת הָעֵרוּב הָיָה עוֹמֵד לְהִתְבַּטֵּל כְּשֶׁיִּכְלֶה זְמַן הַשְּׂכִירוּת עַד שֶׁיַּחְזְרוּ וְיִשְׂכְּרוּ שֵׁנִית, וַהֲרֵי זֶה דוֹמֶה לְבָא נָכְרִי בְּשַׁבָּת שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן שפ״ג):

If they rented from the non-Jew for a fixed period — when the period ends, one must rent from him again a second time, and one must make the eruv again, for the first eruv does not revive (chozer v'neor), since it was already annulled when the period ended (and this is not like one who made an eruv for the year, and the doorway was blocked on a weekday and opened on Shabbos, where the eruv revives, as explained in Siman 374: at the time it was made, it was made also for this Shabbos, and it was not destined to be annulled at the beginning of this Shabbos, since the doorway that was then open was not destined to be blocked at the beginning of this Shabbos. This is not so here, for at the time the eruv was made it was destined to be annulled when the rental period ended, until they would rent a second time; this resembles a non-Jew who came [to live there] on Shabbos, which will be explained in Siman 383).

סעיף יא אִם שָׂכְרוּ מִן הַנָּכְרִי לִזְמַן יָדוּעַ, וּבְתוֹךְ…

אִם שָׂכְרוּ מִן הַנָּכְרִי לִזְמַן יָדוּעַ, וּבְתוֹךְ הַזְּמַן הִשְׂכִּיר הַנָּכְרִי דִּירָתוֹ לְנָכְרִי אַחֵר — דַּי בִּשְׂכִירוּת הָרִאשׁוֹן, שֶׁלֹּא נִתְבַּטְּלָה בְּמַה שֶּׁהִשְׂכִּירָהּ לְאַחֵר, לְפִי שֶׁבְּזֶה לֹא סִלֵּק נַפְשׁוֹ מִמֶּנָּה כֵּיוָן שֶׁלְּאַחַר זְמַן תַּחֲזוֹר לוֹ, וַהֲרֵי זֶה כְּאִלּוּ לֹא זָזָה יָדוֹ מִמֶּנָּה כְּלָל, וַהֲרֵי הִיא אַף עַכְשָׁו בִּרְשׁוּתוֹ. אֲבָל אִם מֵת, אוֹ שֶׁמְּכָרָהּ לְאַחֵר בְּתוֹךְ הַזְּמַן — צָרִיךְ לַחֲזוֹר וְלִשְׂכּוֹר מֵהַיּוֹרֵשׁ אוֹ מֵהַלּוֹקֵחַ, שֶׁכְּבָר פָּסַק רְשׁוּת הָרִאשׁוֹן וְנִתְבַּטְּלָה שְׂכִירוּתוֹ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁהַיִּשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁעֵרֵב וּמֵת נִתְבַּטֵּל עֵרוּבוֹ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן שע״א:

If they rented from the non-Jew for a fixed period, and within the period the non-Jew rented out his dwelling to another non-Jew — the first rental suffices, for it was not annulled by his renting it out to another, since by this he did not remove himself from it, as after a time it will return to him; it is as if it never left his hand at all, and it is even now in his domain. But if he died, or sold it to another within the period — one must rent again from the heir or from the buyer, for the domain of the first has already ceased and his rental is annulled, just as the eruv of a Jew who made an eruv and died is annulled, as explained in Siman 371.

סעיף יב חֲמִשָּׁה הַדָּרִים בְּחָצֵר אֶחָד אֵינָם צְרִיכִים כָּל…

חֲמִשָּׁה הַדָּרִים בְּחָצֵר אֶחָד אֵינָם צְרִיכִים כָּל אֶחָד לִשְׂכּוֹר מֵהַנָּכְרִי הַדָּר עִמָּהֶם, אֶלָּא אֶחָד שׂוֹכֵר בִּשְׁבִיל כֻּלָּם. וְאֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לְפָרֵשׁ לוֹ גַּבֵּי שְׂכִירוּת שֶׁיַּשְׂכִּיר לְכֻלָּם, אֶלָּא שׂוֹכֵר לְעַצְמוֹ וְכֻלָּם מֻתָּרִים, שֶׁכֵּיוָן שֶׁהוּא עֵרֵב עִמָּהֶם — הֲרֵי כֻּלָּם כְּאִישׁ אֶחָד, וְדַי שֶׁיַּשְׂכִּיר לְאֶחָד מֵהֶם, כְּמוֹ שֶׁלְּעִנְיַן עֵרוּב אִם הֵם רוֹצִים לְעָרֵב עִם חָצֵר אַחֶרֶת — דַּי שֶׁאֶחָד מֵהֶם יִתֵּן הַפַּת אֲפִלּוּ מִשֶּׁלּוֹ וְכֻלָּם מֻתָּרִים, כֵּיוָן שֶׁכְּבָר עֵרֵב עִמָּהֶם, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן שע״ב:

Five who live in one courtyard need not each rent from the non-Jew who lives with them; rather one rents on behalf of all. And he need not specify to him, regarding the rental, that he rent [it] out to all of them; rather he rents for himself and all are permitted, for since he made an eruv with them, they are all like one man, and it suffices that [the non-Jew] rent [it] out to one of them — just as regarding eruv, if they want to make an eruv with another courtyard, it suffices that one of them give the bread, even from his own, and all are permitted, since he already made an eruv with them, as explained in Siman 372.

סעיף יג אִם שָׂכְרוּ מִמֶּנּוּ בְּעַל כָּרְחוֹ — אֵינוֹ…

אִם שָׂכְרוּ מִמֶּנּוּ בְּעַל כָּרְחוֹ — אֵינוֹ מוֹעִיל, אֲפִלּוּ הָיָה רָגִיל לְהַשְׂכִּיר מִקֹּדֶם. וְאֵינוֹ דוֹמֶה לְעֵרוּב, שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל הָרָגִיל לְעָרֵב נוֹטְלִין מִמֶּנּוּ עֵרוּבוֹ בְּעַל כָּרְחוֹ, לְפִי שֶׁהַיִּשְׂרָאֵל אָנוּ יְכוֹלִים לְכֻפּוֹ לְקַיֵּם דְּבַר מִצְוָה שֶׁהֻרְגַּל בָּהּ, מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בְּנָכְרִי:

If they rented from him against his will — it is not effective, even if he used to rent [it] out before. And this is not like eruv, where from a Jew who is accustomed to make the eruv one takes his eruv against his will, because a Jew we can compel to fulfil a matter of mitzvah to which he has become accustomed, which is not so with a non-Jew.

סעיף יד אֲבָל מֵאִשְׁתּוֹ אוֹ בְּנֵי בֵיתוֹ, אוֹ אֲפִלּוּ…

אֲבָל מֵאִשְׁתּוֹ אוֹ בְּנֵי בֵיתוֹ, אוֹ אֲפִלּוּ מִשְּׂכִירוֹ וּלְקִיטוֹ (שֶׁבְּבֵיתוֹ) — שׂוֹכְרִים, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא מוֹחֶה, שֶׁכֵּיוָן שֶׁדִּירַת הַנָּכְרִי אֵינָהּ אוֹסֶרֶת אֶלָּא כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִלְמוֹד מִמַּעֲשָׂיו, הֵקֵלּוּ בָּהּ לִהְיוֹת אֲפִלּוּ שְׂכִירוֹ נֶחְשָׁב כָּמֹהוּ, לְפִי שֶׁלִּפְעָמִים גַּם הַשָּׂכִיר לֹא יִרְצֶה לְהַשְׂכִּיר וְיֵצֵא הַיִּשְׂרָאֵל מִשָּׁם. וּמִזֶּה הַטַּעַם אֲפִלּוּ שְׂכִירוֹ שֶׁל שְׂכִירוֹ יָכוֹל לְהַשְׂכִּיר כְּמוֹ הַשָּׂכִיר עַצְמוֹ, וַאֲפִלּוּ אִם הַשָּׂכִיר [וּ]בַעַל הַבַּיִת מוֹחִים:

But from his wife or the members of his household, or even from his hired worker (sechiro) or his seasonal worker (lekito) (who are in his house), one may rent, even though he objects; for since the dwelling of the non-Jew prohibits only so that one not learn from his deeds, they were lenient with it, so that even his hired worker is reckoned like him, because sometimes the hired worker too will not want to rent [it] out and the Jew will leave. And for this reason even the hired worker of his hired worker may rent [it] out like the hired worker himself, even if the hired worker [and] the householder object.

סעיף טו אִם אֵין הַנָּכְרִי רוֹצֶה לְהַשְׂכִּיר, יִתְקָרֵב לוֹ…

אִם אֵין הַנָּכְרִי רוֹצֶה לְהַשְׂכִּיר, יִתְקָרֵב לוֹ אֶחָד מִבְּנֵי הֶחָצֵר וְיֵעָשֶׂה אוֹהֲבוֹ, עַד שֶׁיַּשְׁאִיל לוֹ הַנָּכְרִי מָקוֹם בִּרְשׁוּתוֹ שֶׁיְּהֵא לוֹ רְשׁוּת לְהַנִּיחַ בּוֹ שׁוּם דָּבָר, וְאָז אָנוּ רוֹאִים כְּאִלּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל זֶה הוּא דָר אֵצֶל הַנָּכְרִי, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁעֲדַיִן לֹא הִנִּיחַ אֶצְלוֹ שׁוּם דָּבָר, רַק שֶׁקָּנָה מִמֶּנּוּ בְּאֶחָד מֵהַדְּרָכִים שֶׁקַּרְקַע נִקְנֶה בָּהֶם, וְנַעֲשֶׂה יִשְׂרָאֵל זֶה כְּאִלּוּ הוּא שְׂכִירוֹ אוֹ לְקִיטוֹ (שֶׁבְּבֵיתוֹ) וּמַשְׂכִּיר שֶׁלֹּא מִדַּעְתּוֹ. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁאֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לְהַשְׂכִּיר, אֶלָּא נוֹתֵן עֵרוּבוֹ עִם בְּנֵי הֶחָצֵר בִּשְׁבִיל בֵּיתוֹ, וְדַיּוֹ בְּכָךְ גַּם בִּשְׁבִיל בֵּית הַנָּכְרִי, שֶׁכֵּיוָן שֶׁעֵרֵב עִמָּהֶם נַעֲשׂוּ כֻלָּם כְּאִישׁ אֶחָד, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁהוּא נַעֲשֶׂה שְׂכִירוֹ, שֶׁהוּא נֶחְשָׁב כְּבַעַל הַבַּיִת בְּבֵית הַנָּכְרִי — הֲרֵי יֵשׁ לְכֻלָּם חֵלֶק בִּרְשׁוּת הַנָּכְרִי כָּמֹהוּ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאֶחָד מִבְּנֵי הֶחָצֵר הַשּׂוֹכֵר רְשׁוּת מֵהַנָּכְרִי — יֵשׁ לְכֻלָּם חֵלֶק בִּשְׂכִירוּת זוֹ. וּלְכַתְּחִלָּה יֵשׁ לָחוּשׁ לִסְבָרָא הָרִאשׁוֹנָה:

If the non-Jew does not want to rent [it] out, one of the residents of the courtyard should draw close to him and become his friend, until the non-Jew lends him a place in his domain, so that he has the right to put something there; then we regard this Jew as if he lives with the non-Jew, even though he has not yet put anything there, as long as he acquired it from him by one of the ways by which land is acquired; and this Jew becomes as if he were his hired or seasonal worker (who are in his house), and rents [it] out without his knowledge. And some say that he need not rent [it] out; rather he gives his [share of the] eruv with the residents of the courtyard for his house, and that suffices also for the non-Jew's house, for since he made an eruv with them they all became like one man, and since he became his hired worker, who is reckoned as householder in the non-Jew's house, all of them have a share in the non-Jew's domain like him — just as when one of the residents of the courtyard rents the domain from the non-Jew, all have a share in that rental. And l'chatchilah one should take the first view into account.

סעיף טז אִם הִשְׁאִיל לוֹ מָקוֹם מְיֻחָד בְּעִנְיָן שֶׁלֹּא…

אִם הִשְׁאִיל לוֹ מָקוֹם מְיֻחָד בְּעִנְיָן שֶׁלֹּא יוּכַל (לְסַלְּקוֹ מִמָּקוֹם זֶה) וּלְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בּוֹ בְּעַצְמוֹ, שֶׁנִּמְצָא הַנָּכְרִי מְסֻלָּק מֵהַיִּשְׂרָאֵל בְּמָקוֹם זֶה שֶׁיִּחֵד לוֹ וְהַיִּשְׂרָאֵל מְסֻלָּק מֵהַנָּכְרִי מִשְּׁאָר הַבַּיִת, שֶׁאֵין לוֹ רְשׁוּת לְהַנִּיחַ שָׁם חֲפָצָיו — אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא מְנָעוֹ מִמֶּנּוּ בְּפֵרוּשׁ, אֶלָּא שֶׁלֹּא נָתַן לוֹ רְשׁוּת — אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְהַשְׂכִּיר שֶׁלֹּא מִדַּעְתּוֹ (וַאֲפִלּוּ הוּא שְׂכִירוֹ אוֹ לְקִיטוֹ וְיִחֵד לוֹ חֶדֶר בְּבֵיתוֹ לָדוּר בּוֹ, אִם הוּא בְּעִנְיָן שֶׁאֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְסַלְּקוֹ מִמֶּנּוּ וּלְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בּוֹ בְּעַצְמוֹ — אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְהַשְׂכִּיר שֶׁלֹּא מִדַּעְתּוֹ, שֶׁהֲרֵי הַנָּכְרִי מְסֻלָּק מִמֶּנּוּ וְהוּא מֵהַנָּכְרִי).
לְפִיכָךְ אִם יִשְׂרָאֵל וְנָכְרִי דָּרִים בְּבַיִת אֶחָד כָּל אֶחָד בְּחֶדֶר בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ, צָרִיךְ לִשְׂכּוֹר מֵהַנָּכְרִי וּלְעָרֵב עִם הַיִּשְׂרָאֵל. וְאֵין הַיִּשְׂרָאֵל יָכוֹל לְהַשְׂכִּיר רְשׁוּת הַנָּכְרִי, הוֹאִיל וְאֵין הַנָּכְרִי יָכוֹל לְסַלְּקוֹ וְהוּא אֵין לוֹ רְשׁוּת לְהַנִּיחַ חֲפָצָיו בְּחֶדֶר הַנָּכְרִי.
וְהוּא הַדִּין בְּנָכְרִים הַדָּרִים בְּעִנְיָן זֶה בְּבַיִת אֶחָד — צָרִיךְ לִשְׂכּוֹר מִשְּׁנֵיהֶם:

If he lent him a designated place in such a manner that he cannot (remove him from this place) and use it himself, so that the non-Jew is removed from the Jew in this place he designated for him, and the Jew is removed from the non-Jew in the rest of the house, for he has no right to put his belongings there — even though he did not explicitly forbid it to him, but simply did not give him permission — he cannot rent [it] out without his knowledge (and even if he is his hired or seasonal worker and he designated for him a room in his house to live in, if it is in such a manner that he cannot remove him from it and use it himself, he cannot rent [it] out without his knowledge, for the non-Jew is removed from him and he from the non-Jew).
Therefore, if a Jew and a non-Jew live in one house, each in a room of his own, one must rent from the non-Jew and make an eruv with the Jew. And the Jew cannot rent out the non-Jew's domain, since the non-Jew cannot remove him and he has no right to put his belongings in the non-Jew's room.
And the same applies to non-Jews who live in this manner in one house — one must rent from both of them.

סעיף יז שָׂכְרוּ מִשְּׂכִירוֹ וּלְקִיטוֹ לִזְמַן יָדוּעַ, אַף עַל…

שָׂכְרוּ מִשְּׂכִירוֹ וּלְקִיטוֹ לִזְמַן יָדוּעַ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁסִּלְּקוֹ תּוֹךְ הַזְּמַן מִהְיוֹת שְׂכִירוֹ וּלְקִיטוֹ — מֻתָּרִים עַד תֹּם הַזְּמַן. אֲבָל אִם שָׂכְרוּ מִמֶּנּוּ סְתָם, כֵּיוָן שֶׁסִּלְּקוֹ — נִתְבַּטֵּל הַשְּׂכִירוּת. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁבְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהוּא שְׂכִירוֹ יֵשׁ לוֹ כֹּחַ לְהַשְׂכִּיר כְּבַעַל הַבַּיִת בְּעַצְמוֹ, וְהַמַּשְׂכִּיר וְשׁוֹתֵק — כָּל זְמַן שֶׁאֵינוֹ חוֹזֵר בּוֹ מוֹעֶלֶת שְׂכִירוּתוֹ אֲפִלּוּ לִזְמַן מְרֻבֶּה, מִכָּל מָקוֹם מֵאַחַר שֶׁאֵין כֹּחוֹ בִּשְׂכִירוּתוֹ אֶלָּא מִצַּד בַּעַל הַבַּיִת שֶׁשָּׂכַר אוֹתוֹ לְשָׁרְתוֹ, וְנֶחְשָׁב כְּאִלּוּ הוּא בַּעַל הַבַּיִת, אִם כֵּן כְּשֶׁסִּלְּקוֹ בַּעַל הַבַּיִת — הֲרֵי זֶה כְּאִלּוּ חוֹזֵר בּוֹ בַּעַל הַבַּיִת מִשְּׂכִירוּתוֹ, וְהַמַּשְׂכִּיר סְתָם יָכוֹל לַחֲזוֹר בּוֹ אַחַר שַׁבָּת רִאשׁוֹנָה, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מַחֲזִיר הַדָּמִים (מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בְּמַשְׂכִּיר לִזְמַן כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְמַעְלָה).
וְהוּא הַדִּין אִם שָׂכַר מִגִּזְבַּר הַמֶּלֶךְ וְנִסְתַּלֵּק הַגִּזְבָּר, וְהוּא שֶׁסִּלְּקוֹ לְגַמְרֵי, שֶׁשּׁוּב אֵינוֹ אוֹכֵל פְּרַס הַמֶּלֶךְ. אֲבָל אִם לֹא סִלְּקוֹ אֶלָּא מֵהַגִּזְבְּרָאוּת, וַעֲדַיִן הוּא אוֹכֵל פְּרָס שֶׁלּוֹ — הֲרֵי הוּא כִּשְׂכִירוֹ וּלְקִיטוֹ וְשׂוֹכְרִין מִמֶּנּוּ לְכַתְּחִלָּה, וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן שֶׁלֹּא נִתְבַּטְּלָה שְׂכִירוּת הָרִאשׁוֹנָה. וְהוּא הַדִּין כָּל עֶבֶד מֵעַבְדֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ הַקְּטַנִּים (שֶׁבְּבֵיתוֹ) — שׂוֹכְרִים מֵהֶן כְּמוֹ שֶׁשּׂוֹכְרִים מִשְׂכִירוֹ וּלְקִיטוֹ שֶׁל בַּעַל הַבַּיִת (וְהוּא הַדִּין שֶׁשּׂוֹכְרִים מֵעַבְדֵי עֲבָדָיו, כְּמוֹ שֶׁשּׂוֹכְרִים מִשְּׂכִירוֹ שֶׁל שְׂכִירוֹ):

If they rented from his hired or seasonal worker for a fixed period, even though [the householder] dismissed him within the period from being his hired or seasonal worker — they are permitted until the end of the period. But if they rented from him without specification, once he dismissed him, the rental is annulled. And even though while he is his hired worker he has the power to rent [it] out like the householder himself — and one who rents [it] out and remains silent, as long as he does not retract, his rental is effective even for a long time — nevertheless, since his power to rent [it] out derives only from the householder who hired him to serve him, and he is reckoned as if he were the householder, when the householder dismissed him it is as if the householder retracted from his rental; and one who rents [it] out without specification can retract after the first Shabbos, even though he does not return the money (which is not so with one who rents [it] out for a period, as explained above).
And the same applies if one rented from the king's treasurer and the treasurer was removed — provided he removed him entirely, so that he no longer eats the king's sustenance (peras). But if he removed him only from the treasurership and he still eats his sustenance, he is like his hired or seasonal worker, and one may rent from him even l'chatchilah, and all the more so the first rental is not annulled. And the same applies to every servant among the king's minor servants (who are in his house) — one rents from them as one rents from the householder's hired or seasonal worker (and likewise one rents from the servants of his servants, as one rents from the hired worker of his hired worker).

סעיף יח נָכְרִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ ה' יִשְׂרְאֵלים שְׂכִירִים וּלְקִיטִים…

נָכְרִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ ה' יִשְׂרְאֵלים שְׂכִירִים וּלְקִיטִים דָּרִים בַּחֲצֵרוֹ, כָּל אֶחָד בְּחֶדֶר אוֹ בַּיִת בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ — אֵינָן אוֹסְרִים זֶה עַל זֶה, כֵּיוָן שֶׁאֵין דִּירָתָם שֶׁלָּהֶם אֶלָּא שֶׁל הַנָּכְרִי, וְהוּא יָכוֹל לְסַלְּקָם, וְאֵינוֹ מַשְׁאִיל לָהֶם רְשׁוּתָם שֶׁיַּאַסְרוּ זֶה עַל זֶה, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן ש״ע. וְאֵין דִּירָתָם חֲשׁוּבָה דִירָה אֶלָּא לְהָקֵל, שֶׁיְּכוֹלִים לְהַשְׂכִּיר שֶׁלֹּא מִדַּעְתּוֹ, אֲבָל לֹא לְהַחֲמִיר, שֶׁיַּאַסְרוּ זֶה עַל זֶה.
וְכֵן אִם שָׂכְרוּ מִן הַנָּכְרִי רְשׁוּתוֹ — אֵין שׁוּם אֶחָד מֵהֶם צָרִיךְ לִתֵּן עֵרוּב (וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן אִם הֵם הִשְׂכִּירוּ רְשׁוּת הַנָּכְרִי, שֶׁהֲרֵי גַּם דִּירָתָם בִּכְלָל):

A non-Jew who has five Jews, hired or seasonal workers, living in his courtyard, each in a room or house of his own — they do not prohibit each other, since their dwelling is not theirs but the non-Jew's, and he can remove them, and he does not lend them their domain so that they prohibit each other, as explained in Siman 370. And their dwelling is considered a dwelling only to be lenient — that they can rent [it] out without his knowledge — but not to be stringent, that they prohibit each other.
And likewise, if one rented the non-Jew's domain from him, none of them needs to give [a share in] the eruv (and all the more so if they themselves rented out the non-Jew's domain, since their dwelling too is included).

סעיף יט נָכְרִי שֶׁהִשְׂכִּיר בֵּיתוֹ לְנָכְרִי אַחֵר, אִם נִשְׁאַר…

נָכְרִי שֶׁהִשְׂכִּיר בֵּיתוֹ לְנָכְרִי אַחֵר, אִם נִשְׁאַר לוֹ לַמַּשְׂכִּיר רְשׁוּת בְּבֵיתוֹ שֶׁיּוּכַל לְהַנִּיחַ בּוֹ שׁוּם כֵּלִים — יְכוֹלִים לִשְׂכּוֹר מִמֶּנּוּ. וְלֹא מַשְׂכִּיר בִּלְבָד אֶלָּא כָּל אָדָם שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ רְשׁוּת בְּבֵית נָכְרִי לְהַנִּיחַ בּוֹ שׁוּם דָּבָר יָכוֹל לִשְׂכּוֹר מִמֶּנּוּ, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנַּעֲשֶׂה כִּשְׂכִירוֹ וּלְקִיטוֹ כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר. אֶלָּא שֶׁדִּבְרוּ חֲכָמִים בַּהֹוֶה, שֶׁסְּתָם מַשְׂכִּיר מַשְׁאִיר לוֹ רְשׁוּת בְּבֵיתוֹ לְהַנִּיחַ בּוֹ חֲפָצָיו.
אֲבָל אִם לֹא נִשְׁאַר לוֹ רְשׁוּת בְּבֵיתוֹ, אִם יָכוֹל הַמַּשְׂכִּיר לְסַלֵּק אֶת הַשּׂוֹכֵר מִבֵּיתוֹ תּוֹךְ זְמַנּוֹ — יְכוֹלִים לִשְׂכּוֹר מִמֶּנּוּ, וְאִם לָאו — אֵינוֹ מוֹעִיל אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן יִשְׂכְּרוֹ מֵהַשּׂוֹכֵר:

A non-Jew who rented out his house to another non-Jew: if the landlord retained a right in his house to be able to put some utensils there, one may rent from him. And not only the landlord: anyone who has a right in a non-Jew's house to put something there — one may rent from him, because he becomes like his hired or seasonal worker, as explained. But the Sages spoke of the usual case, for an ordinary landlord retains for himself a right in his house to put his belongings there.
But if he did not retain a right in his house: if the landlord can remove the tenant from his house within his term, one may rent from him; and if not, it is effective only if they rent from the tenant.

סעיף כ שְׁתֵּי חֲצֵרוֹת זוֹ לִפְנִים מִזּוֹ, וְיִשְׂרָאֵל אֶחָד…

שְׁתֵּי חֲצֵרוֹת זוֹ לִפְנִים מִזּוֹ, וְיִשְׂרָאֵל אֶחָד וְנָכְרִי בַּפְּנִימִית וְיִשְׂרָאֵל אֶחָד בַּחִיצוֹנָה — הַפְּנִימִי מֻתָּר בַּחֲצֵרוֹ, שֶׁאֵין הַנָּכְרִי אוֹסֵר עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל יְחִידִי, אֲבָל בַּחִיצוֹנָה אוֹסֵר הוּא עַד שֶׁיַּשְׂכִּיר (לָהֶם רְשׁוּת דְּרִיסַת רַגְלוֹ בָּהּ), (שֶׁהֲרֵי רַגְלֵי ב' יִשְׂרְאֵלִים וְנָכְרִי מְצוּיִים בָּהּ). וְכֵן אִם יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶחָד בַּפְּנִימִית וְיִשְׂרָאֵל אֶחָד וְנָכְרִי בַּחִיצוֹנָה. וַאֲפִלּוּ אִם נָכְרִי בַּפְּנִימִית וּב' יִשְׂרְאֵלִים בַּחִיצוֹנָה וְעֵרְבוּ — אוֹסֵר הַנָּכְרִי עֲלֵיהֶם, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאִם הָיָה יִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא הָיָה אוֹסֵר עֲלֵיהֶם בִּדְרִיסַת רַגְלוֹ, הוֹאִיל וְהִיא רֶגֶל הַמֻּתֶּרֶת בִּמְקוֹמָהּ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן שע״ה:

Two courtyards, one inside the other, with one Jew and a non-Jew in the inner and one Jew in the outer — the one in the inner is permitted in his courtyard, for the non-Jew does not prohibit a single Jew; but in the outer he prohibits, until he rents them (the right of passage of his foot in it), (for the feet of two Jews and a non-Jew are found there). And likewise if one Jew is in the inner and one Jew and a non-Jew are in the outer. And even if a non-Jew is in the inner and two Jews are in the outer and they made an eruv, the non-Jew prohibits them — even though, were he a Jew, he would not prohibit them by his right of passage, since it is a foot permitted in its own place, as explained in Siman 375.

סעיף כא חָצֵר שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל אֶחָד וְנָכְרִים דָּרִים בָּהּ, וְיֵשׁ…

חָצֵר שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל אֶחָד וְנָכְרִים דָּרִים בָּהּ, וְיֵשׁ בַּיִת אֶחָד שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵצֶל בֵּיתוֹ שֶׁל זֶה, וְאֵינוֹ פָּתוּחַ לְחָצֵר זוֹ אֶלָּא לְבַיִת זֶה הוּא פָּתוּחַ בְּחַלּוֹנוֹת, וְלֹא בְּפֶתַח גָּמוּר — אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְעָרֵב עִמּוֹ עַל יְדֵי הַחַלּוֹנוֹת שֶׁבֵּינֵיהֶם כְּדֵי לְהוֹצִיא כֵּלָיו לְחָצֵר זוֹ דֶּרֶךְ בַּיִת זֶה הַפָּתוּחַ לְחָצֵר זוֹ, לְפִי שֶׁאָסוּר לַעֲשׂוֹת סִיּוּעַ לְיָחִיד שֶׁיָּדוּר עִם נָכְרִי, שֶׁלֹּא יִלְמוֹד מִמַּעֲשָׂיו. לְפִיכָךְ אָמְרוּ שֶׁלֹּא יְעָרֵב זֶה עִמּוֹ וְלֹא יִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ עִמּוֹ בַּחֲצֵרוֹ, כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּהְיֶה יְחִידִי בַּחֲצֵרוֹ וְיִתְיָרֵא מֵהַנָּכְרִי שֶׁלֹּא יַהַרְגֶנּוּ וְיֵצֵא מִשָּׁם. אֲבָל אִם הֵם פְּתוּחִים זֶה לְזֶה בְּפֶתַח גָּמוּר — מֻתָּר לְעָרֵב עִמּוֹ, לְפִי שֶׁאַף אִם לֹא יְעָרֵב עִמּוֹ וְלֹא יִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בַּחֲצֵרוֹ לֹא יִתְיָרֵא מֵהַנָּכְרִי, לְפִי שֶׁנִּרְאֶה לוֹ כְּאִלּוּ דָר עִם יִשְׂרָאֵל זֶה בְּבֵיתוֹ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁבָּתֵּיהֶם פְּתוּחִים זֶה לְזֶה בְּפֶתַח גָּמוּר:

A courtyard in which one Jew and non-Jews live, and there is a house of a [second] Jew next to this one's house, which does not open into this courtyard but opens to this house through windows, and not through a proper doorway — he cannot make an eruv with him through the windows between them in order to carry his utensils out into this courtyard by way of this house that opens into this courtyard, because it is forbidden to give support to a single individual so that he live with a non-Jew, lest he learn from his deeds. Therefore they said that this one should not make an eruv with him nor use his courtyard with him, so that he be alone in his courtyard and fear lest the non-Jew kill him, and leave. But if they open to each other through a proper doorway — it is permitted to make an eruv with him, because even if he did not make an eruv with him and did not use his courtyard, he would not fear the non-Jew, because it seems to him as if he lives with this Jew in his house, since their houses open to each other through a proper doorway.

סעיף כב חָצֵר שֶׁיִּשְׂרְאֵלִים וְנָכְרִי שְׁרוּיִים בָּהּ, וְחַלּוֹנוֹת פְּתוּחִים…

חָצֵר שֶׁיִּשְׂרְאֵלִים וְנָכְרִי שְׁרוּיִים בָּהּ, וְחַלּוֹנוֹת פְּתוּחִים מִבֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל זֶה לְבֵית יִשְׂרָאֵל זֶה, וְעֵרְבוּ עַל יְדֵי הַחַלּוֹנוֹת שֶׁבֵּינֵיהֶם — אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵם מֻתָּרִים לְהוֹצִיא מִבַּיִת לְבַיִת דֶּרֶךְ הַחַלּוֹנוֹת, הֲרֵי הֵם אֲסוּרִים לְהוֹצִיא דֶּרֶךְ פִּתְחֵיהֶם (הַפְּתוּחִים לֶחָצֵר) מִפְּנֵי הַנָּכְרִי (שֶׁאוֹסֵר עֲלֵיהֶם הֶחָצֵר), עַד שֶׁיַּשְׂכִּיר (לָהֶם רְשׁוּתוֹ שֶׁבֶּחָצֵר):

A courtyard in which Jews and a non-Jew dwell, with windows open from this Jew's house to that Jew's house, and they made an eruv through the windows between them — even though they are permitted to carry from house to house through the windows, they are forbidden to carry out through their doorways (that open into the courtyard) because of the non-Jew (who prohibits the courtyard to them), until he rents (them his domain in the courtyard).

סעיף כג סְפִינָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ יִשְׂרְאֵלִים רַבִּים, וְיֵשׁ לָהֶם…

סְפִינָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ יִשְׂרְאֵלִים רַבִּים, וְיֵשׁ לָהֶם בָּתִּים מְיֻחָדִים לְכָל אֶחָד בַּסְּפִינָה — צְרִיכִים לְעָרֵב יַחַד וְלִשְׂכּוֹר רְשׁוּת מִנָּכְרִי בַּעַל הַסְּפִינָה (אִם יֵשׁ גַּם לוֹ בַּיִת מְיֻחָד בַּסְפִינָה וְלֹא נָתַן רְשׁוּת לְיִשְׂרְאֵלִים אֵלּוּ לְהַנִּיחַ שׁוּם דָּבָר בְּבֵיתוֹ, וְגַם אֵין לוֹ רְשׁוּת לְהַנִּיחַ שׁוּם דָּבָר בְּבָתֵּיהֶם, שֶׁאָז הֵם מְסֻלָּקִים זֶה מִזֶּה, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְמַעְלָה), אוֹ יַבְלִיעוּ שְׂכִירוּת הֶתֵּר טִלְטוּל בִּשְׂכַר הַסְּפִינָה. אֲבָל אִם לֹא הִבְלִיעוּ לוֹ בְּפֵרוּשׁ — אֵין שְׂכִירוּת הַסְּפִינָה מוֹעֶלֶת לְהַתִּיר טִלְטוּל, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְמַעְלָה:

A ship carrying many Jews, who each have designated houses (batim) on the ship — they must make an eruv together and rent the domain from the non-Jew who owns the ship (if he too has a designated house on the ship and did not give these Jews permission to put anything in his house, and he likewise has no permission to put anything in their houses, for then they are removed from each other, as explained above), or they should include the rental for permitting carrying in the fare of the ship. But if they did not include it for him explicitly, the rental of the ship does not serve to permit carrying, as explained above.

Source: Sefaria — Shulchan Arukh HaRav, Orach Chayim 382. Sefaria gives no Kuntres Acharon entry for this siman.

2 · The Rav's text and the Mechaber's

לשון הרב מול סעיף המחבר והרמ״א

Where the Rav's text differs from the Mechaber's seif and the Rema's

Each point sets side by side a seif of the Mechaber's Shulchan Aruch (its numbering, 20 seifim, designated by their letter), or the Rema's gloss, and the corresponding seif of the Shulchan Aruch HaRav (its own numbering, 23 seifim), in the order of the Rav's seifim, and notes only what the comparison of the two texts shows. A point noted is not necessarily unique to the Rav; at some points the page cites the Mishnah Berurah, later than the Rav, without surveying the Mechaber's commentators. Where the commentators diverge, this page does not decide: consult your Rav.

Not noted here as separate points are the reasons the Rav gives for the Mechaber's rulings (for example in seifim 1, 4, 7, 13 and 14), nor the details that make them explicit. Thus, in seif 1, the Rav writes « וּמִכָּל מָקוֹם אִם יִשְׂרְאֵלִים רַבִּים דָּרִים בְּבַיִת אֶחָד — אֵינוֹ אוֹסֵר עֲלֵיהֶם » (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:א), where the Mechaber writes « עד שיהיו שני ישראלים דרים בשני בתים ואוסרים זה על זה » (שו״ע או״ח שפ״ב:א); the Mishnah Berurah, later than the Rav, writes on these words « אבל בחד בית אפילו יש כמה אנשים ואוכלים כל אחד בפ״ע כחד חשיבי » (משנה ברורה שפ״ב ס״ק ב).

נקודה א — להשתתף במבוי (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:ה)

Point א — partnering in the alley (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 382:5)

Two courtyards side by side

What the Mechaber writes: at the end of the case of the two courtyards side by side, « מכניסין ומוציאין מחצר זו לחצר זו בשבת דרך חלון שביניהם ואין צריך לשכור מהעכו״ם » (שו״ע או״ח שפ״ב:ג).

What the Rav writes: « מַכְנִיסִים וּמוֹצִיאִים מִזּוֹ לְזוֹ דֶּרֶךְ פְּתָחִים וְחַלּוֹנוֹת שֶׁבֵּינֵיהֶן, וְאֵינָם צְרִיכִים לִשְׂכּוֹר מֵהַנָּכְרִי אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן רוֹצִים לְהִשְׁתַּתֵּף בַּמָּבוֹי, שֶׁאָז הוּא אוֹסֵר עֲלֵיהֶם בַּמָּבוֹי, כֵּיוָן שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ בּוֹ דְּרִיסַת הָרֶגֶל » (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:ה).

The difference: the Mechaber's seif ג names a window and does not speak of the alley; the Rav's text names doorways and windows, and excepts the case where they wish to partner in the alley: the non-Jew, who has a right of passage there, then prohibits the alley to them.

Among the Mechaber's commentators: they diverge when both courtyards open onto the same alley where the Jews forbid one another (two courtyards of Jews); the Biur Halachah discusses it (Level 2, section 1). This page does not decide: consult your Rav.

Practical consequence: according to the Rav's text, two or more Jews whose courtyard is beside that of a non-Jew, both opening onto an alley, bring in and carry out [objects] from one courtyard to the other through the doorways and windows between them without renting from the non-Jew, unless they wish to partner in the alley (382:5). See section 4, point ②.

נקודה ב — לקנות רשות בשבת (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:ח)

Point ב — acquiring a domain on Shabbos (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 382:8)

Renting or acquiring on Shabbos

What the Mechaber's seif ה writes: in small print, without the word הגה, « ומותר לשכור ממנו בשבת » (שו״ע או״ח שפ״ב:ה), without giving the reason.

What the Rav writes: he too permits it, and gives the reason: the rental serves only to permit carrying, and « אִם כֵּן הַדָּמִים שֶׁנּוֹתֵן לוֹ אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא מַתָּנָה בְּעָלְמָא » (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:ח); then he writes « אֲבָל לִקְנוֹת רְשׁוּת בְּשַׁבָּת — אָסוּר, אַף שֶׁאֵינוֹ קוֹנֶה אֶלָּא לְהַתִּיר טִלְטוּל, וַאֲפִלּוּ בְּמַתְּנַת חִנָּם » (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:ח), referring to Simanim 380 and 528.

The difference: this passage permits renting on Shabbos without speaking of acquisition; the Rav's text gives the reason, and writes that acquiring a domain on Shabbos remains forbidden, even to permit carrying and even as an outright gift.

Practical consequence: according to the Rav's text, one may rent the non-Jew's domain even on Shabbos, but one does not acquire a domain on Shabbos (382:8). See section 4, point ③.

נקודה ג — חזרת הנכרי מן השכירות (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:ט)

Point ג — the non-Jew who retracts from the rental (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 382:9)

The non-Jew's retraction from the rental

What the Mechaber writes: « כל זמן שאין העכו״ם חוזר בו מועיל השכירו׳ ואפילו לזמן מרובה » (שו״ע או״ח שפ״ב:ו); then, in parentheses, in small print, without the word הגה, « ואינו יכול לחזור משכירתו עד שיחזור הדמים » (שו״ע או״ח שפ״ב:ו).

What the Rav writes: « וְאֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לַחֲזוֹר בּוֹ מִשְּׂכִירוּתוֹ עַד שֶׁיַּחֲזִיר הַדָּמִים אִם חוֹזֵר בּוֹ קֹדֶם שַׁבָּת רִאשׁוֹנָה » (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:ט); « וְאִם הֶחֱזִיקוּ בֶּחָצֵר קֹדֶם שֶׁחָזַר בּוֹ — שׁוּב אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לַחֲזוֹר בּוֹ לְשַׁבָּת זוֹ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמַּחֲזִיר הַדָּמִים » (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:ט), « וְהוּא שֶׁהֶחֱזִיקוּ אַחַר כְּנִיסַת שַׁבָּת » (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:ט); « אֲבָל לְשַׁבָּת הָאַחֶרֶת יָכוֹל לַחֲזוֹר בּוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מַחֲזִיר הַדָּמִים » (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:ט). All this when they rented without fixing a period; « אֲבָל אִם שָׂכְרוּ מִמֶּנּוּ לִזְמַן, אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לַחֲזוֹר בּוֹ בְּתוֹךְ הַזְּמַן, עַד שֶׁיַּחֲזִיר הַדָּמִים לְפִי עֶרֶךְ אֹרֶךְ הַזְּמַן הַנִּשְׁאָר » (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:ט).

The difference: the parenthesis sets the condition of returning the money without saying for which Shabbos; the Rav's text limits it to retracting before the first Shabbos, allows retracting for another Shabbos without returning the money, writes that taking possession of the courtyard after Shabbos began prevents retracting for that Shabbos, and distinguishes a rental for a period, where the non-Jew retracts within the period only by returning the money in proportion to the time remaining.

Among the Mechaber's commentators: they diverge on these questions. The Biur Halachah says so in opening the subject, « יש בענין הזה מבוכה רבה בין המפרשים » (ביאור הלכה שפ״ב); see Level 2, section 3. This page does not decide: consult your Rav.

Practical consequence: see section 4, point ④.

נקודה ד — מת או מכר בתוך הזמן (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:יא)

Point ד — the non-Jew dies or sells within the period (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 382:11)

Death or sale within the period

What the Mechaber writes: « אם שכרו מהעכו״ם לזמן ידוע ובתוך הזמן השכיר העכו״ם דירתו לאחר די בשכירו הראשון » (שו״ע או״ח שפ״ב:ח).

What the Rav writes: the same rule, with its reason, then « אֲבָל אִם מֵת, אוֹ שֶׁמְּכָרָהּ לְאַחֵר בְּתוֹךְ הַזְּמַן — צָרִיךְ לַחֲזוֹר וְלִשְׂכּוֹר מֵהַיּוֹרֵשׁ אוֹ מֵהַלּוֹקֵחַ » (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:יא), for « שֶׁכְּבָר פָּסַק רְשׁוּת הָרִאשׁוֹן וְנִתְבַּטְּלָה שְׂכִירוּתוֹ » (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:יא).

The difference: the Mechaber's seif ח deals only with the non-Jew who rents out his dwelling to another within the period; the Rav's text also writes of the non-Jew's death and of a sale within the period, after which one must rent again from the heir or the buyer.

Among the Mechaber's commentators: they diverge on these two cases: see Level 2, section 3. This page does not decide: consult your Rav.

Practical consequence: see section 4, point ④.

נקודה ה — יתקרב לו ויעשה אוהבו (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:טו)

Point ה — one who becomes the non-Jew's friend (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 382:15)

The non-Jew's friend

What the Mechaber writes: after the first view, by which the one to whom the non-Jew lent a place rents [it] out, « ויש אומרים שאינו צריך להשכיר אלא נותן עירובו ודיו » (שו״ע או״ח שפ״ב:יב), without deciding between them.

What the Rav writes: both views, with the reason of the second, then « וּלְכַתְּחִלָּה יֵשׁ לָחוּשׁ לִסְבָרָא הָרִאשׁוֹנָה » (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:טו).

The difference: the Mechaber's seif יב reports the second view without deciding; the Rav's text concludes that l'chatchilah one should take into account the first, which requires the one to whom the non-Jew lent a place to rent out [the non-Jew's domain].

Among the Mechaber's commentators: the Mishnah Berurah, later than the Rav, also writes « ולכתחלה נכון לחוש לסברא הראשונה » (משנה ברורה שפ״ב ס״ק מ״א).

Practical consequence: according to the Rav's text, l'chatchilah one to whom the non-Jew lent a place rents out [his domain] without his knowledge, and does not rely only on giving his [share of the] eruv (382:15). See section 4, point ⑤.

נקודה ו — שתי חצרות זו לפנים מזו (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:כ)

Point ו — two courtyards, one inside the other (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 382:20)

Two courtyards, one inside the other

What the Mechaber writes: after the cases in which he writes that the non-Jew prohibits, « ויש מי שאומר שאפי׳ עכו״ם בפנימי׳ וישראל א׳ בחיצונה אוסר » (שו״ע או״ח שפ״ב:יז).

What the Rav writes: « הַפְּנִימִי מֻתָּר בַּחֲצֵרוֹ, שֶׁאֵין הַנָּכְרִי אוֹסֵר עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל יְחִידִי, אֲבָל בַּחִיצוֹנָה אוֹסֵר הוּא עַד שֶׁיַּשְׂכִּיר » (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:כ), then the reverse case, and « וַאֲפִלּוּ אִם נָכְרִי בַּפְּנִימִית וּב' יִשְׂרְאֵלִים בַּחִיצוֹנָה וְעֵרְבוּ — אוֹסֵר הַנָּכְרִי עֲלֵיהֶם » (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:כ). In this seif he does not report the view that prohibits when the non-Jew is in the inner courtyard and a single Jew in the outer.

The difference: the Rav's text writes that the Jew of the inner courtyard is permitted in his courtyard and why the outer is prohibited, and does not report the view that the Mechaber's seif יז reports last.

Among the Mechaber's commentators: the Mishnah Berurah, later than the Rav, writes of that view « ומ״מ להלכה לא נקטינן כן כי הרבה אחרונים דחו זה מהלכה » (משנה ברורה שפ״ב ס״ק נ״ט).

Practical consequence: see section 4, point ⑥.

נקודה ז — חלונות או פתח גמור (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:כא)

Point ז — windows, or a proper doorway (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 382:21)

Windows, or a proper doorway

What the Mechaber writes: « אבל אם פתח פתוח ביניהם מותר ויש מי שאומר דאף אם פתח פתוח ביניהם אסור » (שו״ע או״ח שפ״ב:יט).

What the Rav writes: « אֲבָל אִם הֵם פְּתוּחִים זֶה לְזֶה בְּפֶתַח גָּמוּר — מֻתָּר לְעָרֵב עִמּוֹ » (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:כא), with the reason: he would not fear the non-Jew, for it seems to him that he lives with this Jew. In this seif he does not report the view that prohibits even when there is a doorway between them.

The difference: the Mechaber's seif יט reports, after the permission, a view that prohibits even with a doorway; the Rav's text writes the permission, with its reason, without reporting that view.

Among the Mechaber's commentators: the Mishnah Berurah, later than the Rav, writes of that view « ויש להחמיר כדעה זו ועיין ביאור הלכה » (משנה ברורה שפ״ב ס״ק ס״ט). This page does not decide: consult your Rav.

Practical consequence: see section 4, point ⑦.

נקודה ח — ספינה (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:כג)

Point ח — the ship (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 382:23)

The ship

What the Rema writes: as a gloss on the Mechaber's seif כ, « ספינה שיש בה ישראלים רבים ויש להם בתים מיוחדים צריכים לערב ולשכור רשות מן עכו״ם בעל הספינה או להבליעו בשכר הספינה » (רמ״א או״ח שפ״ב:כ).

What the Rav writes: the same rule, with, in parentheses, when the owner prohibits them: « אִם יֵשׁ גַּם לוֹ בַּיִת מְיֻחָד בַּסְפִינָה וְלֹא נָתַן רְשׁוּת לְיִשְׂרְאֵלִים אֵלּוּ לְהַנִּיחַ שׁוּם דָּבָר בְּבֵיתוֹ, וְגַם אֵין לוֹ רְשׁוּת לְהַנִּיחַ שׁוּם דָּבָר בְּבָתֵּיהֶם » (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:כג); then « אֲבָל אִם לֹא הִבְלִיעוּ לוֹ בְּפֵרוּשׁ — אֵין שְׂכִירוּת הַסְּפִינָה מוֹעֶלֶת לְהַתִּיר טִלְטוּל » (שו״ע הרב שפ״ב:כג).

The difference: the Rema's gloss writes neither when the owner of the ship prohibits them nor that including [the rental] in the fare must be explicit; the Rav's text writes both.

Among the Mechaber's commentators: the Mishnah Berurah, later than the Rav, explains the inclusion thus: « בשעה ששכרו מקומם פירשו לו שבשכירות זה שוכרים ממנו גם כן רשותו מהני » (משנה ברורה שפ״ב ס״ק ע״ז).

Practical consequence: see section 4, point ⑧.

3 · Divrei HaRebbe

שיחות, מאמרים ואגרות הרבי

The words of the Rebbe on the themes of Siman 382

No verified reference to date.
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4 · Lemaaseh

הלכה למעשה — מנהג חב״ד

The practical Chabad conduct

Points of halachic conduct that flow directly from the Shulchan Aruch HaRav Siman 382, in the Chabad sensibility. Each point refers to its seif of the Rav, in the order of the text.

For the Chabad Chassid — Siman 382

  • ① When the non-Jew prohibits: the non-Jew who lives in the courtyard does not prohibit a single Jew; he prohibits when two Jews live in two houses and prohibit each other: their eruv is then effective only if the non-Jew rents them his domain in the courtyard. Many Jews in one house, or houses that do not prohibit each other (the Rav refers to Siman 370), need not rent his domain (382:1). If a Jew rented out or lent a house in the courtyard to a non-Jew, the non-Jew does not prohibit him, even if another Jew lives there; but one who rented the house of a non-Jew who lives with him in a room of his own, in a manner in which he prohibits him, must still rent from him in order to permit carrying (382:2). The hold (tefisas yad) a Jew keeps in the house he lent or rented out to another Jew does not exempt them from renting from the non-Jew (382:3). Renouncing one's domain to one of the Jews is not effective (382:4). Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav 382:1-4.
  • ② Two courtyards side by side: if the non-Jew has no right of passage over the Jews — two courtyards side by side, both opening onto an alley — they bring in and carry out [objects] from one courtyard to the other through the doorways and windows between them without renting from him, unless they wish to partner in the alley (382:5; section 2, point א). The Mechaber's commentators diverge when both courtyards open onto the same alley where the Jews forbid one another (two courtyards of Jews) (section 2, point א): consult your Rav. Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav 382:5.
  • ③ How to rent: a rental without specification suffices, without explaining that it serves to permit carrying and without writing anything (382:6). One may rent from the non-Jew even for less than the value of a perutah; a Jew who wants to rent out his domain, and not to renounce it, does not rent it out for less than the value of a perutah (382:7). One may rent from the non-Jew even on Shabbos, but one does not acquire a domain on Shabbos, even as an outright gift (382:8; section 2, point ב). When several live in the courtyard, one rents on behalf of all, since he made an eruv with them, without having to specify it to the non-Jew (382:12). Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav 382:6-8, 12.
  • ④ The duration and the non-Jew's retraction: according to the Rav's text, a rental with no fixed period is effective as long as the non-Jew does not retract; before the first Shabbos he can retract only by returning the money; if the residents took possession of the courtyard after Shabbos began, before he retracted, he can no longer retract for this Shabbos; for another Shabbos he can retract even without returning the money. From a rental for a period, he can retract within the period only by returning the money in proportion to the time remaining (382:9). When the period ends, one must rent again and make the eruv again (382:10). If, within the period, the non-Jew rents out his dwelling to another, the first rental suffices; if he dies or sells it, the Rav writes that one must rent again from the heir or the buyer (382:11). The Mechaber's commentators diverge on the non-Jew's retraction, on his death and on a sale (section 2, points ג and ד): consult your Rav. Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav 382:9-11.
  • ⑤ From whom to rent: not from the non-Jew against his will, even if he used to rent [it] out (382:13); but from his wife or the members of his household, or even from his hired or seasonal worker (who are in his house), even if he objects; and even from the hired worker of his hired worker, even if the hired worker and the householder object (382:14). If he does not want to rent [it] out, one of the residents becomes his friend until he lends him a place in his domain, and he rents [it] out without his knowledge; according to one view it suffices for him to give his [share of the] eruv, and l'chatchilah one should take the first view into account (382:15; section 2, point ה). One for whom the non-Jew designated a place, in such a manner that each is removed from the other, cannot rent [it] out without his knowledge; a Jew and a non-Jew who live in one house, each in his own room: one rents from the non-Jew and makes an eruv with the Jew; two non-Jews in this manner: from both (382:16). A rental from a hired worker for a period holds until the end of the period, even if he was dismissed; made without specification, it is annulled when he is dismissed; the same applies to the king's treasurer removed entirely, and one rents from the king's minor servants (who are in his house) (382:17). Jewish hired workers who live in the non-Jew's courtyard, each in his own room or house, do not prohibit each other; if one rented the non-Jew's domain, none of them needs to give [a share in] the eruv (382:18). A non-Jew who rented out his house to another: one rents from him if he retained the right to put utensils there — as from anyone who has the right to put something in a non-Jew's house — or if he can remove the tenant within his term; otherwise, from the tenant (382:19). Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav 382:13-19.
  • ⑥ Two courtyards, one inside the other: according to the Rav's text, a Jew and a non-Jew in the inner courtyard, and a Jew in the outer: the one in the inner is permitted in his courtyard, but the non-Jew prohibits the outer until he rents them his right of passage; likewise if a Jew is in the inner, and a Jew and a non-Jew in the outer; and even if the non-Jew is in the inner and two Jews, who made an eruv, are in the outer (382:20). The Mechaber also reports a stricter view, which the Rav's seif does not report (section 2, point ו). Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav 382:20.
  • ⑦ Windows, or a proper doorway: according to the Rav's text, a Jew whose house does not open into the non-Jew's courtyard, but opens through windows onto the house of the Jew who lives there, cannot make an eruv with him through the windows in order to carry his utensils out into that courtyard; if their houses open to each other through a proper doorway, it is permitted to make an eruv with him (382:21). The Mechaber also reports a view that prohibits even with a doorway, and the commentators discuss it (section 2, point ז): consult your Rav. Jews who made an eruv through the windows between their houses may carry from house to house through the windows, but not through their doorways onto the courtyard, as long as the non-Jew has not rented them his domain in the courtyard (382:22). Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav 382:21-22.
  • ⑧ The ship: many Jews who each have a designated house on a ship make an eruv together and rent the domain of the non-Jew who owns the ship — if he too has a designated house and each is removed from the other — or explicitly include that rental in the fare of the ship; without explicit inclusion, the rental of the ship does not permit carrying (382:23; section 2, point ח). Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav 382:23.

⚠ This section presents the Chabad halachic conduct. For any concrete question: consult your Rav.