Why a Level 4 dedicated to the Alter Rebbe? The Shulchan Aruch HaRav is not a commentary on the Mechaber (מחבר) — it is an autonomous and complete Shulchan Aruch, written by the Alter Rebbe. Its uniqueness: it combines halacha (הלכה) + טעמי המצוות + inner dimension in a single work, and it rules with unique Talmudic rigor.
For Chabad, the Alter Rebbe is הפוסק האחרון. This page assembles, for siman רמ״ז, the full text of the Rav, his originality, and the divrei haRebbe that illuminate the subject.
שלחן ערוך הרב — סימן רמ״ז
The complete text of the Shulchan Aruch HaRav (שולחן ערוך הרב)
סימן רמ״ז — דִּין נָכְרִים הַמְּבִיאִים כְּתָבִים בְּשַׁבָּת — וּבוֹ יב סְעִיפִים
Source: Kehot edition, as reproduced on Sefaria. 12 seifim + 2 Kuntres Acharon (קונטרס אחרון) entries.
סעיף א דִּין נָכְרִים הַמְּבִיאִים כְּתָבִים בְּשַׁבָּת וּבוֹ י״ב סְעִיפִים: מֻתָּר לִשְׁלוֹחַ אִגֶּרֶת אוֹ שְׁאָר…
דִּין נָכְרִים הַמְּבִיאִים כְּתָבִים בְּשַׁבָּת וּבוֹ י״ב סְעִיפִים:
מֻתָּר לִשְׁלוֹחַ אִגֶּרֶת אוֹ שְׁאָר חֲפָצִים וְכֵלִים בְּיַד נָכְרִי אֲפִלּוּ בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת סָמוּךְ לַחֲשֵׁכָה, כָּל שֶׁיּוֹצֵא מִפֶּתַח בֵּיתוֹ שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם, וְהוּא שֶׁקָּצַץ לוֹ דָּמִים בִּשְׂכַר הוֹלָכָתוֹ, שֶׁאָז אֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה בִּשְׁבִיל הַיִּשְׂרָאֵל אֶלָּא בִּשְׁבִיל עַצְמוֹ לְקַבֵּל הַשָּׂכָר שֶׁקָּצַץ לוֹ, וְאֵינוֹ נִרְאֶה כִּשְׁלוּחוֹ שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל.
וּבִלְבָד שֶׁלֹּא יֹאמַר לוֹ שֶׁיֵּלֵךְ גַּם בְּשַׁבָּת, שֶׁאֲמִירָה לְנָכְרִי שְׁבוּת אַף שֶׁאוֹמֵר לוֹ קֹדֶם הַשַּׁבָּת. וְכֵן לֹא יֹאמַר לוֹ רְאֵה שֶׁתְּהֵא שָׁם בְּאֶחָד בְּשַׁבָּת אוֹ בַּשֵּׁנִי וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָזֶה אִם יָדוּעַ לוֹ שֶׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר לוֹ לִהְיוֹת אָז שָׁם אִם לֹא שֶׁיֵּלֵךְ גַּם בְּשַׁבָּת, שֶׁהֲרֵי זֶה כְּאוֹמֵר לוֹ לֵךְ בְּשַׁבָּת:
Law of non-Jews who bring letters on Shabbos — 12 seifim:
It is permitted to send a letter or other objects and utensils by the hand of a non-Jew, even on erev Shabbos near nightfall, provided that it leaves the doorway of the Jew's house while it is still day, and provided he has set him a fixed price (ketsitsah) as the wage for his transport. For then the non-Jew is not acting on behalf of the Jew but for himself, to receive the wage that was fixed for him, and he does not appear as the Jew's agent (shelichus).
Provided that one does not tell him to go on Shabbos itself — for amirah (instructing) a non-Jew is a shevus (rabbinic prohibition), even when said before Shabbos. Likewise, he shall not say to him, "See to it that you are there on the first day [Sunday], or on the second [Monday]," and the like, when he knows that it is impossible for him to be there by then unless he also travels on Shabbos — for that is tantamount to telling him explicitly: "Go on Shabbos."
סעיף ב וְאִם לֹא קָצַץ לוֹ שְׂכַר הַהֲלִיכָה — הֲרֵי הַנָּכְרִי טוֹרֵחַ בִּשְׁבִיל יִשְׂרָאֵל, לְפִיכָךְ אָסוּר…
וְאִם לֹא קָצַץ לוֹ שְׂכַר הַהֲלִיכָה — הֲרֵי הַנָּכְרִי טוֹרֵחַ בִּשְׁבִיל יִשְׂרָאֵל, לְפִיכָךְ אָסוּר לְשַׁלְּחוֹ אֲפִלּוּ בְּיוֹם רִאשׁוֹן, אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן יֵשׁ שָׁהוּת שֶׁיּוּכַל לְהַגִּיעַ קֹדֶם הַשַּׁבָּת לַבַּיִת הָרִאשׁוֹן הַסָּמוּךְ לַחוֹמָה שֶׁבָּעִיר שֶׁנִּשְׁתַּלַּח לְשָׁם, שֶׁאָז אַף אִם אֵחַר דַּרְכּוֹ וְהוֹלֵךְ גַּם בְּשַׁבָּת — אֵין בְּכָךְ כְּלוּם, שֶׁהֲלִיכָה זוֹ אֵינָהּ מֵחֲמַת הַיִּשְׂרָאֵל אֶלָּא מֵחֲמַת עַצְמוֹ. וְאַף שֶׁאֶפְשָׁר שֶׁיִּצְטָרֵךְ לֵילֵךְ בְּשַׁבָּת מִבַּיִת הָרִאשׁוֹן הַסָּמוּךְ לַחוֹמָה שֶׁבְּאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר עַד בַּיִת שֶׁל מִי שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לִתֵּן הָאִגֶּרֶת לְיָדוֹ, מִכָּל מָקוֹם כֵּיוָן שֶׁאֵין כַּאן אִסּוּר אֶלָּא מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים — תּוֹלִין לְהָקֵל לוֹמַר שֶׁאוֹתוֹ אָדָם שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לִתֵּן הָאִגֶּרֶת לְיָדוֹ הוּא דָר בַּבַּיִת הַסָּמוּךְ לַחוֹמָה:
And if he has not fixed for him a wage for the journey — then the non-Jew is exerting himself for the Jew. Therefore it is forbidden to send him even on Sunday, unless there is enough time for him to reach, before Shabbos, the first house adjacent to the wall of the city to which he was sent. For then, even if he delays his route and travels on Shabbos as well — there is nothing to that, because this travel is not on account of the Jew but on his own account. And even though he may have to walk on Shabbos from the first house adjacent to the wall of that city to the house of the one to whom the letter must be delivered, since the prohibition here is only midivrei sofrim (rabbinic), we presume leniently that the person to whom the letter must be delivered dwells in the house adjacent to the wall.
סעיף ג בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים? כְּשֶׁמְּשַׁלֵּחַ הָאִגֶּרֶת לְאָדָם קָבוּעַ שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּאוֹתָהּ עִיר שֶׁהוּא…
בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים? כְּשֶׁמְּשַׁלֵּחַ הָאִגֶּרֶת לְאָדָם קָבוּעַ שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּאוֹתָהּ עִיר שֶׁהוּא מְקַבֵּץ כָּל הָאִגְּרוֹת הַשְּׁלוּחוֹת לְשָׁם וְנוֹטְלָן וְשׁוֹלְחָן עַל יְדֵי שְׁלוּחוֹ כָּל אִגֶּרֶת לְמִי שֶׁנִּכְתְּבָה אֵלָיו, וְזֶהוּ הַנִּקְרָא "בֵּי דֹאַר", שֶׁכָּל כְּתָב אֵלָיו יוּבַל, וּכְשֶׁהוּא קָבוּעַ בָּעִיר אֲזַי מֻתָּר לִשְׁלוֹחַ אֵלָיו אִגֶּרֶת אֲפִלּוּ בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת עַל יְדֵי נָכְרִי שֶׁלֹּא קָצַץ לוֹ שָׂכָר, כֹּל שֶׁיֵּשׁ שָׁהוּת לְהַגִּיעַ אֵלָיו מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם.
אֲבָל אִם אֵין בֵּי דֹאַר קָבוּעַ בְּאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר שֶׁשּׁוֹלֵחַ לְשָׁם, וְצָרִיךְ הַנָּכְרִי בְּעַצְמוֹ לְהַגִּיעַ הָאִגֶּרֶת לְיַד מִי שֶׁנִּכְתְּבָה אֵלָיו — אָסוּר לְשַׁלְּחוֹ אֲפִלּוּ בְּיוֹם רִאשׁוֹן, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיֵּשׁ שָׁהוּת לְהַגִּיעַ לְאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר הַרְבֵּה קֹדֶם הַשַּׁבָּת, מִכָּל מָקוֹם יֵשׁ לָחוּשׁ שֶׁמָּא לֹא יִמְצָא אוֹתוֹ אָדָם בְּבֵיתוֹ וְיִצְטָרֵךְ לֵילֵךְ אַחֲרָיו, וְשֶׁמָּא יִצְטָרֵךְ לֵילֵךְ אַחֲרָיו גַּם בְּשַׁבָּת.
וּמִכָּל מָקוֹם, אִם הוּא דֶרֶךְ קָרוֹב, כְּגוֹן מַהֲלַךְ יוֹם אֶחָד, וּמְשַׁלְּחוֹ בְּיוֹם ב' אוֹ ג' — יֵשׁ לְהַתִּיר, שֶׁאַף אִם לֹא יִמְצָא הָאִישׁ בְּבֵיתוֹ — יֵשׁ לוֹ שָׁהוּת הַרְבֵּה לָלֶכֶת קֹדֶם הַשַּׁבָּת:
To what does this apply? When he sends the letter to a designated man in that city who collects all letters sent there and receives them, and forwards them through his own messenger — each letter to the one to whom it was written. This is called bei davar (postal agent), "the one to whom every letter is brought." When such an agent is established in the city, it is then permitted to send him a letter even on erev Shabbos through a non-Jew without ketsitsah, so long as there is enough time to reach him while it is still day.
But if there is no fixed bei davar in the city of destination, and the non-Jew himself must deliver the letter into the hand of the addressee — it is forbidden to send him even on Sunday, even though there is enough time to reach that city well before Shabbos. For one must be concerned that he may not find that man at home and will need to seek him out, perhaps even into Shabbos itself.
Yet if it is a near route, e.g. a one-day journey, and he sends him on Monday or Tuesday — there is room to permit, since even if he does not find the man at home, he still has plenty of time to search before Shabbos.
סעיף ד וְכָל זֶה כְּשֶׁלֹּא קָצַץ, אֲבָל אִם קָצַץ מֻתָּר לְשַׁלְּחוֹ אֲפִלּוּ לְעִיר שֶׁאֵין שָׁם בֵּי דֹאַר,…
וְכָל זֶה כְּשֶׁלֹּא קָצַץ, אֲבָל אִם קָצַץ מֻתָּר לְשַׁלְּחוֹ אֲפִלּוּ לְעִיר שֶׁאֵין שָׁם בֵּי דֹאַר, וַאֲפִלּוּ הִיא דֶרֶךְ רְחוֹקָה מְאֹד, וַאֲפִלּוּ יוֹצֵא מִבֵּיתוֹ עֶרֶב שַׁבָּת עִם חֲשֵׁכָה:
All this is only without ketsitsah; but if there is ketsitsah, it is permitted to send him even to a city where there is no bei davar, and even on a very long route, and even if he leaves his house erev Shabbos at nightfall.
סעיף ה וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ לֹא קָצַץ אֵין אִסּוּר לְשַׁלְּחוֹ אֶלָּא בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, דְּכֵיוָן…
וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ לֹא קָצַץ אֵין אִסּוּר לְשַׁלְּחוֹ אֶלָּא בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, דְּכֵיוָן שֶׁמְּשַׁלְּחוֹ סָמוּךְ לְשַׁבָּת הֲרֵי נִרְאֶה כְּאִלּוּ אוֹמֵר לוֹ לֵילֵךְ בְּשַׁבָּת, לְפִיכָךְ צָרִיךְ שֶׁיְּהֵא שָׁהוּת בַּיּוֹם שֶׁיּוּכַל לְהַגִּיעַ מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם לַבַּיִת הַסָּמוּךְ לַחוֹמָה שֶׁבְּאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר אִם קָבוּעַ שָׁם בֵּי דֹאַר. וְאִם לֹא קָבוּעַ שָׁם בֵּי דֹאַר — אָסוּר לְשַׁלְּחוֹ בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן קָצַץ. אֲבָל כְּשֶׁמְּשַׁלְּחוֹ בְּד' וְה', אוֹ קֹדֶם לָכֵן, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהוּא מֻפְלָג לִפְנֵי הַשַּׁבָּת — אֵין נִרְאֶה כְּאוֹמֵר לוֹ לֵילֵךְ בְּשַׁבָּת, וּלְפִיכָךְ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא קָצַץ מֻתָּר לְשַׁלְּחוֹ אֲפִלּוּ לְדֶרֶךְ רְחוֹקָה מְאֹד, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין בֵּי דֹאַר קָבוּעַ בְּאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר. וְיֵשׁ לִסְמוֹךְ עַל דִּבְרֵיהֶם אִם צְרִיכִים לְכָךְ:
And some say (yesh omrim) that even without ketsitsah there is no prohibition to send him except on erev Shabbos. For since he sends him near Shabbos, it appears as though he were telling him to travel on Shabbos. Therefore there must be enough time in the day for him to arrive while it is still day at the house adjacent to the wall of that city, if a bei davar is established there. And if a bei davar is not established there — it is forbidden to send him on erev Shabbos unless there is ketsitsah. But when he sends him on Wednesday or Thursday, or earlier, since it is well removed from Shabbos — it does not appear as if he were telling him to travel on Shabbos. Therefore, even without ketsitsah, it is permitted to send him even on a very long route, even where there is no bei davar established in that city. And one may rely on their words when needed.
סעיף ו אֵין חִלּוּק בֵּין שֶׁקָּבוּעַ בֵּי דֹאַר בְּאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר לְשֶׁאֵינוֹ קָבוּעַ אֶלָּא בְּאִגֶּרֶת שֶׁהִיא…
אֵין חִלּוּק בֵּין שֶׁקָּבוּעַ בֵּי דֹאַר בְּאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר לְשֶׁאֵינוֹ קָבוּעַ אֶלָּא בְּאִגֶּרֶת שֶׁהִיא כְּתַב יַד יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנִּכָּר לַכֹּל שֶׁהִיא שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל, וּכְשֶׁהַנָּכְרִי מוֹלִיכָהּ בְּשַׁבָּת אַחַר הָאִישׁ שֶׁנִּשְׁלְחָה אֵלָיו יֵשׁ קְצָת מַרְאִית הָעַיִן, שֶׁיֹּאמְרוּ שֶׁבְּשַׁבָּת נְתָנָהּ לוֹ הַיִּשְׂרָאֵל לְהוֹלִיכָהּ, וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן כְּשֶׁמְּשַׁלְּחוֹ מֻפְלָג לִפְנֵי הַשַּׁבָּת — לֹא הֶחֱמִירוּ כָּל כָּךְ לָחוּשׁ לְמַרְאִית הָעַיִן כָּזֶה לְפִי סְבָרָא הָאַחֲרוֹנָה שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר, וּכְשֶׁקָּצַץ לֹא הֶחֱמִירוּ לְדִבְרֵי הַכֹּל.
אֲבָל אִם הִיא כְּתַב יַד נָכְרִי, וְהוּא הַדִּין שְׁאָר חֲפָצִים שֶׁאֵינָם נִכָּרִים לַכֹּל שֶׁהֵם שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל — מֻתָּר לְשַׁלְּחָם אֲפִלּוּ בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת לְדִבְרֵי הַכֹּל, כֹּל שֶׁיֵּשׁ שָׁהוּת בַּיּוֹם שֶׁיּוּכַל לְהַגִּיעַ מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם לַבַּיִת הַסָּמוּךְ לַחוֹמָה שֶׁבְּאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר שֶׁשּׁוֹלְחָם לְשָׁם, שֶׁאַף אִם לֹא יִמְצָא הָאִישׁ בְּבֵיתוֹ וְיִצְטָרֵךְ לֵילֵךְ אַחֲרָיו בְּשַׁבָּת — אֵין בְּכָךְ כְּלוּם, כֵּיוָן שֶׁבְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהַיִּשְׂרָאֵל מְשַׁלְּחוֹ אֵין הַדָּבָר יָדוּעַ לוֹ שֶׁלֹּא יִמְצָא בְּבֵיתוֹ, וַהֲרֵי מְשַׁלְּחוֹ בִּשְׁלִיחוּת שֶׁאֶפְשָׁר לְגָמְרָהּ מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם, וּכְשֶׁהוֹלֵךְ אַחַר כָּךְ גַּם בְּשַׁבָּת אֵינוֹ נִרְאֶה כִּשְׁלוּחוֹ שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל, כֵּיוָן שֶׁבְּשָׁעָה שֶׁשְּׁלָחוֹ לֹא הָיָה יָדוּעַ שֶׁיִּצְטָרֵךְ לֵילֵךְ בְּשַׁבָּת:
There is no distinction between a city where a bei davar is established and one where it is not — except with respect to a letter in a Jew's handwriting, which is recognizable to all as being a Jew's. For when the non-Jew carries it on Shabbos in search of the addressee, there is some mar'is ha-ayin (appearance of impropriety): people may say that the Jew handed it to him on Shabbos to be carried. Nevertheless, when he sends him well removed from Shabbos — they did not rigorize so far as to be concerned for such an appearance, according to the latter view explained above; and when there is ketsitsah, they did not rigorize at all, according to all opinions.
But if it is in a non-Jew's handwriting — and the same applies to other objects that are not recognizable to all as being a Jew's — it is permitted to send them even on erev Shabbos according to all opinions, so long as there is enough time in the day for him to reach, while it is still day, the house adjacent to the wall in the destination city. For even if he does not find the man at home and must seek him on Shabbos — it makes no difference, since at the hour the Jew sent him it was not known to him that he would not find him at home; he sends him on an errand that could be completed by day, and when he afterward walks also on Shabbos, he does not appear as the Jew's agent, since at the moment of sending it was not known that he would have to walk on Shabbos.
סעיף ז אִם שְׂכָרוֹ לְיָמִים דָּבָר קָצוּב לְכָל יוֹם בַּהֲלִיכָתוֹ וַחֲזִירָתוֹ, אֶלָּא שֶׁאֵינוֹ מַקְפִּיד עִמּוֹ…
אִם שְׂכָרוֹ לְיָמִים דָּבָר קָצוּב לְכָל יוֹם בַּהֲלִיכָתוֹ וַחֲזִירָתוֹ, אֶלָּא שֶׁאֵינוֹ מַקְפִּיד עִמּוֹ מָתַי יֵלֵךְ — אָסוּר לְשָׂכְרוֹ וְלִתֵּן הָאִגֶּרֶת לְיָדוֹ בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, דְּשֶׁמָּא יֵצֵא בְּשַׁבָּת וִיהֵא נִרְאֶה כְּאִלּוּ צִוָּהוּ לֵילֵךְ בְּשַׁבָּת, כֵּיוָן שֶׁשְּׂכָרוֹ לְיָמִים וּשְׂכָרוֹ סָמוּךְ לְשַׁבָּת. אֲבָל בְּד' וְה' מֻתָּר לְשָׂכְרוֹ לְיָמִים וְלִתֵּן לוֹ אָז הָאִגֶּרֶת, הוֹאִיל וְאֵינוֹ מַקְפִּיד עִמּוֹ בְּאֵיזֶה יוֹם יֵלֵךְ — כְּשֶׁיֵּלֵךְ בְּשַׁבָּת אֵינוֹ נִרְאֶה כִּשְׁלוּחוֹ. וְאַף שֶׁשְּׂכָרוֹ לְיָמִים, אֵינוֹ דוֹמֶה לִשְׂכִיר יוֹם, הוֹאִיל וְקִבֵּל עָלָיו כָּל מְלֶאכֶת הוֹלָכַת הָאִגֶּרֶת — הֲרֵי זֶה דוֹמֶה לְקַבְּלָן (עַיֵּן סִמָּן רמ״ג וְרמ״ד):
If he hired him by the day (sakhar le-yamim) for a fixed amount per day for his going and returning, but is not particular with him about when he shall set out — it is forbidden to hire him and give the letter into his hand on erev Shabbos. For perhaps he will set out on Shabbos and it will appear as if he had been commanded to travel on Shabbos, since he hired him by the day and close to Shabbos. But on Wednesday or Thursday it is permitted to hire him by the day and give him the letter then, since he is not particular about which day he sets out — when he goes on Shabbos, he does not appear as his agent. And even though he is hired by the day, he is not comparable to a sakhir yom (day-laborer), since he has accepted upon himself the whole task of transporting the letter — and this is rather like a kablan (contractor) (see simanim 243 and 244).
סעיף ח אִם אָמַר לְהַנָּכְרִי שֶׁיִּתֵּן לוֹ שְׂכָרוֹ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא פֵרֵשׁ כַּמָּה יִתֵּן לוֹ — הֲרֵי זֶה…
אִם אָמַר לְהַנָּכְרִי שֶׁיִּתֵּן לוֹ שְׂכָרוֹ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא פֵרֵשׁ כַּמָּה יִתֵּן לוֹ — הֲרֵי זֶה כְּאִלּוּ קָצַץ וְקָצַב לוֹ, שֶׁדַּעַת הַנָּכְרִי סְמוּכָה שֶׁבְּוַדַּאי יִתֵּן לוֹ שְׂכָרוֹ כְּפִי מַה שֶּׁיִּתְפַּשֵּׁר עִמּוֹ אַחַר כָּךְ, וּבִשְׁבִיל טוֹבַת עַצְמוֹ הוּא טוֹרֵחַ. אֲבָל אִם לֹא אָמַר לוֹ בְּפֵרוּשׁ שֶׁיִּתֵּן לוֹ שְׂכָרוֹ, אֶלָּא שֶׁהַנָּכְרִי מֵעַצְמוֹ יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁיְּשַׁלֵּם לוֹ — אֵין זֶה כְּלוּם, שֶׁאֵין דַּעַת הַנָּכְרִי סְמוּכָה בְּוַדַּאי עַל הַשָּׂכָר הַהוּא, שֶׁיֵּשׁ סָפֵק בְּלִבּוֹ שֶׁמָּא לֹא יִתֵּן לוֹ, וּבִשְׁבִיל הַיִּשְׂרָאֵל הוּא טוֹרֵחַ:
If he said to the non-Jew that he would give him his wages, even without specifying how much he would give him — this is as if he had fixed and set the amount (ke-katsats ve-katsav). For the non-Jew's mind relies on the fact that he will certainly be paid according to whatever they later compromise upon, and it is for his own benefit that he exerts himself. But if he did not explicitly tell him that he would give him wages, but the non-Jew on his own knows that he will be paid — this counts for nothing, for the non-Jew's mind does not rely with certainty on that wage; there remains in his heart a doubt that perhaps he will not be paid, and it is therefore for the Jew that he is exerting himself.
סעיף ט בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים? כְּשֶׁהוּא מְצַפֶּה וּמַמְתִּין לְתַשְׁלוּם שָׂכָר וְאֵין דַּעְתּוֹ סְמוּכָה…
בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים? כְּשֶׁהוּא מְצַפֶּה וּמַמְתִּין לְתַשְׁלוּם שָׂכָר וְאֵין דַּעְתּוֹ סְמוּכָה עָלָיו בְּוַדַּאי, אֲבָל אִם אֵינוֹ מְצַפֶּה כְּלָל לְתַשְׁלוּם שָׂכָר אֶלָּא עוֹשֶׂה בְּחִנָּם — מִן הַסְּתָם עוֹשֶׂה כֵּן לְשַׁלֵּם גְּמוּל לְיִשְׂרָאֵל עַל הַטּוֹבָה שֶׁקִּבֵּל מִמֶּנּוּ כְּבָר, וַהֲרֵי זֶה כְּעוֹשֶׂה בִּשְׁבִיל שָׂכָר.
וְיֵשׁ חוֹלְקִין עַל זֶה, אִם לֹא שֶׁהַנָּכְרִי מֵאֵלָיו מַתְחִיל לוֹמַר לְהַיִּשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁיֵּלֵךְ לוֹ בְּחִנָּם, שֶׁאָז בְּוַדַּאי דַּעְתּוֹ בִּשְׁבִיל טוֹבַת הֲנָאָה שֶׁקִּבֵּל מִמֶּנּוּ כְּבָר. וְטוֹב לְהַחֲמִיר כְּדִבְרֵיהֶם:
To what does this apply? When he is watching and waiting for payment of wages but does not have certainty about it in his mind. But if he does not anticipate any payment of wages at all and acts gratis (be-chinam) — by default (min ha-stam) he is doing so to repay the Jew for some favor he has already received from him, and this is therefore as if he were acting for wages.
And some dispute this, unless the non-Jew himself initiates by saying to the Jew that he will go for him gratis — for then it is certain that his intent is on account of the favor (tovas hana'ah) he has already received from him. And it is good to be stringent according to their view.
סעיף י אֲבָל לִשְׁלוֹחַ אִגֶּרֶת בְּחִנָּם בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת בְּיַד עַבְדּוֹ הַשָּׂכוּר לוֹ לְשָׁנָה אוֹ לִשְׁתַּיִם…
אֲבָל לִשְׁלוֹחַ אִגֶּרֶת בְּחִנָּם בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת בְּיַד עַבְדּוֹ הַשָּׂכוּר לוֹ לְשָׁנָה אוֹ לִשְׁתַּיִם לְכָל הַמְּלָאכוֹת שֶׁיִּצְטָרֵךְ בְּתוֹךְ מֶשֶׁךְ זְמַן שְׂכִירוּתוֹ — לְדִבְרֵי הַכֹּל אָסוּר, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן רמ״ד, שֶׁהָעִקָּר כְּהָאוֹסְרִין בְּזֶה, עַיֵּן שָׁם הַטַּעַם.
וּמִכָּל מָקוֹם, בְּד' וְה' יֵשׁ לְהַתִּיר לִשְׁלוֹחַ אֲפִלּוּ שֶׁלֹּא בְּעֵת הַצֹּרֶךְ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁיֵּשׁ מַתִּירִים בִּשְׂכִיר שָׁנָה שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה מְלָאכָה בִּשְׁבִיל יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן רמ״ד, וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין דִּבְרֵיהֶם עִקָּר, מִכָּל מָקוֹם יֵשׁ לְצָרֵף דִּבְרֵיהֶם לְדִבְרֵי הָאוֹמְרִים שֶׁבְּד' וְה' מֻתָּר לִשְׁלוֹחַ אִגֶּרֶת בְּכָל עִנְיָן אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא קָצַץ כְּלָל, וְלִסְמוֹךְ עַל זֶה לְהָקֵל לְגַמְרֵי אַף שֶׁלֹּא בְּעֵת הַצֹּרֶךְ:
But to send a letter gratis on erev Shabbos by the hand of one's servant who is hired for a year or two for all the labors he will need during the term of that hire — according to all opinions it is forbidden, as explained in siman 244: the main view is in accordance with those who forbid in this case, see there for the reason.
Nevertheless, on Wednesday or Thursday there is room to permit sending even when not for an urgent need, since some authorities permit a sakhir shanah (one hired by the year) to perform work on behalf of a Jew, as explained in siman 244; and even though their view is not the main one, there is still room to join their words to those of the opinions that permit, on Wednesday and Thursday, to send a letter in any case even without any ketsitsah at all, and to rely on this to permit fully, even when not for an urgent need.
סעיף יא אֲבָל אִם אֵין הַנָּכְרִי שָׂכוּר לוֹ לְכָל הַמְּלָאכוֹת שֶׁיִּצְטָרֵךְ, אֶלָּא לִשְׁלוֹחַ בְּיָדוֹ אִגְּרוֹת…
אֲבָל אִם אֵין הַנָּכְרִי שָׂכוּר לוֹ לְכָל הַמְּלָאכוֹת שֶׁיִּצְטָרֵךְ, אֶלָּא לִשְׁלוֹחַ בְּיָדוֹ אִגְּרוֹת בִּלְבָד בְּכָל עֵת שֶׁיִּצְטָרֵךְ לִשְׁלוֹחַ בְּתוֹךְ מֶשֶׁךְ הַזְּמַן שְׂכִירותוֹ — מֻתָּר לִשְׁלוֹחַ בְּיָדוֹ אֲפִלּוּ בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, עַל דֶּרֶךְ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִמָּן רמ״ד, עַיֵּן שָׁם הַטַּעַם:
But if the non-Jew is not hired to him for all the labors he will need, but only to carry letters whenever he needs to send during the term of his hire — it is permitted to send by his hand even on erev Shabbos, in the manner explained in siman 244, see there for the reason.
סעיף יב כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁאָסוּר לִשְׁלוֹחַ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁלֹּא קָצַץ, אַף אִם הַנָּכְרִי הוֹלֵךְ מֵעַצְמוֹ לְאוֹתָהּ…
כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁאָסוּר לִשְׁלוֹחַ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁלֹּא קָצַץ, אַף אִם הַנָּכְרִי הוֹלֵךְ מֵעַצְמוֹ לְאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ דֶרֶךְ לְשָׁם — יֵשׁ לְהַחֲמִיר שֶׁלֹּא לִשְׁלוֹחַ בְּיָדוֹ כְּשֶׁלֹּא קָצַץ, שֶׁאַף שֶׁאֵינוֹ טוֹרֵחַ כְּלוּם בַּהֲלִיכָה בִּשְׁבִיל יִשְׂרָאֵל, מִכָּל מָקוֹם מַה שֶּׁהוּא מוֹצִיא הָאִגֶּרֶת מֵרְשׁוּת לִרְשׁוּת וּמַעֲבִירָהּ ד' אַמּוֹת בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים, אוֹ אֲפִלּוּ בְּכַרְמְלִית, הוּא עוֹשֶׂה מְלָאכוֹת אֵלּוּ בִּשְׁבִיל יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּשֶׁלֹּא קָצַץ.
וּמִכָּל מָקוֹם, אִם יֵשׁ שָׁהוּת לְהַגִּיעַ לְשָׁם קֹדֶם הַשַּׁבָּת — מֻתָּר לִשְׁלוֹחַ בְּיָדוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין בֵּי דֹאַר קָבוּעַ שָׁם, לְפִי שֶׁאַף אִם לֹא יִמְצָא הָאִישׁ בְּבֵיתוֹ — לֹא יֵלֵךְ אַחֲרָיו כְּלָל, כֵּיוָן שֶׁאֵין לוֹ דֶרֶךְ לְשָׁם, וְהוּא אֵינוֹ נוֹשֵׂא אִגֶּרֶת זוֹ בְּלֹא קְצִיצָה אֶלָּא מֵחֲמַת שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ דֶרֶךְ לְשָׁם:
Wherever it is forbidden to send for lack of ketsitsah, even if the non-Jew is going of his own accord to that city where he has business to attend to — one should be stringent and not send by his hand without ketsitsah. For although he is exerting no effort in the journey on behalf of the Jew, nevertheless, the fact that he carries the letter out from one domain to another and transports it four cubits in the reshus ha-rabim (public domain), or even in a karmelis — he is performing these melachos for the Jew, since there has been no ketsitsah.
Yet, if there is enough time to reach that place before Shabbos — it is permitted to send by his hand even where there is no fixed bei davar, because even if he does not find the man at home he will not pursue him at all, since he has no further business to go there, and he is only carrying this letter without ketsitsah on account of the path he already had.
קונטרס אחרון — 2 entries (click to expand)
The Kuntres Acharon is the pilpulic appendix of the Alter Rebbe — his halachic laboratory at the bottom of the page.
קונטרס אחרון, אות א
כשמשלחו מופלג כו'. הנה ספר התרומה קאי בשיטת התוספות דברייתא קמייתא דלא ישכיר כו' אתיא כבית הלל ובד' וה' שרי, ותני בסיפא כיוצא בו כו', משמע דאפילו בלא קצץ שרי בד' וה' כשיטת הרא״ש. ואפילו הכי כתב שיאמרו שבשבת כו', אלמא דאף לפי זה שרי בד' וה' ולא חיישינן שיאמרו שבשבת כו', וע״כ צריך לומר שלא החמירו כל כך. ולכאורה יש לומר דדוקא לשיטת הרא״ש צריך לומר הכי, אבל להרי״ף ורמב״ם בלאו הכי אתי שפיר, דס״ל דאף מופלג לפני שבת דלא מחזי כאומר לו לילך בשבת אפילו הכי אסור כשלא קצץ משום שטורח בשביל ישראל, וא״כ הכי נמי כשילך בשבת אחר האיש טורח הוא בשביל ישראל. אלא שמלשון הב״י ריש סי' רנ״ב מבורר דלכולי עלמא טעם האיסור בלא קצץ הוא משום דמחזי כשלוחו, אלא דלהרא״ש לא מחזי רק בערב שבת ע״ש. וא״כ כשיש שהות להגיע לשם הוה ליה למשרי אף לרי״ף ורמב״ם (כמ״ש בפנים). וכן דעת המ״א שהביא דברי ספר התרומה בדברי המחבר ולא בדברי רמ״א:
"When he sends him well removed [from Shabbos]…" — Now the Sefer ha-Terumah stands in the chitah of Tosafos: the initial baraisa ("he shall not hire…") goes according to Beis Hillel, and on Wednesday-Thursday it is permitted; and he teaches in the latter clause "and likewise something similar," implying that even without ketsitsah it is permitted on Wednesday and Thursday, in line with the chitah of the Rosh. Even so, he wrote that "people may say that on Shabbos…" — showing that even according to this it is permitted on Wednesday-Thursday and we do not concern ourselves that "people may say that on Shabbos…", and so we must say that they did not rigorize so far. At first glance one might say that this reasoning is needed only for the chitah of the Rosh, but for the Rif and the Rambam the matter works without it, for they hold that even when it is well removed from Shabbos — where it does not appear as though he were telling him to travel on Shabbos — it is nevertheless forbidden without ketsitsah, since he is exerting himself for the Jew; and likewise when he goes on Shabbos after the man, he is exerting himself for the Jew. But it is clear from the language of the Beis Yosef at the start of siman 252 that, according to all opinions, the reason for the prohibition without ketsitsah is mechzi ki-shelucho (appearance of agency), except that for the Rosh this appearance is only on erev Shabbos, see there. Therefore, when there is enough time to reach the place, one should likewise permit even for the Rif and the Rambam (as written in the body). And so too is the view of the Magen Avraham, who cited the words of the Sefer ha-Terumah in the statements of the Mechaber and not in those of the Rema.
קונטרס אחרון, אות ב
יש להחמיר כו'. אף אם פירוש המ״א דחוק בלשון מהר״י אבוהב וב״י, מכל מקום הרי בתשובת מהר״ם סי' ר״ב מבואר בהדיא לאיסור, ואין שומעין לאחרונים נגד גדולי הראשונים כשלא הביאו דבריהם וחלקו עליהם. ואף הראב״ן שמיקל לפי פירושו היינו משום דס״ל דלא קיי״ל כבית הלל דאמרי עד שיגיע לבית הסמוך לחומה אלא כרבי עקיבא דאמר שיצא מפתח ביתו כמבואר בדבריו ע״ש, וא״כ לפי מ״ש כל הפוסקים דגבי איגרת קיי״ל כבית הלל צריך להחמיר בזה אף לפי פירושו, זהו כוונת המ״א.
ועיין בב״י סי' שי״ח וסי' של״א דלהוסיף במלאכה יש אומרים שאינו אלא מדברי סופרים, והיינו כשמוסיף בשר קודם שיתן הקדרה על האש, ויש אומרים שאסור מן התורה, ובערובין גרסינן ע״י נכרי ע״ש, אלמא דלהוסיף ע״י נכרי לא שרי אלא לצורך מילה. וא״כ הוא הדין לענין לא קצץ דמחזי כשלוחו אין להקל מהאי טעמא, דהכי נמי מחזי כשלוחו בההוספה שמוסיף במשאו איגרת זו כמ״ש המג״א:
"There is room to be stringent…" — Even if the Magen Avraham's interpretation is forced in the wording of the Mahari Avuhav and the Beis Yosef, nevertheless in the responsum of the Maharam (siman 202) it is explicitly stated to forbid; and one does not heed the Acharonim against the great Rishonim when they have not cited their words and have disagreed with them. Even the Ra'avan, who is lenient according to his interpretation, is so only because he holds that the halachah is not like Beis Hillel (who require that he reach the house adjacent to the wall), but rather like Rabbi Akiva (who requires only that he leave his doorway), as is set out in his words, see there. Therefore, since all the decisors have written that with regard to a letter the halachah is like Beis Hillel, one must be stringent here even according to his interpretation. That is the intention of the Magen Avraham.
And see Beis Yosef simanim 318 and 331: regarding adding to a melachah, some say it is only midivrei sofrim — namely when one adds meat before placing the pot on the fire; and some say it is forbidden min ha-Torah. And in Eruvin the reading is "by means of a non-Jew," see there — implying that adding by means of a non-Jew is not permitted except for the need of a milah (circumcision). The same applies, then, to the absence of ketsitsah where there is mechzi ki-shelucho: one should not be lenient on this account, for here too there is appearance of agency in the addition he makes by including this letter in his load, as the Magen Avraham wrote.
כחו של אדמו״ר הזקן בפסק
The force of the psak (פסק) of the Alter Rebbe
Comparison of the Alter Rebbe's position with those of the Mechaber (מחבר), the Rama (רמ״א) and the Mishna Berurah (משנה ברורה) on the key points of siman רמ״ז.
| Topic | Mechaber | Rama (רמ״א) | Mishna Berurah (משנה ברורה) | Shulchan Aruch HaRav |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The קציצה regime — a price fixed in advance | OC 247:1, first regime — summary: once a price has been fixed, sending is permitted even on erev Shabbos at nightfall, subject to not telling him to travel on Shabbos — « שולח אדם אגרת ביד עכו"ם ואפי' בע"ש עם חשיכה והוא שקוצץ לו דמים ובלבד שלא יאמר לו שילך בשבת » (שו״ע רמ״ז:א). In this first regime the Mechaber requires neither a בי דואר nor a daylight margin. | Hagaha on OC 247:1: the Rama does not gloss the קציצה itself. His gloss on seif א bears on the opposite case, where no price was fixed — « ויש מתירין אפי' לא קצץ ואפילו לא קבוע בי דואר במתא אם משלחו ביום ה' או קודם לכן » (רמ״א רמ״ז:א) — and he concludes that one may rely on those views when needed. | MB 247:1 (ס״ק א) — the Chafetz Chaim extends the rule beyond the letter, to any melakha handed to the non-Jew when there is not time to finish it before Shabbos: « בעינן דוקא שיקצוב לו דמים בעד מלאכתו דאז אדעתיה דנפשיה קעביד ולא בשביל ישראל » (מ״ב רמ״ז ס״ק א). In ס״ק ב he defines « עם חשיכה » — while the sun still shines, and the non-Jew must have left the Jew's doorway before Shabbos, in the name of the Rambam. | שו״ע הרב רמ״ז:א — the Alter Rebbe opens the siman by widening at once what may be sent, beyond a letter: « מֻתָּר לִשְׁלוֹחַ אִגֶּרֶת אוֹ שְׁאָר חֲפָצִים וְכֵלִים בְּיַד נָכְרִי אֲפִלּוּ בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת סָמוּךְ לַחֲשֵׁכָה » (שו״ע הרב רמ״ז:א), provided he fixed him a price for the carriage. And he gives the reason: the non-Jew is then not acting for the Jew but for himself, to receive the wage fixed for him, and he does not look like the Jew's agent. |
| What counts as קציצה — a wage promised without an amount | OC 247:2 — summary: promising a wage without stating how much counts as קציצה, since the non-Jew relies on it and toils on his own account — « ואם התנה עמו שיתן לו שכרו אף על פי שלא פירש כמה יתן לו דינו כקוצץ » (שו״ע רמ״ז:ב). But where nothing was said it is forbidden, even if the Jew does intend to pay him. | — (the Rama does not gloss seif ב; in this siman his glosses are on seifim א, ד and ו) | MB 247:12 (ס״ק יב) — the Chafetz Chaim narrows the « סתם » case: even if the Jew understands that the non-Jew expects a wage from him or from the addressee, it is still forbidden — « אפ"ה אסור כיון שהישראל לא הבטיחו עדיין » (מ״ב רמ״ז ס״ק יב), so long as the Jew has not promised it. | שו״ע הרב רמ״ז:ח — « אִם אָמַר לְהַנָּכְרִי שֶׁיִּתֵּן לוֹ שְׂכָרוֹ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא פֵרֵשׁ כַּמָּה יִתֵּן לוֹ — הֲרֵי זֶה כְּאִלּוּ קָצַץ וְקָצַב לוֹ » (שו״ע הרב רמ״ז:ח): the spoken undertaking suffices, because the non-Jew's mind rests on it and he toils for his own benefit. But if the Jew did not say so explicitly and the non-Jew merely assumes he will be paid, that is worth nothing. |
| Without קציצה — the בי דואר of the destination city | OC 247:1, second regime — summary: absent a fixed price, everything turns on whether a בי דואר is established in the destination city. If there is none, sending is forbidden even from Sunday; if there is one, « ואי קביע בי דואר במתא משלחין אפי' בע"ש » (שו״ע רמ״ז:א). The printed text glosses the term itself: a known man to whom every letter is brought and who forwards them to their addressees. | Hagaha on OC 247:1: this is where the Rama's gloss falls, and it is lenient — some permit even without a fixed price and even where no בי דואר is established in the city, provided the letter is sent on Thursday or earlier (רמ״א רמ״ז:א). The Rama does not gloss seif ג. | MB 247:5 (ס״ק ה) — the Chafetz Chaim gives the concern underlying the prohibition: the בי דואר is not always fixed and sometimes goes elsewhere, « דשמא לא ימצאנו הא"י ויצטרך לילך אחריו בשבת » (מ״ב רמ״ז ס״ק ה). In ס״ק ח he identifies the בי דואר of his own day with the postmaster — פאשט מייסטער — who in large towns keeps watch at known hours to receive letters and forward them. | שו״ע הרב רמ״ז:ג — the Rav defines the בי דואר: the fixed man of the city who gathers all the letters sent there and has them carried to each addressee by his messenger. And he rules the opposite case — « אֲבָל אִם אֵין בֵּי דֹאַר קָבוּעַ בְּאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר שֶׁשּׁוֹלֵחַ לְשָׁם » (שו״ע הרב רמ״ז:ג), it is forbidden to send even from Sunday, lest he not find the man at home and have to follow him on Shabbos; yet, he adds in the same seif, if the road is short, a single day's journey, and it is sent on Monday or Tuesday, there is room to permit. In seif ד he recalls that all this applies only where there was no קציצה. |
| The daylight margin (שהות ביום) | OC 247:1 — the daylight margin is set in seif א, and in the second regime only, the one with no קציצה: « והוא שיהא שהות ביום כדי שיוכל להגיע לבית הסמוך לחומה » (שו״ע רמ״ז:א). The Mechaber sets the time threshold without formalizing the calculation formula. | — (no gloss of the Rama on the time calculation; the lenient view he reports in seif א dispenses from this threshold one who sends from Thursday) | MB 247:9 (ס״ק ט) — the Chafetz Chaim defines « the house adjoining the wall »: « לעיר שנשתלח שם כלומר לבית ראשון מבפנים » (מ״ב רמ״ז ס״ק ט), the first house on entering the destination city. In ס״ק יא he adds that, for the lenient view reported by the Rama, sending on Thursday is permitted even when one knows it will not arrive before Shabbos. | שו״ע הרב רמ״ז:ב — « אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן יֵשׁ שָׁהוּת שֶׁיּוּכַל לְהַגִּיעַ קֹדֶם הַשַּׁבָּת לַבַּיִת הָרִאשׁוֹן הַסָּמוּךְ לַחוֹמָה » (שו״ע הרב רמ״ז:ב). The Rav explains why this suffices: since the prohibition here is only midivrei soferim, we lean towards leniency and assume that the man to whom the letter must be handed lives in that first house. In seif ה he reports the lenient view — sent on Wednesday or Thursday, it is permitted even without קציצה and even for a very distant road. |
| The non-Jew hired by the day or by the year (seifim ג and ו) | OC 247:3 and 247:6 — summary: hiring the non-Jew by the day is not a קציצה — « אם שכרו לימים דבר קצוב בכל יום בהליכתו ובחזרתו אלא שאינו מקפיד עמו מתי ילך אם הוא בע"ש אסור » (שו״ע רמ״ז:ג), because if he sets out on Shabbos it looks as though that was the arrangement. And in seif ו, one who has a non-Jewish servant hired by the year or more may not send him with a letter on erev Shabbos. | Hagaha on OC 247:6: « ומיהו אם לא שכרו רק בשליחות אגרת יש מתירין » (רמ״א רמ״ז:ו) — if he hired him only to carry letters, some permit, as explained above in siman רמ״ד seif ה. | MB 247:14 (ס״ק יד) — the Chafetz Chaim confines the prohibition of seif ג to erev Shabbos alone: « אבל ביום ה' מותר ולדעת הרמ"א לעיל בהג"ה אפילו לא קצץ כלל מותר ביום ה' » (מ״ב רמ״ז ס״ק יד). In ס״ק יט he explains that a servant hired by the year does not count as a קצץ and follows in every detail the regime of seif א without קציצה, the leniency being that the prohibition there is limited to erev Shabbos. | שו״ע הרב רמ״ז:ז ו־י — in seif ז, « אִם שְׂכָרוֹ לְיָמִים דָּבָר קָצוּב לְכָל יוֹם בַּהֲלִיכָתוֹ וַחֲזִירָתוֹ » (שו״ע הרב רמ״ז:ז): it is forbidden to hire him and hand him the letter on erev Shabbos, but permitted on Wednesday and Thursday, since he has taken upon himself the whole work of carrying the letter and so resembles a קבלן. In seifim י and יא he distinguishes the servant hired by the year for all work — forbidden according to all, as in siman רמ״ד — from one hired only to carry letters, which is permitted even on erev Shabbos. |
| Carriage for free, and the non-Jew who goes of his own accord (seifim ד and ה) | OC 247:4 and 247:5 — summary: « העכו"ם מוליך הכתב בחנם אפילו נתנה לו בערב שבת מותר » (שו״ע רמ״ז:ד), for the non-Jew does it of his own accord, to repay a favour received from the Jew, and it is as though a price had been fixed. And in seif ה, if the non-Jew is going elsewhere of his own accord and the Jew hands him a letter, it is permitted בכל גוונא. | Hagaha on OC 247:4: « ויש חולקים וסבירא להו דכל שעושה בחנם אסור וטוב להחמיר אבל במקום שהעכו"ם מתחיל עם הישראל לומר שילך לו בחנם ודאי דעתו על הטובה שקיבל ממנו ושרי » (רמ״א רמ״ז:ד) — some disagree and hold that whatever is done for free is forbidden, and it is well to be stringent; but where it is the non-Jew who begins by offering to go for free, his mind is certainly on the favour he received, and it is permitted. | MB 247:16 (ס״ק טז) — the Chafetz Chaim weighs the views, notes that the Taz reads as the first opinion while the Darkei Moshe at siman רנ״ב, the Levush and the Eliya Rabba read as those who forbid, and then concludes practically: « מהנכון שיקצוב לו עכ"פ איזה דבר מועט עבור זה והוי כקצץ » (מ״ב רמ״ז ס״ק טז) — fix him at least some small sum, which makes it a קציצה. In ס״ק יז he recalls that if one knows the non-Jew is lengthening his road for the Jew, it is forbidden. | שו״ע הרב רמ״ז:ט ו־יב — in seif ט the Rav first holds that one who acts for free is repaying a favour already received, reports those who disagree, and concludes that it is well to be stringent like them. In seif יב he adds a stringency of his own, where the Mechaber had permitted בכל גוונא: even when the non-Jew goes of his own accord, « יֵשׁ לְהַחֲמִיר שֶׁלֹּא לִשְׁלוֹחַ בְּיָדוֹ כְּשֶׁלֹּא קָצַץ » (שו״ע הרב רמ״ז:יב), since carrying the letter from one domain to another and four cubits is done for the Jew. He adds, however, that it is permitted if there is time to arrive before Shabbos, even without an established בי דואר there. The sources differ here; the page reports and does not rule. |
Comparison rebuilt from texts re-downloaded from Sefaria — Shulchan Aruch או״ח רמ״ז, Mishna Berurah רמ״ז and Shulchan Aruch HaRav; each address points to the seif or ס״ק that actually carries the sentence quoted; in this siman the Rama's glosses are on seifim א, ד and ו. See רמ״ז.
חידושים מיוחדים של הרב
The חידושים specific to the Rav on this siman
Originalities that distinguish the Alter Rebbe on siman רמ״ז. Each chiddush (חידוש) follows the structure: classical position → chiddush (חידוש) of the Rav → practical consequence.
חידוש א — קציצה as conceptual switch (שו״ע הרב רמ״ז:א-ב)
Payment be-kablanut transforms the agency
Classical position: the Mechaber and the Mishna Berurah treat the קציצה as one practical condition among others.
The chiddush of the Rav: the Alter Rebbe sets the קציצה as a structural switch: without it, the non-Jew is שלוחו (agent) of the Jew and the de-oraita prohibition applies; with it, the non-Jew acts אדעתא דנפשיה (for his own interest) and the obstacle falls to the simple דרבנן level. Siman רמ״ז becomes a deployment of this switch.
Practical consequence: direct operational tool: before shipping anything that will transit Shabbos, verify that the rate contract is firm and prior. Online application: purchase with delivery fees set at order time = valid קציצה.
חידוש ב — the בי דואר, a fixed point of receipt (שו״ע הרב רמ״ז:ב-ג)
The professional structure relaxes the prohibition
Classical position: the Mechaber, in seif א, makes sending without קציצה depend on whether a בי דואר is established in the destination city, without saying why that structure changes anything.
The chiddush of the Rav: the Alter Rebbe gives the בי דואר a functional definition — the fixed man of the city who gathers all the letters sent there and has them carried to each addressee by his messenger (שו״ע הרב רמ״ז:ג) — and he grounds the leniency in the nature of the prohibition: « כֵּיוָן שֶׁאֵין כַּאן אִסּוּר אֶלָּא מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים — תּוֹלִין לְהָקֵל » (שו״ע הרב רמ״ז:ב), we lean towards leniency and assume that the man to whom the letter must be handed lives in the first house of the city.
Practical consequence: the criterion the Rav puts forward is the existence, at the destination, of a fixed and permanent point of receipt, as against a hand delivery of which one does not know whether it will succeed. Transposing that criterion to a pickup point or a sorting centre is not in the text: it is an application, to be brought before a Rav.
חידוש ג — the conceptual time margin (שו״ע הרב רמ״ז:ו)
The criterion of the possibility of completion before Shabbos
Classical position: the Mechaber requires in seif א that there be daylight enough to reach the house adjoining the wall (שו״ע רמ״ז:א), without saying what happens if the non-Jew is delayed on the way.
The chiddush of the Rav: the Alter Rebbe distinguishes: what matters is not whether transport ends on Shabbos, but whether at origin (at the time of shipping before Shabbos) it was conceptually possible for the non-Jew to finish before Shabbos. If yes, the Shabbos walking is no longer of his doing (שו״ע הרב רמ״ז:ו) — at the hour of sending it was not known that he would have to walk on Shabbos, and he does not look like the Jew's agent. If not, the problem lies in the sending itself.
Practical consequence (an application by this page, not written in the Rav) : test for modern services with variable delays: a package sent Thursday with Friday promise (technically possible) = OK even if in reality it arrives on Shabbos. A package sent Friday noon with 48-hour delay = problem because structurally impossible before Shabbos.
חידוש ד — what is recognisable as belonging to a Jew (שו״ע הרב רמ״ז:ו)
What is seen — כתב יד ישראל and מראית העין
Classical position: the Mechaber sets in seif א a single requirement — without קציצה everything turns on the בי דואר — whatever is being sent.
The chiddush of the Rav: the Alter Rebbe confines that requirement to a single case — « אֵין חִלּוּק בֵּין שֶׁקָּבוּעַ בֵּי דֹאַר בְּאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר לְשֶׁאֵינוֹ קָבוּעַ אֶלָּא בְּאִגֶּרֶת שֶׁהִיא כְּתַב יַד יִשְׂרָאֵל » (שו״ע הרב רמ״ז:ו) — because a letter in a Jew's own hand is recognised by all as his, and there is some מראית העין in seeing it carried on Shabbos after its addressee.
If, on the other hand, it is in a non-Jew's hand, and likewise any object not recognisable as belonging to a Jew: « מֻתָּר לְשַׁלְּחָם אֲפִלּוּ בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת לְדִבְרֵי הַכֹּל, כֹּל שֶׁיֵּשׁ שָׁהוּת בַּיּוֹם שֶׁיּוּכַל לְהַגִּיעַ מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם לַבַּיִת הַסָּמוּךְ לַחוֹמָה » (שו״ע הרב רמ״ז:ו).
Practical consequence: the Rav's criterion is therefore not matter against information but what is seen — and it places the letter identifiable as a Jew's on the stricter side, the anonymous object on the broader side. That is the reverse of what one spontaneously assumes. The page reports the criterion; applying it to today's media calls for a psak.
שיחות, מאמרים ואגרות הרבי
The words of the Rebbe on the themes of siman רמ״ז
We attribute to the Rebbe only verifiable primary sources (a letter, sicha, or identifiable pesak, with a link). At this stage, no statement of the Rebbe directly tied to this siman could be confirmed against Sefaria or Chabad.org — we prefer to show nothing rather than an unsourced reference.
הלכה למעשה — מנהג חב״ד
Chabad conduct in practice
Points of halachic conduct that flow directly from the Shulchan Aruch HaRav siman רמ״ז, in the Chabad sensibility.
For the Chabad Chassid (חסיד) — Siman רמ״ז
- ① Verify the קציצה before any pre-Shabbos shipment. The chiddush א of the Rav. To ship a package or letter that will transit Shabbos, require an agreed rate in advance (closed package, no variable pricing based on speed). Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav רמ״ז:א-ב.
- ② Look for a fixed point of receipt at the destination. The chiddush ב of the Rav: what eases the matter is a permanent בי דואר, as against a hand delivery of which one does not know whether it will succeed. Transposing that to a pickup point or a sorting centre is an application, not the text. Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav רמ״ז:ב-ג.
- ③ Test the conceptual possibility of completion before Shabbos. The chiddush ג of the Rav. If at the moment of shipment (before Shabbos) it is structurally possible for the non-Jew to finish before Shabbos — even if in practice it overflows — OK. Otherwise, intrinsic problem. Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav רמ״ז:ו.
- ④ The Rav's criterion is what is recognisable, not matter. The chiddush ד of the Rav: the בי דואר requirement bears only on what is recognisable as a Jew's — a letter in his own hand — because of מראית העין; what is not recognisable is permitted according to all, so long as daylight remains. The stricter case is therefore the identifiable letter, not the package. Reference: Shulchan Aruch HaRav רמ״ז:ו.
- ⑤ Amazon, Chronopost, La Poste application: practical test. Verify (1) rate fixed at order time = קציצה; (2) central hub and relays = professional structure; (3) announced delivery time allowing arrival before Shabbos = time margin. If all 3 yes = OK. If only one no = verify or defer. The three criteria are the Rav's — קציצה (רמ״ז:א), בי דואר (רמ״ז:ג), שהות ביום (רמ״ז:ב); transposing them to modern services is this page's doing and not the Rav's.
- ⑥ What this page does not decide. Ultra-fast deliveries on a composite timetable plainly fit neither of the two regimes of seif א, and none of the sources cited here treats them. We therefore write no conduct: the question goes before a Rav. No reference of the Alter Rebbe on this point has been confirmed to date.
⚠ This section presents the Chabad halachic conduct (psak le-maaseh). For any concrete question: consult your Rav.